Editing Julius Caesar (judge)

{{Short description|English judge and statesman}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = Sir Julius Caesar
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = Unknown man, formerly known as Sir Julius Caesar from NPG.jpg
| image_size          = 
| smallimage          = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
| alt                 = 
| caption             = 
| office              = [[Master of the Rolls]]
| term_start          = 1614
| term_end            = 1636
| monarch             = {{Unbulleted list|[[James VI and I|James I]]|[[Charles I of England|Charles I]]}}
| predecessor         = [[Edward Phelips (speaker)|Sir Edward Phelips]]
| successor           = [[Dudley Digges|Sir Dudley Digges]]
| office2             = [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
| term_start2         = 1606
| term_end2           = 1614
| monarch2            = [[James VI and I|James I]]
| predecessor2        = [[George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar|The Earl of Dunbar]]
| successor2          = [[Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke|Sir Fulke Greville]]
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = 1557/1558
| birth_place         = [[Middlesex]], [[England]]
| death_date          = 18 April 1636
| death_place         = 
| resting_place       = 
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| citizenship         = 
| nationality         = 
| party               = 
| otherparty          = <!--For additional political affiliations-->
| spouse              = {{Plainlist|
* Dorcas Lusher ({{abbr|d.|died}} {{abbr|1595|16 June 1595}})
* {{Marriage|Alice Dent |10 April 1596|23 May 1614|end=died}}
* {{Marriage|Anne Hogan|19 April 1615}}
}}
| partner             = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| relations           = 
| children            = {{Unbulleted list|Julius Caesar|[[Charles Caesar|Sir Charles Caesar]]|Sir John Caesar|[[Robert Caesar]]}}
| parents             = {{Unbulleted list|[[Cesare Adelmare]]|Margery Perient}}
| education           = 
| alma_mater          = {{Unbulleted list|[[Magdalen Hall, Oxford]]|[[University of Paris]]}}
| occupation          = 
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| cabinet             = 
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| awards              = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set -->
| signature           = Signature of Sir Julius Caesar (c. 1557 – 1636).png
| signature_alt       = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Sir Julius Caesar''' (1557/1558{{spaced ndash}}18 April 1636) was an English lawyer, judge and politician who sat in the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] at various times between 1589 and 1622. He was also known as Julius Adelmare.

==Early life and education==
Caesar was born near [[Tottenham]] in [[Middlesex]], the son of [[Cesare Adelmare]] who was originally from [[Treviso]], Italy, and his wife, Margery Perient or Pirry (died c. 1583).<ref name=HOP>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/caesar-julius-1558-1636 Caesar, Julius (1558–1636), of Tottenham, Middlesex and Mitcham, Surrey, History of Parliament] Retrieved 12 November 2013.</ref><ref>Margery "Perient" has been identified as either the daughter of either George Perient of Shropshire and Hertfordshire, for example by in the History of Parliament biography, or Martin Pirry, Treasurer in Ireland. {{Harvnb|Hill|1988|p=271}} The latter comes from one of the oldest records about the family's pedigree, the 1619 Kent Visitation, but caused confusion because Martin Pirry was not a well known person. For example see Lodge (p. 9) who wrote an extensive book about the family, (1827) [https://books.google.com/books?id=TuNBAQAAMAAJ ''Life of Sir Julius Cæsar''], Knt,. However concerning the existence of Martin, who had a special function with the mint, see for example Challis, (1971) [http://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1971_BNJ_40_9.pdf "The Tudor Coinage for Ireland"]</ref> Cesare Adelmare, like many of his ancestors, studied at the [[University of Padua]], where he was made doctor in 1547.<ref>Nicolò Mauro, [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search?q=who%3A%22Mauro%2C+Nicol%C3%B2+1533-1612%22 Treviso library manuscript 588]</ref> He was registered as a doctor in his native Treviso in 1542.<ref>Bartolomeo Burchelati, Commentariorum [https://books.google.com/books?id=uijjr5TU3Z0C&pg=PA400 p.400]</ref> In England in 1544 he was found to be working unlicensed and then licensed.<ref>Margaret Pelling and Frances White, [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-physicians/1550-1640/a-dalmariis-caesar "A DALMARIIS, Caesar"], in Physicians and Irregular Medical Practitioners in London 1550-1640 Database (London, 2004), British History Online [accessed 1 November 2021].</ref> He was naturalised in 1558, and was a physician to Queens [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]].<ref name=HOP/> Cesare's father, Pietro Maria Adelmare, was also a graduate of Padua, and was a judge and ambassador for Treviso. Cesare's mother, Paola Cesarini, was said to be descended from the well-known Cesarini family of Rome.<ref>{{EB1911|noprescript=1|wstitle=Caesar, Sir Julius}}</ref> 

Julius was baptised in the [[St. Dunstan's-in-the-East|Church of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East]] in February 1558, his sponsors being the [[Lord Treasurer]], [[William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester]]; [[Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel|the Earl of Arundel]]; and [[Magdalen Dacre|Lady Montagu]] representing the queen. After his father's death, his mother married, as her second husband, [[Michael Lok]].{{sfn|Wijffels|2004}}{{sfn|McDermott|2004}} He was possibly educated at [[Winchester College]] and matriculated at [[Magdalen Hall, Oxford]], on 10 January 1575, aged 16, and was awarded BA on 17 May 1575 and MA on 18 February 1578. He then studied at the [[Faculty of Law of Paris]] ([[University of Paris]]), where he was made LLB and LLD on 22 April 1581.<ref name=Alumni>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117050 "Alumni Oxonienses, 1500–1714: Cabell-Chafe"], Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714: Abannan-Kyte (1891), pp. 228–254. Date accessed: 1 November 2021</ref>

==Career==
Caesar was noted for his persistent striving for advancement and for financial reward in the time of Queen Elizabeth. He was a general commissioner on piracy in October 1581. In 1583 he was counsel to the City of London and commissary of his friend [[John Aylmer (bishop)|John Aylmer]], the [[Bishop of London]] in Middlesex, Hertfordshire and Essex.<ref name=HOP/> On 5 March 1584 he was awarded a law degree at Oxford, and became doctor of [[canon law]].<ref name=Alumni/> In 1584, he was appointed [[Judge of the High Court of Admiralty]] until 1605, and was an advocate of [[Doctors' Commons]] in 1586. In 1588 he became a [[Court of Chancery|master in chancery]]. He was elected MP for [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Reigate]] in 1589. He became [[Bencher]] of the [[Inner Temple]] in 1590 and was [[Master of Requests (England)|Master of Requests]] Extraordinary of [[Court of Requests]] in 1591.  He became [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] from 1592 and was governor of mineral and battery works in 1593. Also in 1593 he was elected MP for [[Bletchingley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bletchingley]]. He was treasurer of the Inner Temple in 1593. He became Master of Requests Ordinary of Court of Requests in 1595 and Master of [[St Katharine's by the Tower|St Katherine's Hospital]] in 1596. In 1597 he was elected MP for [[Windsor (UK Parliament constituency)|Windsor]] and was re-elected MP for Windsor in 1601.<ref name=HOP/>

Queen Elizabeth, on her way to [[Nonsuch Palace]], paid him a visit at his house at [[Mitcham]] on 12 September 1598.<ref>Sarah Williams, ''Letters of John Chamberlain'' (London, 1861), p. 19.</ref> She spent the night of the 12th there, and dined with him the next day.<ref name="DNB">{{DNBfirst|wstitle=Cæsar, Julius (1558-1636)|first=James McMullen |last=Rigg |volume=8 |pages=204–207}}</ref>

In the reign of King James, Caesar acquired extensive property, particularly in Hertfordshire, and achieved greater influence and political importance. He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] at [[Greenwich]] by [[James VI and I|King James]] in May 1603. He also became ecclesiastical commissioner for the [[Province of Canterbury]] in 1603. In 1606 he was elected MP for [[Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesex]]. He was [[Chancellor of the Exchequer|Chancellor and Under Treasurer of the Exchequer]] from 1606 to 1614. In 1607 he was appointed to the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]]. In 1614 he was appointed [[Master of the Rolls]], an office which he held till his death in 1636. He was re-elected MP for Middlesex in 1614.  In 1621 he became first commissioner for the great seal and was elected MP for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|Maldon]]. He was commissioner to inquire into operation of the poor law from 1631 to 1633.<ref name=HOP/>

==Death==
Caesar died at the age of 79 and was buried at [[Great St. Helen]]'s, Bishopsgate.<ref name=Alumni/>

==Legacy==
Caesar was a remarkable civil servant and left many volumes of papers relating to his official work, and others relating to the mint, of which his first father-in-law was master. He worked on the history of the [[Exchequer]], and presented to [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Burghley]] a history of the [[Court of Requests]] "to defend it against the slights of the [[common lawyer]]s".<ref name=HOP/> In 1625 he wrote a treatise on the constitution and functions of the privy council, entitled ''Concerning the Private Council of the Most High and Mighty King of Great Britain, France, Scotland, and Ireland''. His manuscripts, many of which are now in the [[British Museum]], were sold by auction in 1757 for a sum of around £500.

==Personal life==
[[File:-Sir Julius Caesar's travelling library, individual parchment covered books and container, made to resemble a leather bound book. A restricted item.- - Lower cover (c20f15-58).jpg|thumb|A book from Sir Julius Caesar's [[traveling library|travelling library]], now in the British Library]]
Caesar married three times. He married firstly Dorcas Lusher (1561 – 16 June 1595){{failed verification|date=April 2019}}, widow of Richard Lusher of the [[Middle Temple]] and daughter of Sir [[Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)|Richard Martin]], [[master of the mint]] and later [[Lord Mayor of London]], with whom he had four sons and a daughter.<ref name="DNB" />

He married secondly, on 10 April 1596, Alice Dent (June 1569 – 23 May 1614), widow of John Dent, Alderman of London, and daughter of Christopher Grant of [[Manchester]], Lancashire, with whom he had three more sons. A portrait of Alice when pregnant dated 1597 gives her age as 31.<ref>Jane Ashelford, ''Dress in the Age of Elizabeth'' (London, 1988), pp. 36-38.</ref>

He married thirdly Anne Hogan, widow of Henry Hogan and William Hungate, both of [[East Bradenham]], Norfolk, and daughter of [[Henry Woodhouse (MP)|Henry Woodhouse]] of [[Waxham]], Norfolk on 19 April 1615.<ref name=HOP/> His third wife Anne was a granddaughter of [[Nicholas Bacon (courtier)|Nicholas Bacon]].<ref>John Maclean, ''Letters from George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe'' (Camden Society, London, 1860), p. 11.</ref> [[Francis Bacon]], his wife's uncle, died in his arms.

His son, also named Julius Caesar (14 February 1587 – 8 January 1607), was sent to study at the [[University of Padua]]. He was wounded while fencing with Antonio Brochetta and sought revenge. He lay in wait for him with a pistol, but his shot missed. He then fell while attempting to draw his sword and was set upon by Brochetta{{clarify|reason=Who is this|date=April 2019}} who ran him through and killed him.

His son Sir [[Charles Caesar]] (27 January 1590 – 6 December 1642) was a member of Parliament, as well as Master of the Rolls from 1639 to 1642, which he purchased for £15,000 and a £2,000 loan.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Caesar, Charles |first=James McMullen |last=Rigg |volume=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/caesar-sir-charles-1590-1642 |chapter=CAESAR, Sir Charles (1590-1642), of Benington, Herts. |title=The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Thrush |editor2-first=John P. |editor2-last=Ferris |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

His son Sir John Caesar (20 October 1597 – 23 May 1647) of Hyde Hall, [[Hertfordshire]], a country gentleman, was knighted in Scotland on 20 June 1617.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

His son Thomas Caesar D.D. (17 March 1601 – 1633) was [[rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[Llanrhuddlad]] [[Anglesey]], [[Wales]] of whom a memorial graces the chancel of [[Beaumaris]] parish church, Anglesey.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

His son [[Robert Caesar]] (9 October 1602 – 27 October 1637) was one of the [[Six Clerks]] of [[Court of Chancery]] and a member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/caesar-robert-1602-1637 |chapter=CAESAR, Robert (1602-1637), of The Strand, Westminster and the Inner Temple, London |title=The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Thrush |editor2-first=John P. |editor2-last=Ferris |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Lamar M. |year=1988 |title=Bench and Bureaucracy: The Public Career of Sir Julius Caesar, 1580–1636 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804714174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4aaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271 |access-date=12 November 2013 }}
*{{Cite ODNB |last=McDermott |first=James |year=2004 |title=Lok, Michael (c.1532–1620x22) |id=16950}} {{DNBfirst|wstitle=Lok, Michael}}
*{{Cite ODNB |last=Wijffels |first=Alain |year=2004 |title=Caesar, Sir Julius (bap. 1558, d. 1636) |id=4328}} {{DNBfirst|wstitle=Cæsar, Julius (1558-1636)}}

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| before=[[William Howard (died 1600)|William Howard]]
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| after= [[William Howard (died 1600)|William Howard]]
| after2= [[John Trevor (1563–1630)|John Trevor]]
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| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Bletchingley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bletchingley]] 
| before=  [[Richard Bostock]]
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| after= [[Richard Trevor (politician)|Sir Richard Trevor]] 
| after2= [[John Trevor (1563–1630)|John Trevor]] 
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| before=  [[Henry Neville (politician)|Henry Neville]] 
| before2= [[Edward Neville (politician)|Edward Neville]] 
| with= [[John Norreys (high sheriff)|John Norreys]]
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| after= [[Samuel Backhouse]]
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{{succession box 
| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesex]] 
| before=   [[William Fleetwood (Middlesex MP)|Sir William Fleetwood]]
| before2= [[Robert Wroth (Middlesex MP)|Sir Robert Wroth]] 
| with = [[William Fleetwood (Middlesex MP)|Sir William Fleetwood]] 1606–1611
| with2= [[Thomas Lake|Sir Thomas Lake]] 1614
| years= 1606–1614
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| after2=  [[Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill|Sir Gilbert Gerard, Bt]] 
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| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|Maldon]] 
| before=  [[John Sammes|Sir John Sammes]]
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| years=1621–1622
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| after2= [[Arthur Harris (MP, died 1632)|Sir Arthur Harris]]
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{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Politics|portal20=United Kingdom |portal3=Law |commons=yes |commons-search= Category:Julius Caesar (judge) |s=yes}}
{{Masters of the Rolls}}
{{House of Stuart Chancellors of the Exchequer}}
{{House of Stuart Lord Chancellors}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Caesar, Julius}}
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1636 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England]]
[[Category:Masters of the Rolls]]
[[Category:English people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:People from Treviso]]
[[Category:17th-century English judges]]
[[Category:16th-century English judges]]
[[Category:English MPs 1589]]
[[Category:English MPs 1593]]
[[Category:English MPs 1597–1598]]
[[Category:English MPs 1601]]
[[Category:English MPs 1604–1611]]
[[Category:English MPs 1614]]
[[Category:English MPs 1621–1622]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Canon law jurists]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of England]]
[[Category:People from Tottenham]]
[[Category:Caesar family|Julius]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Maldon]]
[[Category:Expatriates from the Kingdom of England]]
[[Category:Expatriates in France]]