Editing Just Say No

{{short description|Anti-drug ad campaign}}
{{about|the anti-drug ad campaign|the play|Just Say No (play){{!}}''Just Say No'' (play)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Photograph of Mrs. Reagan speaking at a "Just Say No" Rally in Los Angeles - NARA - 198584.jpg|thumb|Reagan speaking at a "Just Say No" rally in [[Los Angeles]], in 1987]] 
"'''Just Say No'''" was an [[advertising]] campaign prevalent during the 1980s and early 1990s as a part of the U.S.-led [[war on drugs]], aiming to discourage children from engaging in illegal [[recreational drug use]] by offering various ways of saying ''no''. The slogan was created and championed by [[Nancy Reagan]] during [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|her husband's presidency]].<ref name="nrc">{{cite web|title=Mrs. Reagan's Crusade|publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427235046/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/nancy/just_say_no.asp|archive-date=April 27, 2006|url=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/nancy/just_say_no.asp}}</ref>

==Initiation==
The campaign emerged from a substance abuse prevention program supported by the [[National Institutes of Health]], pioneered in the 1970s by [[University of Houston]] Social Psychology Professor Richard I. Evans. Evans promoted a [[Inoculation theory|social inoculation model]], which included teaching student skills to resist peer pressure and other social influences. The campaign involved University projects done by students across the nation. [[Jordan Zimmerman (advertising)|Jordan Zimmerman]], then a student at [[University of South Florida]], and later an advertising entrepreneur,<ref name="jzpromo">Zimmerman, Jordan (2015-01-25). Who Is Jordan Zimmerman? Blog, 25 January 2015. Retrieved from http://www.jzleadingfearlessly.com/who-is-jordan-zimmerman/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050003/http://www.jzleadingfearlessly.com/who-is-jordan-zimmerman/ |date=February 26, 2017 }}.</ref> won the campaign. The anti-drug movement was among the resistance skills recommended in response to low [[peer pressure]], and Nancy Reagan's larger campaign proved to be an effective dissemination of this social inoculation strategy.<ref>Evans, R.I. (in press). Just say no. In Breslow, L., Encyclopedia of Public Health (p. 1354). New York: Macmillan.</ref>

Nancy Reagan first became involved during a campaign trip in 1980 to [[Daytop Village]] in [[New York City]]. She recalls feeling impressed by a need to educate the youth about drugs and drug abuse.<ref name="nrc"/> Upon her husband's election to the presidency, she returned to Daytop Village and outlined how she wished to help educate the youth. Nancy Reagan's longtime Chief of Staff [[James Rosebush]] helped her expedite what she viewed as one of her legacies as First Lady.<ref name="nrc"/> She stated in 1981 that her best role would be to bring awareness about the dangers of drug abuse:

<blockquote>Understanding what drugs can do to your children, understanding peer pressure and understanding why they turn to drugs is ... the first step in solving the problem.<ref name="nrc"/></blockquote>

==Efforts==
[[File:Just say no (4647883256).jpg|left|thumb|A U.S. government [[Public service announcement|PSA]] from the [[Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration]] for the [[War on drugs]]]]
[[File:Nancy Reagan. White House Conference on Drug Abuse and Families (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Nancy Reagan]] hosts the First Ladies Conference on Drug Abuse at the [[White House]] in March 1982.]]
[[File:Nancy Reagan at a "Just Say No" rally at the White House.jpg|thumb|Nancy Reagan at a "Just Say No" rally at the [[White House]] in May 1986]]
[[File:Address to the Nation on Drug Abuse Campaign, September 14, 1986.webm|thumb|Address to the Nation on Drug Abuse Campaign on September 14, 1986]]
The "Just Say No" slogan was the creation of Robert Cox and David Cantor, advertising executives at the New York office of Needham, Harper & Steers/USA in the early 1980s. The firm was working with the [[Ad Council|Advertising Council]] on a media campaign for children, for the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=June 22, 2016 |title=Robert Cox, Man Behind the 'Just Say No' Antidrug Campaign, Dies at 78 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/business/media/robert-cox-man-behind-the-just-say-no-antidrug-campaign-dies-at-78.html}}</ref> Nancy Reagan often attributed the origins of the phrase to a 1982 visit to Longfellow Elementary School in Oakland, California: when asked by a schoolgirl what to do if she was offered drugs by her peers, the First Lady responded, "Just say 'no'."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/010489a.htm|title=Remarks at the Nancy Reagan Drug Abuse Center Benefit Dinner in Los Angeles, California|access-date=2007-10-03|publisher=Ronald Reagan Foundation|date=January 4, 1989|quote=... in Oakland where a schoolchild in an audience Nancy was addressing stood up and asked what she and her friends should say when someone offered them drugs. And Nancy said, "Just say no." And within a few months thousands of Just Say No clubs had sprung up in schools around the country.|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201900/https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/010489a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Loizeau |first=Pierre-Marie |title=Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59033-759-2 |pages=104–105}}</ref> Just Say No club organizations within schools and school-run anti-drug programs soon became common, in which young people were making pacts not to use drugs.<ref name="First Lady Nancy Reagan" />

When asked about her efforts in the campaign, Nancy Reagan said: "If you can save just one child, it's worth it."<ref>{{cite video|date=May 2005|title=Tribute to Nancy Reagan|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZM0ioS1g58 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KZM0ioS1g58 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|medium= Motion picture| publisher=Motion Picture Association, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library|access-date=2008-11-07|time=3:08}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She traveled throughout the United States and several other nations, totaling over {{convert|250000|mi|km}}.<ref name="First Lady Nancy Reagan">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41|title=First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan|access-date=2008-11-09|publisher=National First Ladies Library|archive-date=May 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085730/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nancy Reagan visited [[drug rehabilitation]] centers and abuse prevention programs. With the media attention that the first lady received, she appeared on television talk shows, recorded public service announcements, and wrote guest articles.<ref name="First Lady Nancy Reagan"/> By the autumn of 1985, she had appeared on 23 talk shows, co-hosted an October 1983 episode of ''[[Good Morning America]]'',<ref name=pressoffice>{{cite web | url= http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/textual/smof/flpress.htm | title= First Lady, Press Office: Records, 1981–1989 | publisher= [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library|Reagan Library]] | via= utexas.edu | access-date= July 17, 2010 | archive-date= March 5, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210446/https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/textual/smof/flpress.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> and starred in a two-hour [[PBS]] documentary on drug abuse.<ref name="jb62">Benze, James G. (2005), p. 62</ref>

The campaign and the phrase "Just Say No" made their way into popular American culture when television series such as ''[[Diff'rent Strokes]]'' and ''[[Punky Brewster]]'' produced episodes centered on the campaign. In 1983, Nancy Reagan appeared as herself on ''Diff'rent Strokes'' to garner support for the anti-drug campaign.<ref name="Dynasty">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0560083/|title='Diff'rent Strokes': The Reporter (1983)|access-date=2007-10-18 |publisher= The Internet Movie Database| website= imdb.com}}</ref> She participated in a 1985 rock music video "[[Stop the Madness]]" as well.<ref>{{cite video|people=Brian L. Dyak (Executive Producer), William N. Utz (Executive Producer)|date=December 11, 1985|title=Stop the Madness|medium=Music Video|publisher=E.I.C.|location=Hollywood, California and The White House, Washington, DC |time=3:15}}</ref> She even appeared in numerous public service announcements, including one which aired in movie theaters where she appeared alongside actor [[Clint Eastwood]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.kpcc.org/news/2016/03/07/58308/12-videos-from-nancy-reagan-s-just-say-no-campaign/|title=12 videos from Nancy Reagan's 'Just Say No' campaign|first=Mike|last=Roe|publisher=KPCC|date=March 7, 2016|accessdate=December 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-0OeOFuNXs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/L-0OeOFuNXs |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Clint Eastwood: Just Say No|author=Oscars|via=YouTube|date=12 October 2015|accessdate=16 December 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[La Toya Jackson]] became spokesperson for the campaign in 1987 and recorded a song titled "Just Say No" with British hit producers [[Stock Aitken Waterman|Stock/Aitken/Waterman]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/pop-culture-legacy-of-nancy-reagans-just-say-no-campaign-224749/| title= Pop-Culture Legacy of Nancy Reagan's Just Say No Campaign| magazine= [[Rolling Stone]]|first=Tessa|last=Stewart|access-date=12 September 2019|date= 7 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1985, Nancy Reagan expanded the campaign internationally. She invited the [[First Lady|First Ladies]] of 30 nations to the White House in Washington, DC, for a conference entitled the "First Ladies Conference on Drug Abuse".<ref name="First Lady Nancy Reagan"/> She later became the first First Lady invited to address the [[United Nations General Assembly|United Nations]].<ref name="First Lady Nancy Reagan"/>

She enlisted the help of the [[Girl Scouts of the United States of America]], Kiwanis Club International, and the National Federation of Parents for a Drug-Free Youth to promote the cause;<ref name="jb62"/> the Kiwanis put up over 2000 billboards with Nancy Reagan's likeness and the slogan.<ref name="jb62"/> Over 5000 Just Say No clubs were founded in schools and youth organizations in the United States and abroad.<ref name="jb62"/> Many clubs and organizations remain in operation around the country, where they aim to educate children and teenagers about the effects of drugs.<ref name="nrc"/>

Just Say No crossed over to the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1980s, where it was popularized by the [[BBC]]'s 1986 "Drugwatch" campaign, which revolved around a [[heroin]]-[[Substance dependence|addiction]] storyline in the popular children's TV drama serial ''[[Grange Hill (TV series)|Grange Hill]]''. The cast's cover of the original US campaign song, with an added rap, reached the UK top ten.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malvern|first=Jack|title=Just say no|work=The Daily Summit|publisher=British Council|date=December 12, 2003| url= http://www.dailysummit.net/english/archives/2003/12/12/just_say_no.asp}}</ref> [[Anna Wood (born 1980)|The death of Anna Wood]] in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] teen [[Leah Betts]] from [[Essex]] in the mid-1990s sparked a media firestorm across both the UK and Australia over the use of illegal drugs. Wood's parents even released her school photograph on a badge with the saying "Just say no to drugs" placed on it to warn society on the dangers of illicit drug use. The photograph was widely circulated in the media. A photo of Betts in a coma in her hospital bed was also circulated in British media. Both teenagers died due to [[water intoxication]] as they drank too much water after ingesting [[ecstasy (drug)|ecstasy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/anna-woods-father-in-despair-as-another-teenager-dies/news-story/24b55f52cd2ffb1200adf3c35b5647a2|title=Anna Wood's father in despair as another teenager dies|first=Ashlee|last=Mullany|work=[[Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Daily Telegraph Australia]]|date=9 November 2014|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/leah-betts-died-20-years-ago-we-still-cant-be-honest-about-drugs/|title=Leah Betts died 20 years ago and we still can't be honest about drugs| work= [[Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 November 2015|first=Daisy|last=Buchanan|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

==Effects==
[[File:Just Say No.jpg|thumb|"Just Say No" memorabilia at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]] in 2008]]
Nancy Reagan's related efforts increased public awareness of drug use, but extant research has not established a direct relationship between the Just Say No campaign and reduced drug use. Although the use and abuse of illegal recreational drugs significantly declined during the Reagan presidency,<ref name="jb63">Benze, James G. (2005), p. 63</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/HSYouthtrends.html|title=NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health |access-date= 2007-04-04}}</ref><ref name="pbsdrugs">{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/kleber.html|title=Interview: Dr. Herbert Kleber |access-date= 2007-06-12| work= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=PBS| quote=The politics of the Reagan years and the Bush years probably made it somewhat harder to get treatment expanded, but at the same time, it may have decreased initiation and use. For example, marijuana went from thirty-three percent of high-school seniors in 1980 to twelve percent in 1991.}}</ref> this may be a [[spurious correlation]]: a 2009 analysis of 20 [[controlled studies]] on enrollment in one of the most popular "Just Say No" programs, [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education|DARE]], showed no impact on drug use.<ref name=SciAm14>{{cite news |first1= Scott O.| last1= Lilienfeld |first2= Hal |last2= Arkowitz| url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-just-say-no-doesnt-work/ |title= Why 'Just Say No' Doesn't Work| work= Scientific American| date= January 1, 2014}}</ref>

The campaign drew significant criticism. Critics labelled Nancy Reagan's approach to promoting drug awareness reductive, arguing that tackling the issue of drug abuse required a more complex approach than simply encouraging the use of a catchphrase.<ref name="NR American">{{cite news|publisher=PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/peopleevents/pande03.html|last=Wolf|first=Julie|work=[[American Experience]]|title=Nancy Reagan|access-date=2008-01-22|archive-date=January 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110015229/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/peopleevents/pande03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  In fact, two studies suggested that enrollees in DARE-like programs were actually ''more'' likely to use [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and cigarettes.<ref name= SciAm14/>  Journalist Michael McGrath suggested that inflamed fears from "Just Say No" exacerbated [[mass incarceration]] and prevented youth from receiving accurate information about dealing with drug abuse and [[responsible drug use]].<ref>{{cite news| first= Michael |last= McGrath| url= https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/mar/08/nancy-reagan-drugs-just-say-no-dare-program-opioid-epidemic |title= Nancy Reagan and the negative impact of the 'Just Say No' anti-drug campaign| work= [[The Guardian]]| date= 8 March 2016}}</ref> Critics also think that "Just Say No" contributed towards the well seasoned stigma about people who use drugs being labelled as "bad", and the stigma toward those people who are addicted to drugs being labelled as making a cognizant immoral choice to engage in drug use.{{citation needed|date= October 2020}} In a 1992 paper, Evans et al. commented: that the "Just Say No" approach had been "taken out of context and redirected in form as a formula for preventing all substance abuse. ... Because of the current pervasiveness of the catchphrase, we emphasize that ‘Just Say No’ is not enough!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinson |first=Emily |date=December 2020 |title=Just Say No: Dr Richard I. Evans Efforts to Influence Juvenile Behaviour through US Public Health Programming |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347956673 |access-date=Dec 29, 2023 |website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

In 2020, when scholars and historians were asked during the [[Siena College Research Institute]]'s first ladies study to assess the signature initiatives of the then most-recent ten first ladies (those from [[Lady Bird Johnson]] onward), "Just Say No" was ranked as the second-worst, with only [[Melania Trump]]'s "[[Be Best]]" campaign being more lowly assessed.<ref name="Siena2020">{{cite web |title=Eleanor Roosevelt America's Top First Lady for 6th Consecutive Time Abigail Adams Finishes a Close Second; Michelle Obama Moves to Third First Lady Initiatives – Lady Bird Johnson (Environmental Protection) Did Most to Raise Awareness and Address the Issue; Obama (Childhood Obesity), Betty Ford (Women's Rights), and Barbara Bush (Literacy) Made Major Contributions Jackie Kennedy - 4th but First on Being a White House Steward & Public Image |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/FirstLadies2020Release.pdf |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute |access-date=6 March 2024 |date=December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Above the Influence]]
* [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education]]
* [[Drug education]]
* [[Stop the Madness]]
* [[Virginity pledge]]
* [[Winners Don't Use Drugs]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Benze|first=James G. Jr.|title=Nancy Reagan: On the White House Stage|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2005|location=Lawrence, Kansas|isbn= 0-7006-1401-X}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Just Say No}}
*[https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/nancy-reagan/her-causes/ First Lady Nancy Reagan and Just Say No] at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library|Reagan Presidential Library]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fG1tNO0_Pk First Lady Nancy Reagan throws out the first pitch at the 1988 World Series for Just Say No] at [[YouTube]]

{{Anti-drug ad campaigns}}
{{Nancy Reagan}}
{{Campaigns by First Ladies of the United States}}
{{Grange Hill}}

[[Category:American advertising slogans]]
[[Category:Anti-drugs public service announcements]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:History of drug control in the United States]]
[[Category:Nancy Reagan]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:American political catchphrases]]
[[Category:Drug control law in the United States]]
[[Category:Songs about drugs]]
[[Category:Grange Hill]]
[[Category:1982 neologisms]]
[[Category:1982 quotations]]
[[Category:Reagan administration controversies]]