Editing Kaluga

{{Short description|City in Kaluga Oblast, Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name                 = Kaluga
| ru_name                 = Калуга
| loc_name1               = 
| loc_lang1               = 
| image_skyline           = Kaluga city, nowadays (collage).jpg
| image_caption           = Space museum, Rocket Vostok, House store of Rakov, Kaluga from a birds-eye view, Trolleybus,  corner of Moskovskaya and Dostoyevskogo st.
| image_map               = 
| map_caption             = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|54|33|N|36|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag              = Flag of Kaluga.svg
| flag_caption            = 
| image_coa               = Coat of Arms of Kaluga.svg
| coa_caption             = 
| anthem                  = 
| anthem_ref              = 
| holiday                 = Second Saturday of September
| holiday_ref             = <ref>[http://www.kp40.ru/news/holidays/32101/ День города перенесли в Калуге] ''Калужский перекрёсток'', 22 апреля 2015</ref>
<!-- administrative status -->
| federal_subject         = [[Kaluga Oblast]]
| federal_subject_ref     = <ref name="Ref174" />
| adm_district_jur        = 
| adm_district_jur_ref    = 
| adm_inhabloc_jur        = [[City of federal subject significance|City]] of Kaluga
| adm_inhabloc_jur_ref    = <ref name="Ref174" />
| adm_citydistrict_jur    = 
| adm_citydistrict_type   = 
| adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = 
| adm_selsoviet_jur       = 
| adm_selsoviet_type      = 
| adm_selsoviet_jur_ref   = 
| capital_of              = 
| capital_of_ref          = 
| adm_ctr_of1             = [[Kaluga Oblast]]
| adm_ctr_of1_ref         = <ref name="Ref174" />
| adm_ctr_of2             = City of Kaluga
| adm_ctr_of2_ref         = <ref name="Ref174" />
| adm_ctr_of3             = 
| adm_ctr_of3_ref         = 
| inhabloc_cat            = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref        = <ref name="Ref174" />
| inhabloc_type           = 
| inhabloc_type_ref       = 
<!-- municipal status -->
| mun_district_jur        = 
| mun_district_jur_ref    = 
| urban_okrug_jur         = Kaluga Urban Okrug
| urban_okrug_jur_ref     = <ref name="Ref274" />
| urban_settlement_jur    = 
| urban_settlement_jur_ref = 
| rural_settlement_jur    = 
| rural_settlement_jur_ref = 
| inter_settlement_territory = 
| inter_settlement_territory_ref = 
| mun_admctr_of1          = Kaluga Urban Okrug 
| mun_admctr_of1_ref      = <ref name="Ref274" />
| mun_admctr_of2          = 
| mun_admctr_of2_ref      = 
| leader_title            = City Head
| leader_title_ref        = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?q=%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_1942986388 |script-title= ru:Устав муниципального образования "Город Калуга" |publisher= kaluga-gov.ru |date= September 19, 2011 |access-date= March 27, 2018 |language= ru |archive-date= 23 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210123075615/https://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?q=%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_1942986388 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| leader_name             = Dmitry Denisov
| leader_name_ref         = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vest-news.ru/news/111457 |script-title= ru:Губернатор произвел кадровые перестановки |publisher= vest-news.ru |date= March 27, 2018|access-date= March 27, 2018|language= ru}}</ref>
| representative_body     = [[City Duma of Kaluga|City Duma]]
| representative_body_ref = <ref>[http://duma.kaluga.ru Representative bodies of the municipality City of Kaluga]</ref>
<!-- statistics -->
| elevation_m             = 
| area_km2                = 170.5
| area_km2_ref            = <ref>[http://www.kp40.ru/index.php?cid=810&nid=76110 Калуги стало больше] ''Калужский перекрёсток'', 14 апреля 2011</ref>
| pop_2010census          = 324698
| pop_2010census_rank     = 55th
| pop_2010census_ref      = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
| pop_latest              = 
| pop_latest_date         = 
| pop_latest_ref          = 
| population_demonym      = 
| time_zone_ref           = 
<!-- history -->
| established_date        = 1371
| established_title       = First mentioned
| established_date_ref    = <ref>[http://www.yar.kp.ru/daily/26061/2970925/ Из фразы Гагарина в столице сделали артобъект]</ref>
| current_cat_date        = 
| current_cat_date_ref    = 
| abolished_date          = 
| abolished_date_ref      = 
<!-- misc -->
| postal_codes            = 248xxx
| postal_codes_ref        = 
| dialing_codes           = 4842
| dialing_codes_ref       = <ref>[http://www.phcode.ru/kaluga Phcode.ru]</ref>
| website                 = https://www.kaluga-gov.ru
|pushpin_map=Russia Kaluga Oblast#Russia#European Russia#Europe}}

'''Kaluga''' ({{langx|ru|Калу́га}}, {{IPA|ru|kɐˈɫuɡə|IPA}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Kaluga Oblast]], Russia. It stands on the [[Oka River]] {{convert|150|km|sp=us}} southwest of [[Moscow]]. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.<ref name="2021Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref>

Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The [[Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics]] in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's [[coat of arms]]: {{lang|ru|Колыбель Космонавтики}}, ''Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki'' ("''The Cradle of Space-Exploration''").

== History ==
Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as ''Koluga''; the name comes from Old Russian ''kaluga''  is "bog, quagmire".<ref>E.M. Pospelov, ''Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira'' (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.</ref> During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The [[Great stand on the Ugra River]] was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes [[Vorotynsky]]. The [[Vorotynsk, Peremyshlsky District, Kaluga Oblast|ancestral home]] of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.

On 19 January 1777, the [[Kaluga Regional Drama Theatre|Kaluga drama theatre]] opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General [[Mikhail Krechetnikov]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Ассонов В. И. | chapter = К истории театра в Калуге| chapter-url = http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/13501-vyp-xxi-1911#page/64/mode/inspect/zoom/6| format = | url =  | title = Известия Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссии. Выпуск XXI | orig-year = Извѣстія Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссіи. Выпускъ XXI| agency =  | edition =   |location= Калуга |date = 1911 |publisher= Типография Е. Г. Архангельской |volume=  | pages = 56–69| series =  | isbn = }}</ref>

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the [[Russian route A101|A101 road]]).<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Товарные знаки — тоже искусство|author=Сергей Алтухов|url=http://kbanda.ru/index.php/vystavki-festivali/19-vystavki-news/108-tovarnye-znaki-tozhe-iskusstvo|date=2011-09-13|ref=Товарные знаки — тоже искусство|accessdate=2018-12-06}}</ref> This road offered [[Napoleon]] his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General [[Mikhail Kutuzov|Kutuzov]] repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the [[Old Smolensk Road]], previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.

On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan [[Şahin Giray]] (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess [[Princess Thecla of Georgia|Thecla]] (1834–1835), and the Avar leader [[Imam Shamil]] (1859–1868).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/325137/|title=Историки указали на стереотипность мнений про пленение Шамиля|author=|website=[[Caucasian Knot|Кавказский узел]]|date=8 September 2018|access-date=2023-02-13|archive-date=2023-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213204046/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/325137/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Nazi-Germany|German]] [[Wehrmacht|army]] briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic [[Battle of Moscow]], as part of [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]] — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around [[Vilnius]].

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1897|49513|1926|49425|1939|89396|1959|134235|1970|210906|1979|265013|1989|311399|2002|334751|2010|324698|2021|337058|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}As of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], the ethnic composition of Kaluga was:<ref name="ВПН-2020">{{cite web |url=https://40.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/+%201%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB.pdf |title=Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Калужской области |publisher=|access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="standard"
|-
!Ethnic group
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|[[Russians]]
| align="right" |310,622
| align="right" |91.9%
|-
|[[Armenians]]
| align="right" |4,527
| align="right" |1.3%
|-
|[[Tajiks]]
| align="right" |3,260
| align="right" |1.0%
|-
|[[Uzbeks]]
| align="right" |3,100
| align="right" |0.9%
|-
|[[Ukrainians]]
| align="right" |2,876
| align="right" |0.9%
|-
|Other
| align="right" |13,691
| align="right" |4.0%
|-
|}
|}

== Administrative and municipal status ==
Kaluga is the [[administrative center]] of the [[oblast]].<ref name="Ref174">Charter of Kaluga Oblast''</ref> Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is, together with seventy-two [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural localities]], incorporated as the '''[[City of federal subject significance|City]] of Kaluga'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref174" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in [[Ferzikovsky District]] (the ''[[village#Russia|selo]]'' of [[Novozhdamirovo]]), is incorporated as '''Kaluga Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref274">Law #7-OZ</ref>

== Economy ==
The [[Kaluga Turbine Plant]] is located here as is [[Kaluga Machine Works]], which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian [[automotive industry]], with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/972215857 |title=О Стратегии социально-экономического развития Калужской области до 2030 года (с изменениями на 12 февраля 2016 года) |access-date=2017-07-22 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727205935/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/972215857}}</ref>

On 28 November 2007, [[Volkswagen Group]] opened a new [[Volkswagen Group Rus|assembly plant]] in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. {{asof|2014}} the plant assembled the [[Volkswagen Passat]], [[Škoda Fabia]] and [[Škoda Rapid (2012)|Škoda Rapid]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.skoda-auto.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/company/investors/annual-reports/en/skoda-annual-report-2014.pdf |title=Škoda Annual Report 2014 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102422/http://www.skoda-auto.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/company/investors/annual-reports/en/skoda-annual-report-2014.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 15 October 2007, the [[Volvo|Volvo Group]] broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009,<ref>[http://www.just-auto.com/news/volvo-truck-starts-production-at-kaluga-plant_id97595.aspx Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant], Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.</ref> with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 [[Renault Trucks|Renault trucks]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071101161608/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/corpnews/NewsItemPage.htm?channelId=1389&ItemID=30465&sl=en-gb New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga], Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.</ref>

On 12 December 2007, [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.<ref>[http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/psa_espace/press_releases_details_d1.php?id=751 PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230132440/http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/psa_espace/press_releases_details_d1.php?id=751 |date=December 30, 2007 }}, PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, 12 December 2007</ref>

== Transportation ==
The city is served by the [[Grabtsevo Airport]]. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_kaluga.html |title=Train Station in Kaluga |publisher=Nnov-airport.ru |access-date=2014-02-24 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929093540/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_kaluga.html |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Public transportation is represented by the [[trolleybus]]es, [[bus]]es, and ''[[marshrutka]]s'' (routed taxis).
<gallery mode="packed">
Kaluga Lenina 96 02.jpg|ZiU-682 trolleybus
Kaluga trolleybus 129 2013-07.jpg|ZiU-682 trolleybus
Kaluga 2013 trolleybus 34.jpg|BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus
Terminal of Grabtsevo Airport (Kaluga, Russia) KLF UUBC (33977439235).jpg|Kaluga Airport
Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG|Kaluga Railway Station
</gallery>

== Climate ==
Kaluga has a humid temperate continental ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfb''), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as {{convert|-45|C}}, while summer heat may reach up {{convert|+40|C}}, but normal variation is between {{convert|-5|C}} and  {{convert|-20|C}} during winter and between {{convert|15|C}} and {{convert|30|C}} during summer in Kaluga.
{{Weather box
|location=Kaluga, Russia (period 1961–1990)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan high C=-6.6
|Feb high C=-5.0
|Mar high C=0.4
|Apr high C=10.3
|May high C=18.7
|Jun high C=21.5
|Jul high C= 23.0
|Aug high C= 21.9
|Sep high C= 15.7
|Oct high C=  9.0
|Nov high C=  0.7
|Dec high C= -3.7
|year high C= 7.2

|Jan mean C= -10.1
|Feb mean C=  -9.0
|Mar mean C=  -3.5
|Apr mean C=   5.7
|May mean C=  12.7
|Jun mean C=  15.8
|Jul mean C=  17.5
|Aug mean C=  16.3
|Sep mean C=  10.9
|Oct mean C=   5.4
|Nov mean C=  -1.9
|Dec mean C=  -6.6
|year mean C=  4.4

|Jan low C= -13.5
|Feb low C= -12.9
|Mar low C=  -7.4
|Apr low C=   1.0
|May low C=   6.7
|Jun low C=  10.1
|Jul low C=  12.0
|Aug low C=  10.7
|Sep low C=   6.1
|Oct low C=   1.8
|Nov low C=  -4.5
|Dec low C=  -9.5
|year low C=  0.1

|Jan precipitation mm= 39
|Feb precipitation mm= 33
|Mar precipitation mm= 35
|Apr precipitation mm= 39
|May precipitation mm= 43
|Jun precipitation mm= 77
|Jul precipitation mm= 80
|Aug precipitation mm= 71
|Sep precipitation mm= 55
|Oct precipitation mm= 50
|Nov precipitation mm= 53
|Dec precipitation mm= 55
|year precipitation mm= 630

|source 1= www.meteoinfo.ru
{{cite web
 |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/1695-1246618396
 |title=www.meteoinfo.ru
 |access-date= 3 September 2012}}

}}

== Notable people ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}
Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]].

Other notable people include:
*[[Sergei Avagimyan]], former professional footballer. Born in Russia, he played for the [[Armenian national football team]].
*[[Alexander Amfiteatrov]]
*[[Yuri Averbakh]], chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]
*[[Mykola Azarov]]
*[[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], mathematician
*[[Alexander Chizhevsky]]
*[[David Edelstadt]]
*[[Alexander Gretchaninov]], Russian-American composer
*[[Jonah of Hankou]]
*[[Andrei Kalaychev]]
*[[Valery Kobelev]], ski jumper
*[[Mikhail Linge]]
*[[Pavel Popovich]], cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/index.php?do=cat&category=imi_gorditsja_kaluga|title=Ими гордится Калуга ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")|publisher=Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga|language=ru|access-date=2009-10-01|location=Kaluga|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724022931/http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/index.php?do=cat&category=imi_gorditsja_kaluga|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Larisa Popugayeva]]
*[[Nikolai Rakov]]
*[[Imam Shamil]]
*[[Nikolay Skvortsov (swimmer)|Nikolay Skvortsov]], swimmer
*[[Yuliya Tabakova]]
*[[Georgy Zhukov]]
*[[Olesya Zykina]], 400m athlete
*[[Bulat Okudzhava]], lived and taught Literature in public school in the 1950s.
*[[Serafim Tulikov]]
*[[Ivan Kuliak]]
* [[Stanislav Kunyaev]]

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Kaluga is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы|url=https://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?q=%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B_1159173114|website=kaluga-gov.ru|publisher=Kaluga|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Suhl]], Germany (1969)
<!--Lahti - twinning ended-->
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Tiraspol]], Moldova (2005)
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Panorama, Thessaloniki|Panorama]], Greece (2011)
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus (2015)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Binzhou]], China (2015)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yalta]], Ukraine (2016)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Niš]], Serbia (2017)
{{div col end}}

===Partner cities===
In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]], United States (1992)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xianyang]], China (2000)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], Russia (2002)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Oryol]], Russia (2003)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Smolensk]], Russia (2003)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Makhachkala]], Russia (2012)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast|Tsiolkovsky]], Russia (2016)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ryazan]], Russia (2017)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Tambov]], Russia (2017)
<!--Pardubice - cooperation ended-->
{{div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kaluga 2012 MainSquare 03 1TM.jpg|Kaluga. Main Square
File:Kaluga 2013 Lenina 70 03 1TM.jpg|Kaluga. Polman House
File:Калуга. Театр драмы..JPG|Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building
File:Kaluga01 0812 168g.jpg|Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building
File:Mgtu-kaluga.jpg|Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)
File:Kaluga, Kirova Street and Plekhanova Street (16).jpg|Streetside stores in Kaluga
File:Kaluga01 0812 170g.jpg|Kaluga. Region administration
File:Kaluga 2013 trolleybus 34.jpg|Trolleybus in Kaluga
File:Space_museum_(Kaluga).jpg|Astronautics Museum
</gallery>

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{RussiaBasicLawRef|klu}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|klu|mun|list3}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kaluga (town) |volume= 15 | page = 644 |short= 1}}
*[http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?language=en Official website of Kaluga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504211044/http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?language=en |date=4 May 2012 }}
*[https://kaluga.jsprav.ru/ Kaluga Business Directory] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2006-05/artikel-6488362.asp Article in German about Kaluga plant]
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|2919283|Kaluga, Russia}}

{{Kaluga Oblast}}
{{Golden Ring}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kaluga| ]]
[[Category:Kaluzhsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Golden Ring of Russia]]