Editing Jury rigging

{{short description|Term for a makeshift repair}}
{{distinguish|Jury tampering}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Wiktionary|jury-rig}}
[[File:Jurry rigged rudder.jpg|thumb|Model showing a method for jury-rigging a [[rudder]]]]
In [[maritime transport]] and [[sailing]], '''jury rigging''' or '''jury-rigging'''<ref name="Lexico">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/jury-rigged|title=jury-rigged|website=www.Lexico.com|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=2022|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123095751/https://www.lexico.com/definition/jury-rigged|url-status=dead}}</ref> is making temporary makeshift running repairs with only the tools and materials on board. It originates from [[sail]]-powered [[boat]]s and [[ship]]s. Jury-rigging can be applied to any part of a ship; be it its super-structure ([[Hull (watercraft)|hull]], [[Deck (ship)|decks]]), [[Marine propulsion|propulsion systems]] ([[Mast (sailing)|mast]], [[Sail components|sails]], [[Standing rigging|rigging]], [[Marine engine|engine]], [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]], [[propeller]]), or controls ([[Ship's wheel|helm]], [[rudder]], [[centreboard]], [[daggerboard]]s, [[Running rigging|rigging]]).

Similarly, a '''jury mast''' is a replacement [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] after a [[dismasting]].<ref name=OEDjurymast>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford English Dictionary, Volume V, H-K|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=1933|page=637, corrected reprinting 1966}}</ref> If necessary, a [[Yard (sailing)|yard]] would also be fashioned and [[Stays (nautical)|stayed]] to allow a watercraft to resume making [[Way (vessel)|way]].

==Rigging==
[[File:Jury-mast-knot-variations.jpg|thumb|Three variations of the [[jury mast knot]].]]
A [[Sailboat|sail-powered boat]] may carry a limited amount of repair materials, from which some form of jury-rig can be fashioned. Additionally, anything salvageable, such as a [[Spar (sailing)|spar]] or [[spinnaker pole]], could be adapted to carry a makeshift [[sail]].

[[Ship]]s typically carried a selection of spare parts such as [[topmast]]s.  However, due to their much larger size, at up to {{Convert|1|metre}} in diameter, the lower masts were too large to carry as spares.  Example jury-rig configurations include:
*A spare topmast
*The main boom of a [[brig]]
*Replacing the [[foremast]] with the [[mizzenmast]] (mentioned in [[William N. Brady]]'s ''The Kedge Anchor, or Young Sailors' Assistant'', 1852)
*The [[bowsprit]] set upright and tied to the stump of the original mast.

The [[jury mast knot]] may provide anchor points for securing makeshift [[Stays (nautical)|stays]] and [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] to support a jury mast, although there is differing evidence of the knot's actual historical use.<ref name=Hamel1>{{Cite web|last=Hamel|first=Charles|url=http://Charles.Hamel.free.fr/knots-and-cordages/Investigation.html|title=Investigations – nœud de capelage ''or'' jury rig knot|website=Charles.Hamel.free.fr|publisher=Charles Hamel|date=August 2006|orig-date=September 2005|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=Hamel2>{{Cite web|last=Hamel|first=Charles|url=http://Charles.Hamel.free.fr/knots-and-cordages/Jury_rig_investigation.html|title=Jury rig investigation – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?|website=Charles.Hamel.free.fr|publisher=Charles Hamel|date=August 2006|orig-date=September 2005|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=Hamel3>{{Cite web|last=Hamel|first=Charles|title=Jury rig investigation 2 – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?|url=http://Charles.Hamel.free.fr/knots-and-cordages/Jury-rig-follow-on.html|website=Charles.Hamel.free.fr|publisher=Charles Hamel|date=August 2006|orig-date=September 2005|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

Jury-rigs are not limited to sail-powered boats. Any [[Marine propulsion|unpowered]] watercraft can carry jury sail. A [[rudder]], [[tiller]], or any other component can be jury-rigged by improvising a repair out of materials at hand.<ref name=Lexico/>

==Similar terms<span class="anchor" id="Similar phrases"></span>==
<!--EDITORS:  Please take a look at this article's talk page before removing potentially offensive slang terms from this list.  Thanks.-->
<!-- EDITORS: This should be moved to Wiktionary -->
*''Jerry-built'' things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word ''jerry'', attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by ''jury-rigged''.<ref name="alt.usage.english">{{Cite web|last=Israel|first=Mark|date=29 September 1997|url=http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml|title=jerry-built" / "jury-rigged|website=www.Yaelf.com|publisher=alt.usage.english Word Origins FAQ|access-date=28 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182352/http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Morris">{{Cite book|author1=William Morris |author2=Mary Morris |date=1988|title=Morris Dictionary of Words and Phrase Origins, 2nd Edition|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|pages=321–322}}</ref><ref name="Wilton">{{Cite web|last=Wilton|first=Dave|title=jerry-built / jury rig|url=http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919083623/http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/ |archive-date=2016-09-19 |website=www.WordOrigins.org|publisher=Word Origins.org|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> The blended terms ''jerry rigging'' and ''jerry-rigged'' are also common.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jury-rigged' vs. 'jerry-rigged' |date=2017 |work=[[Dictionary.com]] |url= https://www.dictionary.com/e/jury-rigged-vs-jerry-rigged/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jerry-rigged {{!}} adjective |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jerry-rigged |access-date=2024-12-07}}</ref>
*{{Anchor|Afro engineering|Nigger-rigging}}''Afro engineering'' (short for ''African engineering'')<ref name="Cassell's1">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathan|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|edition=2|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|at=p. 10, African engineering|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> or ''[[nigger]]-rigging''<ref name="Cassell's2">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathan|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|edition=2|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|at=p. 1003, nigger rig n.; nigger rig v.; nigger rigged|via=Google Books}}</ref> is a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials.<ref name="NPD">{{Cite book|last=Partridge|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Partridge|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC|title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-25938-5|at=p. 1370, nigger-rig|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Nigger-rigging'' originated in the 1950s United States;<ref name="Cassell's1" /> the term was [[Euphemism|euphemized]] as ''afro engineering'' in the 1970s<ref name="Cassell's2" /><ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Shirley A.|date=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBEWBAAAQBAJ|title=Routledge International Handbook of Race, Class, and Gender|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-63271-3|via=Google Books|at=Intersections of discourse: Racetalk and class talk|quote="'I can't even nigger-rig it.' ... 'The proper terminology is Afro-engineering.'  Here, blackness is demarcated in a classed way. 'Nigger-rigging' is a quick, temporary fix to a problem, but it is a solution that is second rate to the 'right' way. ... declares that this type of knowledge is racialized and classed in a way that deems it inherently inferior. ... implies that black ingenuity and innovation as sub-par and second rate to white ingenuity and innovation. ...  By responding indirectly ... consents to this classed usage of the word 'nigger'.  Not only does this trivialize whether the slur's usage is inappropriate in the first place, but it equates 'nigger-rigging' with 'Afro-engineering'. ... denotes these terms as synonymous, thus imposing an even more classed meaning to this racial slur."}}</ref> and later again as ''ghetto rigging''. The terms have been used in the U.S. [[auto mechanic]] industry to describe quick makeshift repairs.<ref name="Auto Slang">{{Cite book|last1=Poteet|first1=Jim|last2=Poteet|first2=Lewis|date=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=973n3OipN-4C|title=Car & Motorcycle Slang|publisher=toExcel an imprint of iUniverse.com Inc.|isbn=978-0-595-01080-6|at=p. 14, Afro engineering|via=Google Books}}</ref> These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their colloquial nature, but are occasionally used within the African-American community.<ref name="CoE">{{Cite book|last=Eisiminger|first=Sterling K.|date=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dPlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Consequence of Error and Other Language Essays|publisher=P. Lang|pages=327|isbn=978-0-82041-472-0|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Maledicta">{{Cite journal |last=Eisiminger |first=Sterling |title=A Glossary of Ethnic Slurs in American English |editor-last=Aman |editor-first=Reinhold |date=1979 |journal=Maledicta |volume=3 |issue=2 |publisher=Maledicta Press |page=167 |quote=Afro engineering}}</ref><ref name="LoP">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathon|date=1996|url=https://Archive.org/details/wordsapartlangua0000gree|title=Words Apart: The Language of Prejudice|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Kyle Cathie]]|pages=[https://Archive.org/details/wordsapartlangua0000gree/page/59 59]|isbn=978-1-85626-216-3}}</ref><ref name="CultAnth">{{Cite journal|last=Droney|first=Damien|date=2014|title=Ironies of Laboratory Work during Ghana's Second Age of Optimism|journal=Cultural Anthropology|volume=29|number=2|doi=10.14506/ca29.2.10 |at=p. 363–384, Ironic Africa.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* The American expression ''[[redneck]] technology'' similarly refers to crude forms of technology, often hastily or poorly finished, but broadly functional.<ref>See, e.g.: {{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Kelly (editor) |title=Street Use: Redneck Technology |date=August 2, 2006 |work=KK.org |url= https://kk.org/streetuse/redneck-technology/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref>
*To ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)#"MacGyver" and "MacGyverism"|MacGyver]]'' (or ''MacGyverize'') something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rich|first=John|date=2006|title=Warm Up the Snake: a Hollywood Memoir|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=9780472115785|pages=167|oclc=67240539}}</ref>
*In New Zealand, having a ''[[Number 8 wire]]'' mentality means to have the ability to make or repair something using any materials at hand, such as standard farm fencing wire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Stuff.co.nz/business/farming/7358384/Time-to-break-free-of-No-8-wire-mentality|title=Time to 'break free' of No 8 wire mentality|website=www.Stuff.co.nz|date=26 July 2012 |location=New Zealand|publisher=Stuff}}</ref>
*In British slang, ''bodge'' and ''bodging'' refer to doing a job serviceably but inelegantly using whatever tools and materials are at hand; the term derives from [[bodging]], for expedient [[woodturning]] using unseasoned, green wood (especially branches recently removed from a nearby tree).
*The chiefly English term ''[[do-it-yourself]]'' (''DIY'') relatedly refers to creating, repairing, or modifying things without professional or expert assistance.
*Similar concepts in other languages include: {{lang|hi-Latn|[[jugaad]]}} in Hindi and {{lang|ur-Latn|jugaar}} in Urdu, {{lang|ja-Latn|[[urawaza]]}} ({{lang|ja|裏技}}) in Japanese, {{lang|lij|tapullo}} in [[Genoese dialect]], {{lang|zh-Latn|tǔ fǎ}} ({{lang|zh|土法}}) in Chinese, {{lang|de|Trick 17}} in German, {{lang|pt|desenrascar}} in Portuguese and {{lang|pt-BR|gambiarra}} in [[Brazilian Portuguese]], {{lang|ht|degaje}} in Haitian Creole, {{lang|fr|[[System D|système D]]}} in French, {{lang|sw|jua kali}} in [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. Several equivalent terms in South Africa are {{lang|af|n boer maak 'n plan}} in [[Afrikaans]], {{lang|zu|izenzele}} in [[Zulu language|Zulu]], {{lang|st|iketsetse}} in [[Sotho language|Sotho]], and {{lang|tn|itirele}} in [[Tswana language|Tswana]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Angus Donald |last=Campbell |url= http://www.angusdonaldcampbell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/006_DESI_a_00424_Campbell_WEB_vB.pdf |title=Lay Designers: Grassroots Innovation for Appropriate Change |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |date=2017 |via=AngusDonaldCampbell.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|Kludge}}
* {{anl|Repurposing}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Harland|first=John|date=1984|title=Seamanship in the Age of Sail|publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Jury rigging}}

{{Sail types}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sailing rigs and rigging]]
[[Category:Nautical terminology]]