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Kangaroo paw
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{{Short description|Plant species endemic to Western Australia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}} [[File:Kangaroo paw 260920 gnangarra 15 years-101.jpg|thumb|aspect of a ''Anigozanthos manglesii'' showing the characteristic of the plant from which its name is derived]] [[File:Anigozanthos flavidus close-up.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Anigozanthos flavidus]]'']] [[File:Macropidia fulginosa SMC.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Macropidia fuliginosa]]'']] '''Kangaroo paw''' is the [[common name]] for a number of species, in two genera of the family [[Haemodoraceae]], that are native to the south-west of [[Western Australia]]. These [[Rhizome|rhizomatous]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s850734.htm|title=Fact Sheet: Kangaroo Paws|last=Churchill|first=Jennie|date=9 May 2003|website=Gardening Australia|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> perennial plants are noted for their unique bird-attracting flowers. The tubular flowers are coated with dense hairs and open at the apex with six claw-like structures which resemble [[kangaroo]] forelimbs, and it is from this paw-like formation that the common name "kangaroo paw" is derived.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252541801 |title=THE KANGAROO PAW |newspaper=[[Bridgetown Advocate]] |volume=IXX |issue=1020 |location=Western Australia |date=12 July 1946 |accessdate=27 September 2020 |page=3 (MODERN WEEKLY news magazine) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The kangaroo paw plant has been introduced into [[Japan]] and has been grown as a new ornamental crop mainly in [[Okinawa Island]] under a subtropical climate.<ref name=":0">Satou, Ichinoe, Fukumoto, Tezuka, & Horiuchi. (2001). Fusarium blight of kangaroo paw (anigozanthos spp.) caused by fusarium chlamydosporum and fusarium semitectum.''Journal of Phytopathology, 149''(3‐4), 203-206. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2001.00588.x</ref> == History == The genus Anigozanthos' author was French botanist [[Jacques Labillardière|Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière]], who first collected the kangaroo paw in 1792 near Esperance. Red and green kangaroo paw or Kurulbrang ([[Noongar]]<ref name="Mooro">{{cite web|last1=Neville|first1=Collard|title=Plants and People in Mooro Country|url=http://www.joondalup.wa.gov.au/Files/Plants%20and%20People%20in%20Mooro%20Country.pdf|website=Yellagonga Regional Park|publisher=City of Joondalup|access-date=27 August 2016|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314045819/http://www.joondalup.wa.gov.au/Files/Plants%20and%20People%20in%20Mooro%20Country.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>) was introduced to England in 1833, and was first described in 1836 by botanist [[David Don]]. The specific name ''manglesii'' is so named in honour of the first individual to raise the specimen from seed, [[Mangles family#Prominent members|Robert Mangles]], which he did in his English garden. His experience with growing the specimen is recorded in letters to his brother [[James Mangles (Royal Navy officer)|James Mangles]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/wa.emblem.html|title=Red and Green Kangaroo Paw|website=Australian National Herbarium|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> The red and green kangaroo paw was adopted as the state emblem of Western Australia in a proclamation on 9 October 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/wa-proclamation.html|title=Floral Emblems of Australia Proclamation|website=Australian National Herbarium|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> An image of a red and green kangaroo paw was superimposed onto a view of Perth from a distance on a 5 pence stamp, issued 1 November 1962, commemorating the [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|Seventh British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] which were held in Perth that year. The stamp was designed by R. M. Warner. The red and green kangaroo paw was again included on a stamp on 10 July 1968, which were six cent stamps in a series of state floral emblems. It was designed by Nell Wilson.<ref name=":1" /> In 1990, disease was found on the kangaroo paw plant in Okinawa. The unreported fungi, which caused the plant to become very limp and wilt, was characterised by a discolouration of the plant leaving it a brown to black colour around the stalks, leaves and base of the plant. As the plant began to discolour over time, white cottony mycelia started to appear at the surface of the lesions and then the plant eventually died.<ref name=":0" /> == Cultivation and cut flowers == The plant is native to south-western Australia, occurring naturally from the [[Murchison River (Western Australia)|Murchison River]] in the North to [[Busselton]] and [[Mount Barker, Western Australia|Mount Barker]] in the South, and [[Lake Muir]] to the East. It has been developed as a cut-flower crop in the United States, Israel and Japan. In Israel, plants are propagated from tissue culture imported from Australia and are then grown in unheated greenhouses in natural day conditions.<ref>Tsror (Lahkim), L., Hazanovsky, M., Mordechai‐Lebiush, S., Ben‐David, T., Dori, I., & Matan, E. (2005). Control of root rot and wilt caused by pythium myriotylum in kangaroo paw (anigozanthos). ''Journal of Phytopathology, 153''(3), 150-154. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00944.x</ref> The plants have found their way to California and become popular among garden supply businesses there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smgrowers.com/info/anigozanthosTalk.asp|title=San Marcos Growers >Kangaroo Paws Jump Into California Gardens|website=www.smgrowers.com|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref> === Research === In 2007 Kings Park Botanic and Garden Board started a breeding program to protect the Kangaroo Paw from disease and the impact of climate changes. During this effort cross breading between 5 different species brought about new colouring including blue shades. The breeding program is working with Edith Cowan University to map the genome sequences, look to find disease and drought resistant triggers for the plant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kruijff |first1=Peter de |title=Climate change drives Perth’s creation of new blue kangaroo paw |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/climate-change-drives-creation-of-new-blue-kangaroo-paw-20220309-p5a38d.html |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Research leading up to 2020 has been able to produce many new colours for the kangaroo paw including blues, purples, whites, and many more. This has led to genetic research and DNA sequencing similar to that carried out on Snapdragons to understanding the colours of the flower.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-03|title=A rainbow of colours possible as secrets of the kangaroo paw are unlocked|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-03/unlocking-the-secrets-of-the-kangaroo-paw/12721962|access-date=2020-10-03|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> Other research has been conducted that indicates an extract of the plant may help firm the skin as it targets young cells causing increased collagen output.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedaysalon.com/blog/2018/03/|title=The Day Salon 2018 March|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> == Classification == From the genus ''[[Anigozanthos]]'': * ''[[Anigozanthos bicolor]]'' <small>Endl.</small> (little kangaroo paw) ** ''Anigozanthos bicolor'' ssp. ''bicolor'' (two-coloured kangaroo paw) ** ''Anigozanthos bicolor'' ssp. ''decrescens'' ** '''''Anigozanthos bicolor'' ssp. ''exstans''''' ** '''''Anigozanthos bicolor'' ssp. ''minor''''' * ''[[Anigozanthos flavidus]]'' <small>DC.</small> (tall kangaroo paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos gabrielae]]'' <small>Domin</small> (dwarf kangaroo paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos manglesii]]'' <small>D.Don</small> (red-and-green kangaroo paw) ** ''Anigozanthos manglesii'' ssp. ''manglesii'' ** ''Anigozanthos manglesii'' ssp. ''quadrans'' * ''[[Anigozanthos pulcherrimus]]'' <small>Hook.</small> (golden kangaroo paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos rufus]]'' <small>Labill.</small> (red kangaroo paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos viridis]]'' <small>Endl.</small> (green kangaroo paw) ** ''Anigozanthos viridis'' subsp. ''terraspectans'' <small>Hopper</small> (dwarf green kangaroo paw) ** ''Anigozanthos viridis'' subsp. ''metallica'' (metallic green kangaroo paw) From the genus ''[[Macropidia]]'': * ''[[Macropidia fuliginosa]]'' <small>(Hook.) Druce</small> (black kangaroo paw) ==See also== [[File:Anigozanthos humilis Gnangarra-11.jpg|thumb|The smaller ''Anigozanthos humilis'' is known as cat's paw]] Additional species in the genus ''Anigozanthos'' exist. They resemble kangaroo paws, however, they are instead known as cat's paws: * ''[[Anigozanthos humilis]]'' (cat's paw) ** ''Anigozanthos humilis'' ssp. ''chrysanthus'' (Mogumber cat's paw) ** ''Anigozanthos humilis'' ssp. ''grandis'' (tall cat's paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos kalbarriensis]]'' (Kalbarri cat's paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos onycis]]'' (branched cat's paw) * ''[[Anigozanthos preissii]]'' (Albany cat's paw) {{clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s1315888.htm Gardening Australia Kangaroo paws factsheet] [[Category:Commelinales of Australia]] [[Category:Angiosperms of Western Australia]] [[Category:Haemodoraceae]] [[Category:Plant common names]]
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