Editing Judeo-Italian dialects

{{Short description|Endangered Italian-derived Jewish dialect continuum}}
{{Hatnote|"Corfiot Italkian" redirects here. It is not to be confused with [[Corfiot Italians]], the ethnic minority of Italians in Corfu.}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Judeo-Italian
| nativename       = {{Script/Hebrew|ג'יודו-איטאליאנו}} {{lang|itk-Latn|giudeo-italiano}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|it|dʒuˌdɛoitaˈljaːno|}}, {{IPA|he|(ʔ)italˈkit|}}
| region           = [[Italy]]<br />[[Israel]]
| speakers         = 200 in Italy, 250 in total
| speakers2        = Very few speakers are fluent as of 2007<ref name=e25/>
| date             = 2022
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| iso3             = itk
| glotto           = jude1255
| glottorefname    = Judeo-Italian
| lingua           = 51-AAB-be & -bf
| notice           = IPA
| ethnicity        = Italian Jews
| script           = Hebrew alphabet 10th-18th centuries

Italian Alphabet 19th century onwards
| dia1             = [[Northern Judeo-Italian]]†
| dia2             = [[Tuscan Judeo-Italian]]†
| dia3             = [[Central Judeo-Italian]]
}}
{{Italian language|state=expanded}}
'''Judeo-Italian''' (or '''Judaeo-Italian''', '''Judæo-Italian''', and other names including '''Italkian''') is a group of endangered and extinct [[Jewish language|Jewish dialects]], with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today.<ref name="Ethnologue Data">{{cite web|title=A language of Italy|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/itk|website=Ethnologue|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> The dialects are one of the [[Languages of Italy|Italian languages]] and are a subgrouping of the [[Judaeo-Romance languages|Judeo-Romance Languages]].<ref name="Italian Dialect or Jewish Language?">{{cite web|last1=Jochnowitz|first1=George|title=Judeo-Italian: Italian Dialect or Jewish Language?|url=http://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/Judeo-Italian.html|website=George Jochnowitz|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Some words have Italian [[prefixes]] and [[suffixes]] added to [[Hebrew]] words as well as [[Aramaic]] roots.<ref name="Hebrew Study">{{cite book|last1=Waldman|first1=Nahum|title=The Recent Study of Hebrew|date=1989|publisher=1989 Hebrew Union College|location=Hebrew Union College Press|isbn=0-87820-908-5|pages=174–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tb2abCKY4BwC&q=judeo-italian&pg=PA173}}</ref> All of the dialects except Judeo-Roman are now extinct.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Italian: Italian Dialect or Jewish Language? |url=https://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/Judeo-Italian.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.jochnowitz.net}}</ref>

==The term ''Judeo-Italian''==
The [[glottonym]] {{lang|it|giudeo-italiano}} is of academic and relatively late coinage. In [[English language|English]], the term was first used (as ''Judæo-Italian'') by Lazaro Belleli in 1904 in the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'',<ref>{{cite book |first=Lazaro |last=Belleli |date=1904 |chapter=Judæo-Greek and Judæo-Italian |title=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] |volume=7 |pages=310–313}}</ref> describing the languages of the [[Jew]]s of [[Corfu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUDÆO-GREEK AND JUDÆO-ITALIAN - JewishEncyclopedia.com |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8950-judaeo-greek-and-judaeo-italian |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> In Italian, Giuseppe Cammeo referred to a {{lang|it|gergo giudaico-italiano}} ('Judaico-Italian jargon') in a 1909 article.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Giuseppe |last=Cammeo |title=Studj dialettali |journal=[[L'Educatore Israelita|Vessillo Israelitico]] |volume=57 |date=1909 |page=169 |language=it}}</ref> That same year, [[Umberto Cassuto]] used the term {{lang|it|giudeo-italiano}}, in the following (here translated into English):<ref name="Cassuto">{{cite journal |author-link=Umberto Cassuto |first=Umberto |last=Cassuto |title=Parlata ebraica |trans-title=Hebraic speech |journal=[[L'Educatore Israelita|Vessillo Israelitico]] |volume=57 |date=1909 |quote={{lang|it|Infatti, mentre è universalmente nota l'esistenza di un dialetto giudeo-tedesco, quasi nessuno sospetta oltr'alpe che gli ebrei italiani abbiano pure, o almeno abbiano avuto, non dirò un loro dialetto, ma almeno una loro parlata con peculiari caratteri. Certo, praticamente l'importanza di essa, limitata all'uso quotidiano di poche migliaia di persone, è pressoché nulla di fronte a quella del giudeo-tedesco, il quale è parlato da milioni di individui che bene spesso non conoscono altra lingua, ed ha una propria letteratura, un proprio giornalismo, un proprio teatro, sì da assumere quasi l'importanza di una vera e propria lingua a sé&nbsp;.... è pressoché nulla, se si vuole, anche a paragone di altri dialetti giudaici, del giudeo-spagnuolo ad esempio, che sono più o meno usati letterariamente; è vero tutto questo, ma dal punto di vista linguistico tanto vale il giudeo-tedesco, quanto il giudeo-italiano, se così vogliamo chiamarlo, giacché di fronte alla scienza glottologica le varie forme del parlare umano hanno importanza di per sé e non per il numero di persone che le usano o per le forme d'arte in cui vengono adoperate. Piuttosto, una notevole differenza fra il giudeo-tedesco e il giudeo-italiano, che ha valore anche per il riguardo scientifico, è che, mentre quello è tanto diverso dalla lingua tedesca da costituire un dialetto a sé stante, questo invece non è essenzialmente una cosa diversa dalla lingua d'Italia, o dai singoli dialetti delle varie provincie d'Italia&nbsp;.... [E]ra naturale che il gergo giudeo-italiano in breve volger di tempo sparisse&nbsp;....}} |pages=255–256}}</ref>
{{blockquote|...It is almost nothing, if you will, even compared with other Jewish dialects, [[Judeo-Spanish]] for instance, that are more or less used literally; all this is true, but from the linguistic point of view, Judeo-German is worth as much as Judeo-Italian [{{lang|it|giudeo-italiano}}], to name it so, since for the [[Philology|glottological science]] the different forms of human speech are important in themselves and not by its number of speakers or the artistic forms they are used in. Moreover, a remarkable difference between Judeo-German and Judeo-Italian [{{lang|it|giudeo-italiano}}], that is also valuable from the scientific point of view, is that while the former is so different from German as to constitute an independent dialect, the latter by contrast is not essentially a different thing from the language of Italy, or from the individual dialects of the different provinces of Italy}}

=== Other designations ===
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* Historically, Italian Jews referred to their vernaculars as {{lang|he-Latn|la`az}} ({{lang|he|לעז}}), [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for 'foreign language', 'non-Hebrew language'.<ref name=katznelson2008>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/Yiddish-language |title=Yiddish Language |last=Katz Nelson |first=Itzhak |website=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica|Encyclopaedia iudaica]] |date=2008 |author-link=Itzhak Katzenelson}}</ref> And linguists use {{lang|he-Latn|lo'ez}} as a description of words of Romance origin in [[Yiddish]].{{efn|1={{lang|he-Latn|La'az}} or {{lang|he-Latn|lo'ez}} is also used for the French or other Romance words used in [[Rashi]]'s Biblical and Talmudic commentaries to explain the meanings of obscure Hebrew or Aramaic words.}} This may be connected with the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] use of the word {{lang|gem-x-proto|*[[walhaz]]}} (literally, 'foreign') and derived cognates, for [[Italic peoples|Romance peoples]] and [[Romance languages|languages]] and sometimes [[Celts|Celtic peoples]] and [[Celtic languages|languages]] (as in English terms ''[[Walloons]]'', ''[[Wallachia]]ns'', and ''[[Welsh people|Welsh]]''): the Italian and [[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardic Hebrew]] script for Torah scrolls is known in Yiddish as {{lang|yi|Velsh}} or {{lang|yi|Veilish}}.
*In 1587, David de Pomis used the word {{lang|it|italiano}} in reference to the [[Italian language|Italian]] glosses in his trilingual dictionary. The Hebrew title of the [[1609 Venice Haggadah]] uses the word {{lang|itk|italiano}} or {{lang|itk|italyano}} ({{lang|he|איטליאנו}}) for the language of [[Leon of Modena|Leone Modena]]'s translation ({{lang|itk|u-fitrono bi-leshon iṭalyano}}, {{lang|he|ופתרונו בלשון איטליאנו}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=de Pomis |first=David |title=Tsemaḥ David: Dittionario novo hebraico, molto copioso, dechiarato in tre lingue |location=Venice |publisher=Apud Ioannem de Gara |date=1587 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hjOvDIYGPdQC |via=Google Books and National Library of Naples}} In Latin and Hebrew.</ref>
* Other historic descriptions are '''{{lang|roa|latino}}''' and {{lang|roa|volgare}}, both of which were commonly used in the Middle Ages to mean early Italian dialects in general, i.e. [[Vulgar Latin]] varieties.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url= https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-italian |title=Judeo-Italian |work=JewishLanguages.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
* After the institution of the [[Ghetto]] forced Jewish communities throughout Italy into segregation, the term {{lang|it|ghettaiolo}} was identified with local Jewish varieties of regional dialects.
* Another native name type is {{lang|itk|giudeesco}} (e.g., Judeo-Florentine {{lang|itk|iodiesco}}; < Latin *{{lang|la|italic=no|IUDÆĬSCU[M]}}, or an assimilation of the hiatus {{IPA|/aˈe/}} *{{lang|itk|giudaesco}} < *{{lang|la|italic=no|IUDAĬSCU[M]}}).
* The English [[neologism]] ''Italkian'' was coined in 1942 by Solomon Birnbaum, based on the modern Hebrew adjective {{lang|he|ית-/אטלקי}} {{lang|he-Latn|italki[t]}}, 'Italian', from the Middle Hebrew adjective {{lang|he|איטלקי}} meaning 'Italic' or 'Roman'.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Solomon Birnbaum |last=Birnbaum |first=Solomon |chapter=Jewish Languages |title=Essays in Honour of the Very Rev. Dr. J. H. Hertz, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire, on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, September 25, 1942 (5703) |editor1-first=I. |editor1-last=Epstein |editor2-first=E. |editor2-last=Levine |editor3-first=C. |editor3-last=Roth |location=London |publisher=E. Goldston |date=1944 |pages=63, 67}}</ref>

=== ISO and Library of Congress classifications ===
The [[International Organization for Standardization]] language code for Judeo-Italian / Italkian in the [[ISO 639:i|ISO 639-3]] specification is {{samp|itk}}; the [[ISO 639-2]] collective language code {{samp|roa}} (for Romance languages) can also apply more generally.

"Italkian" is not used by the US [[Library of Congress]] as a subject heading, nor does it figure as a reference to Judeo-Italian. The authorized subject heading is "Judeo-Italian language". Subheadings are:

== History ==

=== Early History ===
The first Jewish communities in Italy emerged during the 2nd century BC and were [[Greek language|Greek]] speaking with knowledge of Hebrew and Aramaic. But by 1000 AD the Jewish community in Italy had abandoned Greek and adopted early forms of Italian.<ref name=":2" /> By the 900's AD Hebrew loanwords had begun to find their way into the speech of Italian Jews and Italian writing begins appearing in Hebrew, though the amount of Hebrew influence varies widely.<ref name=":2" />

=== Later History ===
During the 16th expulsions led to a massive decline in the amount of Judeo-Italian literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minervini |first=Laura |date=2021 |title=Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan) |url=https://www.academia.edu/51120951 |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |page=9}}</ref> During the 19th century Judeo-Italian had switched from using [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]] to the [[latin alphabet]].<ref name=":2" /> The language began to decline in the early 19th century as Italian Jews were emancipated and began to switch to standard Italian instead of Judeo-Italian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maddalena Colasuonno |first=Maria |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |url=https://www.academia.edu/37246646 |page=122 |website=Academia}}</ref> At the same time it began to be written down to preserve the language as it declines.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Maddalena Colasuonno |first=Maria |date=2018 |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |url=https://www.academia.edu/37246646 |journal=Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective |page=122}}</ref> By 1900 30,000 people spoke the language, today it is down to 250.<ref name=":2" /> Around 2015 Judeo-Piedmontese went extinct.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duberti |first1=Nicola |last2=Milano |first2=Maria Teresa |last3=Miola |first3=Emanuele |date=2015-11-01 |title=A linguistic sketch of Judeo-Piedmontese and what it tells us about Piedmontese Jews' origins |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zrp-2015-0072/html |journal=Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie |language=de |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=1042–1064 |doi=10.1515/zrp-2015-0072 |issn=1865-9063|hdl=11585/646734 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> All of the dialects of Judeo-Italian except for [[Judeo-Roman language|Judeo-Roman]] are now extinct.<ref name=":2" />

==Influence on other Jewish languages==
According to some scholars, there are some Judeo-Italian loan words that have found their way into [[Yiddish]].<ref name="Italian Dialect or Jewish Language?"/> For example, the word in Judeo-Italian for 'synagogue' is {{lang|itk|scola}}, closely related to {{lang|itk|scuola}}, 'school'. The use of words for 'school' to mean 'synagogue' dates back to the [[Roman Empire]]. The Judeo-Italian distinction between {{lang|itk|scola}} and {{lang|itk|scuola}} parallels the Standard Yiddish distinction between {{lang|yi|shul/shil}} for 'synagogue' and {{lang|yi|shule}} for 'school'. Another example is Yiddish {{lang|yi|iente}}, from the Judeo-Italian {{lang|itk|yientile}} ('[[gentile]]', 'non-Jew', 'Christian'), as differentiated from the standard Italian {{lang|it|gentile}}, meaning 'noble', 'gentleman'<ref>[http://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/yiddaily.html www.jochnowitz.net]</ref> (even if the name can come from Judeo-French and French as well).

There are also several loanwords from Judeo-Italian dialects in [[Judeo-Gascon]], due to the migration of a few Italian families to the Sephardi communities in Gascony during the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{citation | last = Nahon | first = Peter | year = 2018 | title = Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Documents et inventaire lexical | place = Paris| publisher = Classiques Garnier | isbn = 978-2-406-07296-6}}, see pp. 24-25, 353-355.</ref>

==Dialects==
Judeo-Italian regional dialects ({{lang|it|ghettaioli}}, {{lang|it|giudeeschi}}), these:

=== Unspecified ===
*[[Judeo-Ferraran|Judeo-Ferrarese]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Ferrarese}}) in [[Ferrara]]<ref name=":2" />
*[[Judeo-Modenese]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Modenese}}) in [[Modena]]<ref name=":2" />
*[[Judeo-Pitigliano]]/ [[Judeo-Pitgilianese]]† ''(Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese)'' in [[Tuscany]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Italian |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-italian |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Judeo-Salentinian]]† (''Giudeo-Salentino'') In [[Salento|Salentino]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Judeo-Reggian|Judeo-Resan]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Resab}}) in the region of [[Reggio Emilia]] of [[Emilia-Romagna]]<ref name=":2" />
*[[Judeo-Torinese]]† (''Giudeo-Torinese'') in [[Turin]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryzhik |first=Michael |date=2016 |title=Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane , written by M. Aprile |url=https://www.academia.edu/110573107 |journal=Journal of Jewish Languages |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1163/22134638-12340074 |issn=2213-4387}}</ref>
*[[Judeo-Italian of Lugo Di Romanga]]† (''Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga'') in [[Lugo, Emilia-Romagna|Lugo Di Romanga]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Minervini |first=Laura |date=2021 |title=Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan) |url=https://www.academia.edu/51120951 |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |page=10}}</ref>
*[[Judeo-Italian of Moncalvo]]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo)'' in [[Moncalvo]]<ref name=":7" />
*[[Judeo-Italian of Casale Monferrato]]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato)'' in [[Casale Monferrato]]<ref name=":7" />
*[[Judeo-Italian of Finale Emilia]]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia)'' in [[Finale Emilia]]<ref name=":7" />

=== Central Judeo-Italian ===
Source:<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=2018 |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |url=https://www.academia.edu/37246646 |journal=Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective |page=123}}</ref>

* [[Judeo-Roman language|Judeo-Roman]] ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Romanesco}}) in [[Rome]]

=== Tuscan Judeo-Italian ===
Source:<ref name=":5" />

* [[Bagitto]]/[[Judeo-Livornese]]† ''(Bagitto/''{{lang|itk|Giudeo-Livornese}}) in [[Livorno]]
* [[Judeo-Florentine]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Fiorentino}}) in [[Florence]]

=== Northern Judeo-Italian ===
Source:<ref name=":5" />

==== Venetian ====

* [[Judeo-Venetian language|Judeo-Venetian]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Veneziano}}) in [[Venice]]
* [[Judeo-Triestine]]† (''Giudeo-Triestino'') in [[Trieste]]
* [[Judeo-Veronese]]† (''Giudeo-Veronese'') in [[Verona]]

==== Gallo-Italic ====
Source:<ref name=":5" />

*[[Judeo-Reggiano]]† (''Giudeo-Reggiano'') in [[Reggio Emilia]]
*[[Judeo-Piedmontese]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Piemontese}}) in the region of [[Piedmont]]
*[[Judeo-Mantuan]]† ({{lang|itk|Giudeo-Mantovano}}) in [[Mantua]]

At least two Judeo-Italian varieties, based on the [[Salentino]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]] languages, were also used in [[Corfu]]<ref>[http://archive/indo-european/europe/judeo-italian-corfiote/?searchterm=Judeo-Italian]{{Dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>{{crossreference|(see relevant section in [[Corfiot Italians#Italian with Venetian/Apulian influences|Corfiot Italians]])}}.

=== Time based divisions ===
It is also divided into two time based varieties which are Early Judeo-Italian which is attested through writings made from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Judeo-Italian attested from 1700 onwards.<ref name=":6" />

==Characteristics==
All of the spoken Judeo-Italian varieties used combination of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] verb stems with [[Italian language|Italian]] conjugations (e.g., {{lang|he|אכלר}} {{lang|itk|akhlare}}, 'to eat'; {{lang|he|גנביר}} {{lang|itk|gannaviare}}, 'to steal'; {{lang|he|דברר}} {{lang|itk|dabberare}}, 'to speak'; {{lang|he|לכטיר}} {{lang|itk|lekhtire}}, 'to go'). Similarly, there are abstract nouns such as {{lang|he|טובזה}} {{lang|itk|tovezza}}, 'goodness'. This feature is unique among [[Jewish languages]] {{Citation needed|reason=Yiddish shares this too|date=March 2025}} although there are arguably parallels in [[Jewish English languages|Jewish English]] dialect.

Also common are lexical incorporations from Hebrew, particularly those applicable to daily life. Terms from other Jewish languages such as [[Yiddish]] and [[Judeo-Spanish]] were also incorporated. [[Bagitto]], spoken in [[Livorno]], is particularly rich in [[loanword]]s from Judeo-Spanish and [[Judeo-Portuguese]].

It was claimed by Cassuto that most Judeo-Italian dialects reflect the Italian dialect of places further to the south, due to the fact that since the expulsion of the Jews from the [[Kingdom of Naples]], the general direction of Jewish migration in Italy had been northward.<ref name="Cassuto" />

Compared to the non Jewish languages they're related to, the Judeo-Italian languages are relatively similar to each other, with them all being mutually intelligible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judeo Italian |url=https://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/JudeoItalian.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.jochnowitz.net}}</ref>

The degree of variation between Judeo-Italian dialects and their base languages (Judeo-Venetian and Venetian, Judeo-Piedmontese and Piedmontese etc.) varies. With some like Judeo-Mantuan being more divergent, others like Judeo-Venetian being less divergent and some like Judeo-Livornese being in the middle.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018 |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |url=https://www.academia.edu/37246646 |journal=Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective |page=152}}</ref>

==Works in ''Judeo-Italian''==
The oldest known Judeo-Italian text is found in the margin notes of a copy of the [[Mishnah]] written between 1072 and 1073 known as "Mishnah A". One of the most accessible ways to view the Judeo-Italian language is by looking at translations of [[Hebrew Bible|biblical texts]] such as the [[Torah]] and [[Hagiographa]]. For example, the Judeo-Italian language is represented in a 1716 Venetian [[Haggadah]], a Jewish prayer book typically used during a [[seder]], some samples of which are available online.<ref name="Venice Haggadah">{{cite web |title=Seder Haggadah Shel Pesah |via=Bauman Rare Books |url= https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/haggadah/seder-haggadah-shel-pesah/83168.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200126182840/https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/haggadah/seder-haggadah-shel-pesah/83168.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>

Today, there are two locations, the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[Bodleian Library]], and the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]] in [[New York City|New York]], in which many of these texts have been archived.<ref name="Handbook of Jewish Languages">{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages |series="Brill's Handbooks in Linguistics" series |volume=2 |date=2015 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-21733-1 |pages=297–299}}</ref>

Some notable writers who wrote in Judeo-Italian are: [[Guido Bedarida]] who wrote in Bagitto, and Annibale Gallico who wrote in Judeo-Mantuan.<ref name=":0" /> A theater groups named ''Chaimme 'a sore 'o sediaro e 'a moje'' (Chaim, the sister, the chairmaker and the wife) performs plays in Judeo-Roman, and          [[:it:Crescenzo_Del_Monte|Crescenzo Del Monte]] wrote plays in Judeo-Roman,<ref name=":1" /> and the play [[Gnora Luna]] in Judeo-Florentine.<ref name=":7" />

== See also ==
* [[Italian Jews#Italian rite Jews|Italian Jews]]
* [[Judeo-Latin]]
* [[Judeo-Romance languages]]
* [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last=Ferretti Cuomo |first=Luisa |title=Italchiano versus giudeo-italiano versus 0 (zero), una questione metodologica |language=it |journal=Italia: Studi e ricerche sulla storia, la cultura e la letteratura degli Ebrei d'Italia |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |date=1982 |pages=7–32}}
*{{cite book |last=Fortis |first=Umberto |title=La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane |language=it |publisher=La Giuntina |location=Firenze |date=2006 |isbn=88-8057-243-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fortis |first1=Umberto |last2=Zolli |first2=Paolo |title=La parlata giudeo-veneziana |language=it |series="Collana di cultura ebraica" series |volume=13 |location=Assisi/Rome |publisher=B. Carucci |date=1979 |isbn=88-85027-07-5}}
*{{cite journal |last=Gold |first=David L. |title=The Glottonym Italkian |journal=Italia: Studi e ricerche sulla storia, la cultura e la letteratura degli Ebrei d'Italia |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |date=1980 |pages=98–102}}
*{{cite book |last=Jochnowitz |first=George |section=Judeo-Italian: Italian Dialect or Jewish Language? |title=The Most Ancient of Minorities: The Jews of Italy |editor-first=Stanisalo G. |editor-last=Pugliese |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2002 |section-url= http://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/Judeo-Italian.html |via=Jochnowitz.net}}
*{{cite journal |last=Levi |first=Joseph Abraham |title=La Ienti de Sion: Linguistic and Cultural Legacy of an Early Thirteenth-century Judeo-Italian Kinah |journal=Italica |volume=75 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1998 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.2307/479578 |jstor=479578 |via=Orbis Latinus |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Italkian/Italkian-La_Ienti_de_Sion.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081113004428/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Italkian/Italkian-La_Ienti_de_Sion.html |archive-date=13 November 2008|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last= Massariello Merzagora |first=Giovanna |title=Giudeo-Italiano |series="Profilo dei dialetti italiani" series |volume=23 |location=Pisa |publisher=Pacini |date=1977}}
*{{cite book |last=Mayer Modena |first=Maria Luisa |chapter=Le parlate giudeo-italiane |title=Storia d'Italia: Gli ebrei in Italia, Vol. II: Dall'emancipazione a oggi |trans-title=History of Italy: The Jews in Italy, Vol. II: From Emancipation to Today |editor-first=Corrado |editor-last=Vivanti |location=Turin |publisher=Einaudi |date=1997 |pages=939–963}}
*{{cite book |last=Mayer Modena |first=Maria Luisa |title=Vena Hebraica nel Giudeo-Italiano. Dizionario dell'Elemento Ebraico negli Idiomi degli Ebrei d'Italia |publisher=LED |location=Milano |date=2022}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|itk}}
*{{cite book |last1=Belleli |first1=Lazaro |last2=Gottheil |first2=Richard |orig-date=1904 |date=2011 |chapter=Judæo-Greek and Judæo-Italian |title=[[Jewish Encyclopedia|JewishEncyclopedia.com]] |chapter-url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8950-judaeo-greek-and-judaeo-italian }}
*{{cite web |editor1-last=Bird |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Simons |editor20-first=Gary |title=OLAC resources in and about the Judeo-Italian language |date=20 April 2020 |work=[[OLAC]]: Open Language Archives Community |publisher=[[Linguistic Data Consortium]], University of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia |url= http://www.language-archives.org/language/itk <!--alt. URL: http://olac.ldc.upenn.edu/language/itk --> }}
*{{cite web |last=Jerchower |first=Seth |title=Italkian Language |date=1999 |work=Orbis Latinus |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Italkian/Italkian.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081112175137/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Italkian/Italkian.html |archive-date=12 November 2008}}

{{Jews and Judaism|state=expanded}}{{Languages of Italy}}{{Jewish languages}}
{{Romance languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judeo-Italian Languages}}
[[Category:Judaeo-Italian languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Italy]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:Gallo-Italic languages]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Italy]]
[[Category:Endangered diaspora languages]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]
[[Category:Judeo-Romance languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 10th century]]