Editing Kauravi dialect

{{short description|Dialect of Hindustani language}}
{{About|rural dialect outside Delhi|the Dehlavi dialect of Delhi|Hindustani language}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Kauravi
| altname          = Khaṛībolī
| nativename       = 
| pronunciation    = 
| states           = [[India]]
| region           = [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Rohilkhand]]), [[Uttarakhand]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|1,756,314|2}}
| date             = 2011 census
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| speakers2        = Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|work=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Hindi languages|Central Zone]]
| fam5             = [[Western Hindi]]
| fam6             = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (?)
| isoexception     = dialect
| glotto           = none
| lingua           = 59-AAF-qd
| notice           = Indic
| notice2          = IPA
| nation           = 
| image            = 
| imagescale       = 1.45
| imagecaption     = 
| map              = Kauravi_language_map.png
| mapcaption       = Khariboli Dialect Area in the northern subcontinent
}}
'''Kauravi''' ({{langx|hi|कौरवी}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|کَوروی}}}}), also known as '''Khaṛībolī''', is a [[dialect]] of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]] that is mainly spoken in [[Western Uttar Pradesh|northwestern Uttar Pradesh]], outside of [[Delhi]].

[[Hindi|Modern Hindi]] and [[Standard Urdu|Urdu]] are two standard registers of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], descending from [[Old Hindi]], originally called Hindavi and Delhavi which gained prestige when it was accepted along with [[Persian language|Persian]] as a language of the [[Durbar (court)|courts]]. Before that, it was only a language the [[Persianate society|Persianate states]] (like [[Delhi Sultanate]]) spoke to their subjects in, and later as a [[sociolect]] of the same [[Urdu-speaking people#Clans|ruling classes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muzaffar |first=Alam |date=1998 |title=The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics |doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947 |journal=Cambridge University Press |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=317–349}}</ref>

Modern Khariboli contains some features, such as [[gemination]] and [[Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]], which give it a distinctive sound and differentiates it from [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]. [[Old Hindi]] evolved to become the colloquial lingua franca [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] from which are [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] the respective [[Standard language|standard]] [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]].<ref name="Masica2007">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=Old and New Perspectives on South Asian Languages: Grammar and Semantics |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-3208-4 |page=51 |language=en |quote=Braj and Awadhi in early and middle stages preserve old case endings -hi, etc, while Khari Boli (Old Hindi) and Dakkhini seem to have lost these endings in the Apabhramsa period.}}</ref><ref name="MatthewsShackleHusain1985">{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=David John |last2=Shackle |first2=C. |last3=Husain |first3=Shahanara |title=Urdu literature |date=1985 |publisher=Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies |isbn=978-0-907962-30-4 |language=en |quote=But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==

Khariboli is spoken in the rural surroundings of [[Delhi]] and west [[Uttar Pradesh]], as well as in some neighbouring areas of [[Haryana]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="ref04piyuq">{{Citation | title=An Outline of the cultural history of India | author=Syed Abdul Latif | publisher=Oriental Books, 1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHNDAAAAYAAJ | quote=... Khari Boli is spoken as mother-tongue in the following areas: (1) East of the Ganges, in the districts of Rampur, Bijnor, and Moradabad, Bareilly, (2) between the Ganges and the Jamuna, in the districts of Meerut, Muzaffar Nagar, Azamgarh, Varanasi, May, Saharanpur and in the plain district of Dehradun, and (3) West of the Jamuna, in the urban areas of Delhi and Karnal and the eastern part of Ambala district ...| year=1958 }}</ref> The geography of this part of [[North India]] is traditionally described as ''[[doab]]s''.

In [[Haryana]], the following districts are Khari-speaking:
*Eastern parts of [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
*Northern parts of [[Faridabad District|Faridabad]]
*Eastern parts of [[Karnal District|Karnal]], [[Sonipat District|Sonipat]], [[Panipat District|Panipat]]

In [[Uttar Pradesh]], the following districts of the [[Yamuna]]-[[Ganges]] ''doab'' are Khari-speaking:

*[[Saharanpur District|Saharanpur]]
*[[Muzaffarnagar District|Muzaffarnagar]]
*[[Shamli District|Shamli]]
*[[Baghpat District|Baghpat]]
*[[Meerut District|Meerut]]
*[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
*[[Hapur District|Hapur]]
*Northern parts of [[Bulandshahr District|Bulandshahr]]
*Northern parts of [[Gautam Buddha Nagar District|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]

In the trans-[[Ganges]] area, it is spoken in the following districts of [[Rohilkhand]] region in Uttar Pradesh:
*[[Bareilly District|Bareli]]
*[[Moradabad District|Moradabad]]
*[[Rampur District|Rampur]]
*[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
*[[Amroha District|Amroha]]
*[[Bijnor District|Bijnor]]

In [[Uttarakhand]], the following districts of the [[Yamuna]]-[[Ganges]] ''doab'' are partially Khari-speaking:
*[[Haridwar District|Haridwar]]
*[[Dehradun District|Dehradun]]

In the trans-[[Ganges]] area, it is partially spoken in the following districts of Uttarakhand:

*[[Nainital District|Nainital]] only in the Terai region.
*[[Udham Singh Nagar District|Udham Singh Nagar]]

==Khariboli in Hindustani popular culture==
Khariboli is often seen as rustic by speakers of Standard Hindustani, and elements of it were used in ''[[Hum Log (television series)|Hum Log]]'', India's first television soap opera, where the main family was depicted as having roots in Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="ref15lifev">{{Citation | title=Entertainment-education: a communication strategy for social change | author1=Arvind Singhal | author2=Everett M. Rogers | publisher=Psychology Press, 1999 | isbn=978-0-8058-3350-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWNPUpuLav4C | quote=... Joshi creatively combined Khari Boli, a much-used, rustic, yet popular derivative of the Hindi language in North India, with conventional Hindi ... | year=1999 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ref95vijig">{{Citation | title=Dhodia identity: anthropological approach |author1=Shibani Roy |author2=S. H. M. Rizvi | publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wsuAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The written script and spoken language of the urban folk differ from the rural dialect or khari boli. This is the unrefined and crude tongue of the rustic folks of the village ...|year=1985 |isbn=9780865907447 }}</ref>

As the two main Hindustani dialects of Western Uttar Pradesh and the areas surrounding Delhi, Khariboli and [[Braj Bhasha]] are often compared. One hypothesis of how Khariboli came to be described as {{Transliteration|hi|hunterian|khari}} (standing) asserts that it refers to the "stiff and rustic uncouthness" of the dialect compared to the "mellifluousness and soft fluency" of Braj Bhasha.<ref name="ref27yojej">{{Citation | title=Hindi nationalism | author=Alok Rai | publisher=Orient Blackswan, 2001 | isbn=978-81-250-1979-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC | quote=... on one account, Khari Boli was contrasted with the mellifluousness and soft fluency of Braj Bhasha: khari was understood to refer to the rustic and stiff uncouthness of Khari Boli. The protagonists of Khari Boli returned the compliment: Braj Bhasha was called pari boli – ie supine! ...| year=2001 }}</ref> On the other hand, Khariboli supporters sometimes pejoratively referred to Braj Bhasha and other dialects as ''Pariboli'' ({{langx|hi|पड़ी बोली}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|پڑی بولی}}|lit=fallen/supine dialects}}).<ref name="ref27yojej"/>

==Kauravi and Sankrityayan's proposal==
Although most linguists acknowledge that Modern Standard Hindustani descended from Khariboli, the precise mechanism of dialectical changes from Khari to the prestige dialect (such as the loss of gemination which is so prevalent in Khari) lacks consensus. There are also variations within Khari itself across the area in which it is spoken. In the mid-twentieth century, [[Indian people|Indian]] scholar and nationalist, [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], proposed a redrawing of the linguistic map of the Hindustani zone.<ref name="ref30bomoy">{{Citation | title=Rahul Sankrityayan (Hindi Writer)Makera of Indian Literature | author=Prabhakar Machwe | publisher=Sahitya Akademi, 1998 | isbn=978-81-7201-845-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPPlgMiM388C | quote=... re-drawing of the map of Hindi-speaking areas, on the basis of the so-called dialects ... He believed that the language spoken in Meerut and Agra was the original mother of Khari boli; he called it Kauravi ... his presidential speech in the Bombay session of the Hindi Sahitya sammelan in 1948, with the strong plea to use Devanagari script for Urdu, provoked bitter controversy and many Urdu speaking Communists saw to it that Rahul was expelled from the Communist Party of India ...| year=1998 }}</ref> Drawing a distinction between the Khari of Old Delhi and the Khari of the extreme western parts of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], he advocated that the former retain the name ''Khariboli'' while the latter be renamed to ''Kauravi'', after the [[Kuru Kingdom]] of ancient India.<ref name="ref30bomoy"/> Although the term ''Khariboli'' continues to be applied as it traditionally was, some linguists have accepted the term ''Kauravi'' as well, applying to the language spoken in the linguistic arc running from Saharanpur to Agra (i.e. the close east and northeast of Old Delhi).<ref name="Masica1993">{{cite book | author=Colin P. Masica | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&pg=PA28 | access-date=26 June 2012 | date=9 September 1993 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 | page=28}}</ref> Sankrityayan postulated that this ''Kaurvi'' dialect was the parent of Old Delhi's specific Khari dialect.<ref name="ref30bomoy"/> Sankrityayan had also advocated that all Hindustani be standardized on the Devanagari script and Perso-Arabic entirely is abandoned.<ref name="ref30bomoy"/>

==Other dialects of Hindustani==
Khariboli is related to four [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the lingua franca of northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]: Standard [[Hindi]], Standard [[Urdu]], [[Dakhini]] and [[Rekhta]]. Standard Hindi (also High Hindi, Manak Hindi) is the language of the government and is one of the official languages of India, Standard Urdu is the [[state language]] and [[national language]] of Pakistan, Dakhini is the historical literary dialect of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, and [[Rekhta]] the "mixed" Hindustani of medieval poetry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rekhta:Poetry in Mixed Language |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf |website=www.columbia.edu |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> These registers, together with [[Sansiboli]], form the Hindustani dialect group.

==Early influences==
The area around [[Delhi]] has long been the center of power in [[northern India]], and naturally, the ''Khari Boli'' dialect came to be regarded as urbane and of a higher standard than the other surrounding languages. This view gradually gained ground over the 19th century; before that period, other languages such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Braj Bhasha]], and [[Sadhukaddi]] were preferred by littérateurs.
Standard Hindustani first developed with the migration of Persian Khari Boli speakers from Delhi to the [[Awadh]] region—most notably [[Amir Khusro]], mixing the 'roughness' of Khari Boli with the relative 'softness' of Awadhi to form a new language which became called "Hindavi." This also became referred to as Hindustani, which was adopted as Hindi and Urdu by India and Pakistan after partition.

Although as a dialect, Khari Boli belongs to the Upper Doab, "Hindavi" developed in the cultural spheres of [[Allahabad]] and [[Varanasi]].

===Rise as the basis for Standard Hindustani===

The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in the compositions of [[Amir Khusro]] (1253–1325).<ref name="Kloss1978">{{cite book | title=Les Langues écrites Du Monde: Relevé Du Degré Et Des Modes D'utilisation (The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use) |editor1=Kloss, Heinz |editor2=McConnell, Grant D. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA198 | access-date=26 June 2012 | year=1978 | publisher=Presses Université Laval | isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |pages=198–199}}</ref>

Before the rise of Khariboli, the languages adopted by the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti saints]]: [[Braj Bhasha]] ([[Krishna]] devotees), [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (adopted by the [[Rama]] devotees) and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] ([[Vaishnavite]]s of Bihar).<ref name="Kloss1978"/> However, after the Bhakti movement became ritualistic, these languages came to be regarded as rural and unrefined.<ref name="Pollock2003">{{cite book | author=Sheldon I. Pollock | title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA984 | access-date=26 June 2012 | date=19 May 2003 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 | page=984}}</ref> Khariboli, on the other hand, was spoken in the urban area surrounding the Mughal courts, where Persian was the official language. The Persian-influenced Khariboli thus gradually came to be regarded as a prestige dialect, although hardly any literary works had been written in Khariboli before the British period in India.<ref name="Pollock2003"/>

The European administrators in India and the Christian missionaries played an important role in the creation and promotion of the Khariboli-based modern Hindustani.<ref name="Masica1993"/> In 1800, the [[British East India Company]] established a college of higher education at [[Calcutta]] named the [[Fort William College]]. [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Borthwick Gilchrist]], a president of that college, encouraged his professors to write in their native tongue; some of the works thus produced were in the literary form of the Khariboli dialect. These books included ''Premsagar'' by [[Lallu Lal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Lallu+Lal,+1763-1825|title=Lallu Lal (Lallu Lal, 1763–1825) &#124; The Online Books Page|website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> ''Nasiketopakhyan'' by Sadal Mishra; ''Sukhsagar'' by Sadasukh Lal of Delhi and ''Rani Ketaki Ki Kahani'' by [[Insha Allah Khan 'Insha'|Inshallah Khan]]. More developed forms of Khariboli can also be seen in some mediocre literature produced in the early 18th century. Examples are ''Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima'' by Ganga Bhatt, ''Yogavashishtha'' by Ram Prasad Niranjani, ''Gora Badal Ki Katha'' by Jatmal, ''Mandovar Ka Varnan'' by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's ''Jain Padmapuran'' by Daulat Ram (dated 1761). With government patronage and literary popularity, the Khariboli flourished, even as the use of previously more literary tongues such as Awadhi, Braj, and Maithili declined in the literary vehicles. The literary works in Khariboli gained momentum from the second half of the 19th century onwards.<ref name="Kloss1978"/> A prominent Indian historian [[Raja Sivaprasad]] was a promoter of the Hindi language, in particular the Khariboli version. Gradually, in the subsequent years, Khariboli became the basis for standard Hindustani, which began to be taught in schools and used in government functions.<ref name="Gumperz1971">{{cite book|author=John Joseph Gumperz|title=Language in Social Groups|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinsocial0000gump|url-access=registration|access-date=26 June 2012|year=1971|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0798-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/languageinsocial0000gump/page/53 53]}}</ref>

Urdu, the heavily Persianised version of Khariboli, replaced Persian as the official language of local administration in North India in the early 19th century. However, the association of the Persian script with Muslims prompted Hindus to develop their own [[Sanskrit]]ised version of the dialect, leading to the formation of Hindi.<ref name="Gumperz1971"/> After India became independent in 1947, the Khariboli-based dialect was officially recognised as the [[Hindi]] language, which was declared as one of the [[official languages of India|official languages]] for central government functioning.

==See also==
*[[Standard Hindi]]
*[[Standard Urdu]]
*[[Awadhi language]]
*[[Dakhini]]
*[[Shauraseni Prakrit]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Standard languages|Hindustani]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]