Editing July Revolution

{{Short description|1830 overthrow of the Bourbons by the July Monarchy in France}}
{{For|the protest of Bangladesh|July Revolution (Bangladesh)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|June Rebellion|July Days|July Crisis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Expand French|topic=mil}}
{{Infobox historical event
  |Event_Name     = {{lang|fr|'''Trois Glorieuses'''}}
| partof = the [[Revolutions of 1830]]
  |Image_Name     = La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg
  |Image_Caption  = ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' by [[Eugène Delacroix]]: an [[allegorical]] painting of the July Revolution.
  |AKA            = The July Revolution
  |Participants   = French society
  |Location       = Paris, France
  |Date           = 26–29 July 1830
  |Result         = {{plainlist|
*Abdication of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]
*Ascension of [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe]] to the French throne and establishment of the [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] [[July Monarchy]]}}
}}
{{History of France}}
The '''French Revolution of 1830''', also known as the '''July Revolution''' ({{langx|fr|révolution de Juillet}}), '''Second French Revolution''', or '''{{lang|fr|Trois Glorieuses}}''' ("Three Glorious [Days]"), was a second French Revolution after [[French Revolution|the first]] of 1789–99. It led to the overthrow of King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], the French [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarch, and the ascent of his cousin [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe]], Duke of Orléans. 

The 1830 Revolution marked a shift from one [[constitutional monarchy]], under the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restored House of Bourbon]], to another, the [[July Monarchy]]; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its [[cadet branch]], the [[House of Orléans]]; and the replacement of the principle of [[hereditary right]] by that of [[popular sovereignty]]. Supporters of the Bourbons would be called [[Legitimist]]s, and supporters of Louis Philippe were known as [[Orléanist]]s. In addition, there continued to be [[Bonapartists]] supporting the return of [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon's]] heirs. After 18 precarious years on the throne, Louis-Philippe was overthrown in the [[French Revolution of 1848]].

== Background ==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = July Revolution
| place             = [[Paris]], [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]]
| image             = 
| date              = 26–29 July 1830
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|France|1830}} Revolutionaries<br>'''Support''':<br>
{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)|Liberals]]<br>{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Republicanism in France|Republicans]]<br>{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Bonapartism|Bonapartists]]<br>{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Doctrinaires]] (partial)
| combatant2        = [[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|23px|border]] Government of France<br>'''Support''':
[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|23px|border]] [[Ultra-royalism|Ultra-royalists]]<br>[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|23px|border]] [[Doctrinaires]] (partial)
| commander1        = {{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Adolphe Thiers]]<br>{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Jacques Laffitte]]<br>{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Marie Joseph de La Fayette]]
| commander2        = [[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|23px|border]] [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]
| result            = '''Revolutionary victory'''
* End of Charles X's rule
* [[Louis Philippe I]] becomes new King of the French
* Start of the uprisings in [[Belgian Revolution|Belgium]] and [[November Uprising|Poland]]
}}

After [[Napoleonic France]]'s defeat and [[treaty of Paris (1814)|surrender in May 1814]], Continental Europe, and France in particular, was in a state of disarray. The [[Congress of Vienna]] met to redraw the continent's political map. Many European countries attended the Congress, but decision-making was controlled by four major powers: the [[Austrian Empire]], represented by the Chief Minister [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich|Prince Metternich]]; the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], represented by its Foreign Secretary [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Viscount Castlereagh]]; the [[Russian Empire]], represented by [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor Alexander I]]; and [[Prussia]], represented by [[Frederick William III of Prussia|King Frederick William III]].

France's foreign minister, [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand]], also attended the Congress. Although France was considered an enemy state, Talleyrand was allowed to attend the Congress because he claimed that he had only cooperated with Napoleon under duress. He suggested that France be restored to her "legitimate" (i.e. pre-Napoleonic) borders and governments—a plan that, with some changes, was accepted by the major powers. France was spared large annexations and returned to its 1791 borders. The House of Bourbon, deposed by the Revolution, was restored to the throne in the person of [[Louis XVIII]]. The Congress, however, forced Louis to grant a constitution, the [[Charter of 1814]].

=== Charles X's reign ===
{{main|Bourbon Restoration in France}}
[[File:Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) - Charles X (1757-1836), King of France - RCIN 405138 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|[[Charles X of France|Charles X]] painted by [[Thomas Lawrence]], 1825]]

On 16 September 1824, after a lingering illness of several months, the 68-year-old Louis XVIII died. As he was  childless, his younger brother, Charles, aged 66, inherited the throne of France. He was known to have more reactionary politics. On 27 September Charles X made his state entry into Paris to popular acclaim. During the ceremony, while presenting the King the keys to the city, the comte de Chabrol, Prefect of the Seine, declared: "Proud to possess its new king, Paris can aspire to become the queen of cities by its magnificence, as its people aspire to be foremost in its fidelity, its devotion, and its love."<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=198}}</ref>

Eight months later, the mood of the capital had sharply worsened in its opinion of the new king. The causes of this dramatic shift in public opinion were many, but the main two were:
* Imposition of the death penalty for anyone profaning the [[Eucharist]] (see [[Anti-Sacrilege Act]]).
* The provisions for financial indemnities for properties confiscated by the [[French Revolution|1789 Revolution]] and the First Empire of Napoleon—these indemnities to be paid to anyone, whether noble or non-noble, who had been declared "enemies of the revolution."
Critics of the first accused the king and his new ministry of pandering to the Catholic Church, and by so doing of violating guarantees of equality of religious belief as specified in the Charter of 1814.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The second matter, that of financial indemnities, was far more opportunistic{{clarify|date=August 2017}} than the first. Since the restoration of the monarchy, there had been demands from all groups to settle matters of property ownership in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the uncertainties in the real estate market.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=200}}</ref> But opponents, many of whom were frustrated [[Bonapartists]], began a whispering campaign that Charles X was proposing this action in order to shame those opponents who had not left the country. Both measures, they claimed, were nothing more than clever subterfuge meant to bring about the destruction of the Charter of 1814.

Up to this time, thanks to the popularity of the constitution and the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]] with the people of Paris, the king's relationship with the élite—both the Bourbon supporters and Bourbon opposition—had remained solid. This, too, was about to change. On 12 April, propelled by both genuine conviction and the spirit of independence, the Chamber of Deputies roundly rejected the government's proposal to change the inheritance laws.{{clarify|date=August 2017}} The popular newspaper ''Le Constitutionnel'' pronounced this refusal "a victory over the forces of counter-revolutionaries and reactionism."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ledré |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/lapresselassault0000unse |title=La Presse à l'assaut de la monarchie |date=1960 |publisher=[[Armand Colin]] |page=70}}</ref>

The popularity of both the [[Chamber of Peers (France)|Chamber of Peers]] and the Chamber of Deputies skyrocketed, and the popularity of the king and his ministry dropped. The [[Coronation of Charles X|Coronation of Charles]] took place at [[Reims Cathedral]] on 29 May 1825. In an elaborate ceremony the King swore both to uphold the Charter but also France's ancient "fundamental laws".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Munro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQowmIj8D4sC |title=The Perilous Crown: France Between Revolutions, 1814-1848 |publisher=[[Pan Macmillan]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-330-53937-1 |page=119}}</ref>

On 16 April 1827, while reviewing the ''[[Garde Royale]]'' in the [[Champ de Mars]], the king was greeted with icy silence, and many of the spectators refused to remove their hats, the traditional sign of respect for the king. Charles X "later told [his cousin] Orléans that, 'although most people present were not too hostile, some looked at times with terrible expressions'."<ref>Marie Amélie, 356; (17 April 1827); Antonetti, 527.</ref>

Because of what Charles X's government perceived to be growing, relentless, and increasingly vitriolic criticism of both the government and the Church, it introduced a proposal at the Chamber of Deputies for a law to tighten censorship, especially of newspapers. The Chamber, for its part, objected so violently that the humiliated government had no choice but to withdraw its proposals.

[[File:CHARLES X IN THE ROLE OF THE GREAT NUTCRACKER.jpg|thumb|THE GREAT NUTCRACKER OF JULY 25th. In this caricature, Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack.]]

On 30 April, on the grounds that it had behaved in an offensive manner towards the crown, the king abruptly dissolved the National Guard of Paris, a voluntary group of citizens formerly considered a reliable conduit between the monarchy and the people. Cooler heads were appalled: "[I] would rather have my head cut off", wrote a nobleman from the [[Rhineland]] upon hearing the news, "than have counseled such an act: the only further measure needed to cause a revolution is censorship."<ref>Duc de Dolberg, Castellan, II, 176 (letter 30 April 1827)</ref>

On 17 March 1830, the majority in the Chamber of Deputies passed a [[motion of no confidence]], the [[Address of the 221]], against the king and [[Jules de Polignac|Polignac]]'s ministry. The following day, Charles dissolved parliament, and alarmed the opposition by delaying elections for two months. During this time, the liberals championed the "221" as popular heroes, while the government struggled to gain support across the country, as prefects were shuffled around the [[departments of France]]. [[1830 French legislative election|Legislative elections]] were then held between 5 and 19 July 1830. The liberal opposition won close to two-thirds of the seats, with a 274–143 majority over Polignac's supporters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Robert |title=Re-Writing the French Revolutionary Tradition: Liberal Opposition and the Fall of the Bourbon Monarchy |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York|pages=238, 285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7aQqFo43EMC&pg=PA238}}</ref>

On Sunday, 25 July 1830, the king, with the agreement of Polignac, set out to alter the Charter of 1814 by decree. His decrees, known as the [[July Ordinances]], dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, suspended the liberty of the press, excluded the commercial middle class from future elections, and called for new elections. On Monday 26 July, these decrees were published in the leading conservative newspaper in Paris, [[Le Moniteur Universel|''Le Moniteur'']]. On Tuesday 27 July, a revolution began in earnest {{lang|fr|Les trois journées de juillet}}, and ultimately ended the Bourbon monarchy.

== The Events of July 1830 ==
{{redirect|Trois Glorieuses|uprising in Congo-Brazzaville|Trois Glorieuses (1963)}}
=== Monday, 26 July 1830 ===
[[File:Lar7 cogniet 001z.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Scenes of July 1830]]'', a painting by [[Léon Cogniet]] alluding to the July revolution of 1830]]

It was a hot, dry summer, pushing those who could afford it to leave Paris for the country. Most businessmen could not, and so were among the first to learn of the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which banned them from running as candidates for the Chamber of Deputies. Such membership was indispensable to those who sought the ultimate in social prestige. In protest, members of the ''Bourse'' refused to lend money, and business owners shuttered their factories. Workers were unceremoniously turned out into the street to fend for themselves. Unemployment, which had been growing through early summer, spiked. "Large numbers of... workers therefore had nothing to do but protest."<ref name="Mansel238">{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=238}}</ref>

While newspapers such as the ''[[Journal des débats]]'', ''[[Le Moniteur Universel|Le Moniteur]]'', and ''[[Le Constitutionnel]]'' had already ceased publication in compliance with the new law, nearly 50 journalists from a dozen city newspapers met in the offices of ''[[Le National (newspaper)|Le National]]''. There they signed a collective protest, and vowed their newspapers would continue to run.<ref name="Mansel238" />

That evening, when police raided a news press and seized contraband newspapers, they were greeted by a sweltering, unemployed mob angrily shouting, "''À bas les Bourbons!''" ("Down with the Bourbons!") and "''Vive la Charte!''" ("Long live the Charter!").

[[Armand Carrel]], a journalist, wrote in the next day's edition of ''Le National'':
<blockquote>France... falls back into revolution by the act of the government itself... the legal regime is now interrupted, that of <u>force</u> has begun... in the situation in which we are now placed obedience has ceased to be a duty... It is for France to judge how far its own resistance ought to extend.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinkney|1972|pp=83–84}}; {{Cite book |last=de Rémusat |first=Madame |author-link=Madame de Rémusat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3H0vAAAAMAAJ |title=Mémoires de Madame de Rémusat 1802-1808 |date=1880 |publisher=Calmann Lévy |volume=2 |pages=313–314 |language=fr}}; Lendré 107</ref></blockquote>

Despite public anger over the police raid, Jean-Henri-Claude Magin, the Paris ''[[Préfet de police]]'', wrote that evening: "the most perfect tranquility continues to reign in all parts of the capital. No event worthy of attention is recorded in the reports that have come through to me."<ref>{{harvnb|Pinkney|1972|p=93}}.</ref>

=== Tuesday, 27 July 1830: Day One ===
[[File:Saisie des presses du National.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right| Seizure of the presses of the ''Le National'', a triggering event of the July Revolution. Paris, 27 July.]]
Throughout the day, Paris grew quiet as the milling crowds grew larger. At 4:30&nbsp;pm commanders of the troops of the First Military division of Paris and the ''Garde Royale'' were ordered to concentrate their troops, and guns, on the [[Place du Carrousel]] facing the [[Tuileries]], the [[Place Vendôme]], and the [[Place de la Bastille]]. In order to maintain order and protect gun shops from looters, military patrols throughout the city were established, strengthened, and expanded. However, no special measures were taken to protect either the arm depots or gunpowder factories. For a time, those precautions seemed premature, but at 7:00&nbsp;pm, with the coming of twilight, the fighting began. "Parisians, rather than soldiers, were the aggressor. Paving stones, roof tiles, and flowerpots from the upper windows... began to rain down on the soldiers in the streets".<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=239}}.</ref> At first, soldiers fired warning shots into the air. But before the night was over, twenty-one civilians were killed. Rioters then paraded the corpse of one of their fallen throughout the streets shouting "''Mort aux Ministres!'' ''À bas les aristocrates!''" ("Death to the ministers! Down with the aristocrats!")

One witness wrote:

<blockquote>
[I saw] a crowd of agitated people pass by and disappear, then a troop of cavalry succeed them... In every direction and at intervals... Indistinct noises, gunshots, and then for a time all is silent again so for a time one could believe that everything in the city was normal. But all the shops are shut; the [[Pont Neuf]] is almost completely dark, the stupefaction visible on every face reminds us all too much of the crisis we face....<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivier |first=Juste |author-link=Juste Olivier |url=https://archive.org/details/parisjournal0000unse |title=Paris en 1830 |publisher=[[Mercure de France]] |year=1951 |location=Paris |pages=244}}</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1828, the city of Paris had installed some 2,000 [[street lamp]]s. These lanterns were hung on ropes looped-on-looped from one pole to another, as opposed to being secured on posts. The rioting lasted well into the night until most of them had been destroyed by 10:00 PM, forcing the crowds to slip away.

=== Wednesday, 28 July 1830: Day Two ===
[[File:Prise de l'Hôtel de ville - le Pont d'Arcole.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Taking of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] (revolutionaries went there in 1789, and later 1848 and 1870), by Amédée Bourgeois]]
Fighting in Paris continued throughout the night. One eyewitness wrote:

<blockquote>It is hardly a quarter past eight, and already shouts and gun shots can be heard. Business is at a complete standstill.... Crowds rushing through the streets... the sound of cannon and gunfire is becoming ever louder.... Cries of "''À bas le roi !", "À la guillotine !!''" ["Down with the king!", "To the [[guillotine]]!!"] can be heard....<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|1951|p=247}}.</ref></blockquote>

Charles X ordered Maréchal [[Auguste Marmont]], Duke of Ragusa, the on-duty Major-General of the ''Garde Royale'', to repress the disturbances. Marmont was personally liberal, and opposed to the ministry's policy, but was bound tightly to the King because he believed such to be his duty; and possibly because of his unpopularity for his generally perceived and widely criticized desertion of Napoleon in 1814.{{page needed|date=October 2018 <!-- These assessments appear to be taken from Mansel 2001, the source cited for this section, but not-strictly-factual analyses should be given specific page numbers (use Template:rp or Template:sfn --> }} The king remained at Saint-Cloud, but was kept abreast of the events in Paris by his ministers, who insisted that the troubles would end as soon as the rioters ran out of ammunition.

[[File:Révolution de 1830 - Combat devant l'hôtel de ville - 28.07.1830.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Fight in Front of the City Hall on 28 July 1830|''Fight in front of the City Hall on 28 July 1830'']], by [[Jean-Victor Schnetz]]]]

Marmont's plan was to have the ''Garde Royale'' and available line units of the city garrison guard the vital thoroughfares and bridges of the city, as well as protect important buildings such as the [[Palais Royal]], [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]], and the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]]. This plan was both ill-considered and wildly ambitious;{{page needed|date=October 2018}} not only were there not enough troops, but there were also nowhere near enough provisions. The ''Garde Royale'' was mostly loyal for the moment, but the attached line units were wavering: a small but growing number of troops were deserting; some merely slipping away, others leaving, not caring who saw them.

In Paris, a committee of the Bourbon opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker [[Jacques Laffitte]], [[Casimir Pierre Perier|Casimir Perier]], Generals [[Étienne Maurice Gérard|Étienne Gérard]] and [[Georges Mouton|Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau]], among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which they asked for the ''ordonnances'' to be withdrawn. The petition was critical "not of the King, but his ministers", thereby countering the conviction of Charles X that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=245}}.</ref>

After signing the petition, committee members went directly to Marmont to beg for an end to the bloodshed, and to plead with him to become a mediator between Saint-Cloud and Paris. Marmont acknowledged the petition, but stated that the people of Paris would have to lay down arms first for a settlement to be reached. Discouraged but not despairing, the party then sought out the king's chief minister, [[Jules Armand, prince de Polignac|de Polignac]] – "''[[Joan of Arc|Jeanne d'Arc]] en culottes''". From Polignac they received even less satisfaction. He refused to see them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be a waste of time.{{page needed|date=October 2018}} Like Marmont, he knew that Charles X considered the ''ordonnances'' vital to the safety and dignity of the throne of France. Thus, the King would not withdraw the ''ordonnances''.

At 4&nbsp;pm, Charles X received Colonel Komierowski, one of Marmont's chief aides. The colonel was carrying a note from Marmont to his Majesty:

<blockquote>Sire, it is no longer a riot, it is a revolution. It is urgent for Your Majesty to take measures for pacification. The honour of the crown can still be saved. Tomorrow, perhaps, there will be no more time... I await with impatience Your Majesty's orders.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansel|2001|p=247}}.</ref></blockquote>

The king asked Polignac for advice, and the advice was to resist.

=== Thursday, 29 July 1830: Day Three ===
[[File:Révolution de 1830 - Combat de la rue de Rohan - 29.07.1830.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Battle at the Rue de Rohan'', by [[Hippolyte Lecomte]]]]

<blockquote>"They (the king and ministers) do not come to Paris", wrote the poet, novelist and playwright [[Alfred de Vigny]], "people are dying for them ... Not one prince has appeared. The poor men of the guard abandoned without orders, without bread for two days, hunted everywhere and fighting."<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Vigny |first=Alfred |title=Journal d'un poète |title-link=s:fr:Journal d’un poète |year=1867 |pages=33 |language=fr}}</ref></blockquote>

Perhaps for the same reason, royalists were nowhere to be found; perhaps another reason was that now the ''révoltés'' were well organized and very well armed. In only a day and a night, over 4,000 barricades had been thrown up throughout the city. The tricolor flag of the revolutionaries – the "people's flag" – flew over buildings, an increasing number of them important buildings.

[[File:Arrivée du Duc d'Orléans au Palais-Royal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''The arrival of the duc d'Orléans (Louis Phillipe) at the [[Palais-Royal]]'', by Jean-Baptiste Carbillet]]

Marmont lacked either the initiative or the presence of mind to call for additional troops from Saint-Denis, Vincennes, Lunéville, or Saint-Omer; neither did he ask for help from reservists or those Parisians still loyal to Charles X. The Bourbon opposition and supporters of the July Revolution swarmed to his headquarters demanding the arrest of Polignac and the other ministers, while supporters of the Bourbon and city leaders demanded he arrest the rioters and their puppet masters. Marmont refused to act on either request, instead awaiting orders from the king.

By 1:30&nbsp;pm, the [[Tuileries Palace]] had been sacked. A man wearing a ball dress belonging to the [[Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry|duchesse de Berry]], the king's widowed daughter in law and the mother of the heir to the throne, with feathers and flowers in his hair, screamed from a palace window: '''Je reçois! Je reçois!''<nowiki/>' ('I receive! I receive!') Others drank wine from the palace cellars."<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Chateaubriand |first=François-René |url=https://ebooks-bnr.com/ebooks/pdf4/chateaubriand_memoires_outre_tombe3.pdf |title=Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe |publisher=[[National Library of France]] |year=1849 |volume=3 |page=120}}; Fontaine II, 849 (letter of 9 August 1830).</ref> Earlier that day, the [[Louvre]] had fallen, even more quickly. Swiss troops of the Royal Army, confronted by the mob and under orders from Marmont not to fire unless fired upon, were withdrawn by their officers who feared a repetition of the massacre of [[Swiss Guards]] that had occurred when the [[Insurrection of 10 August 1792|Tuileries had been stormed on 10 August 1792]].

By mid-afternoon, the greatest prize, the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]], had been captured. The amount of looting during these three days was surprisingly small{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}; not only at the [[Louvre]]—whose paintings and ''objets d'art'' were protected by the crowd—but the Tuileries, the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]], the [[Archbishop's Palace of Paris|Archbishop's Palace]], and other places as well.

A few hours later, politicians entered the battered complex and set about establishing a provisional government. Though there would be spots of fighting throughout the city for the next few days, the revolution, for all intents and purposes, was over.

== Result ==
[[File:Vernet - 31 juillet 1830 - Louis-Philippe quitte le Palais-Royal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Louis-Phillipe going from the Palais Royal to the Hôtel de Ville, 31 July 1830'', by [[Horace Vernet]]]]

The revolution of July 1830 created another constitutional monarchy. On 2 August, Charles X and his son the [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Dauphin]] abdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain. Although Charles had intended that his grandson, the [[Henri, Count of Chambord|Duke of Bordeaux]], would take the throne as Henry V, the politicians who composed the provisional government instead placed on the throne a distant cousin, [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe]] of the [[House of Orléans]], who agreed to rule as a constitutional monarch in what became known as the [[July Monarchy]]. Supporters of the exiled senior line of the Bourbon dynasty became known as [[Legitimists]].

The [[July Column]], located on [[Place de la Bastille]], commemorates the events of the July Revolution.

This renewed French Revolution sparked an [[Belgian Revolution|August uprising]] in Brussels and the Southern Provinces of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], leading to separation and the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Belgium]]. There was also a successful revolution in [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]. The example of the July Revolution also inspired unsuccessful revolutions in Italy and the [[November Uprising]] in Poland.

In 1832, Parisian republicans, disillusioned by the outcome and underlying motives of the uprising, revolted in an event known as the [[June Rebellion]]. Although the insurrection was crushed within less than a week, the July Monarchy remained doubtfully popular, disliked for different reasons by both Right and Left, and was eventually [[French Revolution of 1848|overthrown in 1848]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200>
File:Lepoittevin--Souvenirs patriotiques no 1--1830--Rijksmuseum.jpg|[[Eugène Lepoittevin]], ''Souvenirs patriotiques'' no. 1, 1830, Rijksmuseum
File:Souvenirs patriotiques no 2 par Eugène Lepoittevin.jpg|[[Eugène Lepoittevin]], ''Souvenirs patriotiques'' no. 2, 1830, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]
File:Lepoittevin--Souvenirs patriotiques no 3--1830--Rijksmuseum.jpg|[[Eugène Lepoittevin]], ''Souvenirs patriotiques'' no. 3, 1830, Rijksmuseum
File:Eugène Lepoittevin, studies of soldiers and a dead horse, 1830, Rijksmuseum.jpg|[[Eugène Lepoittevin]], studies of soldiers and a dead horse, 1830, Rijksmuseum
File:Eugène Lepoittevin, 28 Juillet 1830 lithograph.jpg|[[Eugène Lepoittevin]], ''28 Juillet 1830: Premier Rassemblement des Citoyens et des Elèves de l'école Polytechnique Place du Panthéon'', 1830
File:J-B Goyet--Une Famille Parisienne--01 (cropped).jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste Goyet]], ''Une Famille Parisienne (le 28 Juillet 1830)'', 1830.
File:J-B Goyet--Une Famille Parisienne--02.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste Goyet]], ''Une Famille Parisienne (le 30 Juillet 1830)'', 1830.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Bourgeois revolution]]
* [[French Republicans under the July Monarchy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Pinkney |first=David H. | author-link = David H. Pinkney |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000pink |title=The French Revolution of 1830 |year=1972 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-05202-1 |location=Princeton (N.J.) |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Mansel |title=Paris Between Empires: Monarchy and Revolution 1814-1852 |title-link=Paris Between Empires, 1814–1852 |date=2001 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0-312-98660-5 |location=London}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|French Revolution of 1830}}
* {{Cite book |last=Antonetti |first=Guy |url=https://archive.org/details/louisphilippe0000anto |title=Louis-Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=[[Fayard]] |isbn=978-2-213-59222-0 |series=Collection particulière |location=Paris}}
* {{Cite book |last=Berenson |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Kv_AwAAQBAJ |title=Populist Religion and Left-Wing Politics in France, 1830-1852 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-5327-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Collingham |first1=H. A. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582013346 |title=The July monarchy: a political history of France, 1830-1848 |last2=Alexander |first2=R. S. |date=1988 |publisher=[[Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-02186-0 |location=London; New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fortescue |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVI6hYFDjFIC |title=France and 1848: the end of monarchy |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-31462-6 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hone |first=William |author-link=William Hone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10tiAAAAcAAJ |title=Full Annals of the Revolution in France, 1830 |date=1830 |publisher=[[Thomas Tegg]] |edition=Second |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Howarth |first=T. E. B. |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenkinglifeo0000howa |title=Citizen-king: The Life of Louis Philippe |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1961 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lucas-Dubreton |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Lucas-Dubreton |url=https://archive.org/details/restorationjulym0008jluc |title=The Restoration and the July Monarchy |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |others=Introduction by [[J. E. C. Bodley]] |year=1929 |pages=174–368 |translator-last=Funck-Brentano |translator-first=Frantz |translator-link=Frantz Funck-Brentano}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0002unse_y9w6 |title=Historical dictionary of France from the 1815 restoration to the Second Empire |date=1987 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-22751-6 |editor-last=Newman |editor-first=Edgar Leon |volume=1 |location=New York |editor-last2=Lawrence Simpson |editor-first2=Robert}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Pilbeam |date=June 1989 |title=The Economic Crisis of 1827–32 and the 1830 Revolution in Provincial France |journal=[[The Historical Journal]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=319–338 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00012176 |s2cid=154412637}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Pilbeam |date=December 1983 |title=The 'Three Glorious Days': The Revolution of 1830 in Provincial France |journal=[[The Historical Journal]] |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=831–844 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00012711 |s2cid=154242989}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pinkney |first=David H. |date=1961 |title=A New Look at the French Revolution of 1830 |journal=Review of Politics |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=490–506 |doi=10.1017/s003467050002307x |jstor=1405706 |s2cid=143524193}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Roger |date=December 1974 |title=Legitimist Opposition to the Revolution of 1830 in the French Provinces |journal=[[The Historical Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=755–778 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00007895 |s2cid=154214035}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rader |first=D. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwHuCAAAQBAJ |title=The Journalists and the July Revolution in France: The Role of the Political Press in the Overthrow of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827–1830 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-94-015-7456-3}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Reid |first=Lauren |title=Political Imagery of the 1830 Revolution and the July Monarchy |date=2012 |degree=Senior |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |url=https://www.academia.edu/9390130}}
* {{Cite web |last=Schmidt-Funke |first=Julia A. |date=2011 |title=Die 1830er Revolution als europäisches Medienereignis |url=http://www.ieg-ego.eu/schmidtfunkej-2011-de |access-date=21 February 2013 |website=[[European History Online]] |publisher=[[Institute of European History]], Mainz |language=German |oclc=704840169}}

===Primary sources===
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentsociet0000coll |title=Government and society in France: 1814-1848 |date=1970 |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-7131-5566-2 |editor-last=Collins |editor-first=Irene |series=Documents of Modern History |location=London |pages=88–176}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/libertecc81-reader-2-online |title=Liberté: A Reader of French Culture & Society in the 19th Century |date=October 2012 |publisher=Monocle-Lash Anti-Press |editor-last=E. Lindsann |editor-first=Olchar |volume=II - 1827-1847 |location=Roanoke, VA |pages=105–136}}; ten original documents in English translation regarding July Revolution

{{France topics|state=expanded}}
{{Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:19th-century revolutions]]
[[Category:1830 in France]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1830]]
[[Category:Wars involving France]]
[[Category:Rebellions in France]]
[[Category:July 1830]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Paris]]
[[Category:Revolutions of 1830]]
[[Category:Henri, Count of Chambord]]
[[Category:Louis Philippe I]]
[[Category:July Monarchy]]