Editing Keith Joseph

{{Short description|British Conservative politician (1918–1994)}}
{{About||the football player|Keith Joseph (American football)|the Australian bishop|Keith Joseph (bishop)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name             = The Lord Joseph
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|PC}}
| birthname        = Keith Sinjohn Joseph<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-joseph-1387217.html |title=OBITUARY: Lord Joseph |work=[[The Independent]] |date=12 December 1994 |publisher=[[Independent News & Media|INM]] |location=[[London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>
| image            = Sir Keith Joseph visits Llangefni and Caernarfon (1469270) Crop.jpg
| office           = [[Secretary of State for Education and Science]]
| term_start       = 11 September 1981
| term_end         = 21 May 1986
| primeminister    = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
| predecessor      = [[Mark Carlisle]]
| successor        = [[Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking|Kenneth Baker]]
| office1          = [[Secretary of State for Industry]]
| term_start1      = 4 May 1979
| term_end1        = 11 September 1981
| primeminister1   = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
| predecessor1     = [[Eric Varley]]
| successor1       = [[Patrick Jenkin]]
| office2          = [[Secretary of State for Social Services]]
| term_start2      = 20 June 1970
| term_end2        = 4 March 1974
| primeminister2   = [[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor2     = [[Richard Crossman]]
| successor2       = [[Barbara Castle]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin |Junior ministerial offices
 |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office3          = [[Ministry of Housing and Local Government|Minister for Housing and Local Government]]
| term_start3      = 13 July 1962
| term_end3        = 16 October 1964
| primeminister3   = [[Harold Macmillan]]<br />[[Alec Douglas-Home]]
| predecessor3     = [[Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton|Charles Hill]]
| successor3       = [[Richard Crossman]]
| office4          = [[Minister of State for Trade]]
| term_start4      = 9 October 1961
| term_end4        = 13 July 1962
| primeminister4   = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| predecessor4     = [[Frederick Erroll]]
| successor4       = [[Alan Green (Conservative politician)|Alan Green]]
| office5          = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]
| term_start5      = 22 October 1959
| term_end5        = 9 October 1961
| primeminister5   = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| predecessor5     = [[Reginald Bevins]]
| successor5       = [[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|George Jellicoe]]
{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin |[[Shadow Cabinet]] offices
 |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office           = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Industry]]
| term_start       = 28 February 1977<ref>{{cite news |author1=William Russell |title=Front-Line Tory Stepping Back |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ceo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=Keith+Joseph+shadow&article_id=5231,53121&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtsbfHnI2NAxUrYEEAHYalDUwQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=Keith%20Joseph%20shadow&f=false |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=1 March 1977 |page=5}}</ref>
| term_end         = 4 May 1979
| leader           = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
| preceded         = [[John Biffen]]
| succeeded        = [[Eric Varley]]
| office1          = [[Shadow Home Secretary]]
| term_start1      = 13 June 1974
| term_end1        = 11 February 1975
| leader1          = [[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor1     = [[Jim Prior]]
| successor1       = [[Ian Gilmour]]
| office2          = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Social Services]]
| term_start2      = 4 March 1974
| term_end2        = 12 March 1974
| leader2          = [[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor2     = [[John Silkin]]
| successor2       = [[Geoffrey Howe]]
| office3          = [[Shadow President of the Board of Trade]]<br>[[Shadow Secretary of State for Trade]]
| term_start3      = 23 February 1967
| term_end3        = 20 June 1970
| leader3          = [[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor3     = [[Anthony Barber]]
| successor3       = [[Roy Mason]]
| office4          = [[Shadow Minister for Power]]
| term_start4      = 23 February 1967
| term_end4        = 11 October 1967
| leader4          = [[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor4     = [[Anthony Barber]]
| successor4       = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
| office5          = [[Shadow Minister for Labour]]
| term_start5      = 4 August 1965
| term_end5        = 23 February 1967
| leader5          = [[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor5     = [[Joseph Godber]]
| successor5       = [[Robert Carr]]
| office6          = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Health|Shadow Minister for Social Services]]
| term_start6      = 29 October 1964
| term_end6        = 20 April 1966
| leader6          = [[Alec Douglas-Home]]<br>[[Edward Heath]]
| predecessor6     = [[Bernard Braine]]
| successor6       = [[Mervyn Pike]]
| office7          = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government|Shadow Minister for Housing and Local Government]]
| term_start7      = 16 October 1964
| term_end7        = 29 October 1964
| leader7          = [[Alec Douglas-Home]]
| predecessor7     = [[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|Michael Stewart]]
| successor7       = [[John Boyd-Carpenter, Baron Boyd-Carpenter|John Boyd-Carpenter]]
{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin |Parliamentary offices
 |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office           = [[Member of the House of Lords]] <br />[[Lord Temporal]]
| term_start       = 12 October 1987
| term_end         = 10 December 1994 <br />[[Life peer]]age
| office1          = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Leeds North East]]
| term_start1      = 9 February 1956
| term_end1        = 18 May 1987
| predecessor1     = [[Osbert Peake]]
| successor1       = [[Timothy Kirkhope]]
{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1918|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place      = London, England
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1994|12|10|1918|1|17|df=y}}
| death_place      = London, England
| father           = [[Sir Samuel Joseph, 1st Baronet]]
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Hellen Guggenheimer|1951|1985|end=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|Yolanda Castro Sheriff|1990}}
}}
| party            = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| profession       = 
| alma_mater       = [[Magdalen College, Oxford]]
| caption          = Joseph in 1963
| allegiance       = {{flagcountry|UK}}
| branch           = {{army|UK}}
| unit             = [[Royal Artillery]]
| rank             = [[Captain (United Kingdom)|Captain]]
| battles          = [[World War II]]
}}
{{Thatcherism|people}}{{Conservatism UK|Politicians}}{{Christian Democracy sidebar|people}}
'''Keith Sinjohn Joseph, Baron Joseph''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|Bt|CH|PC|}} (17 January 1918 – 10 December 1994), known as '''Sir Keith Joseph, 2nd Baronet''', for most of his political life, was a British politician. A member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], he served as a minister under four prime ministers: [[Harold Macmillan]], [[Alec Douglas-Home]], [[Edward Heath]], and [[Margaret Thatcher]]. He was a key influence in the creation of what came to be known as [[Thatcherism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/keith-joseph-the-father-of-thatcherism-was-autistic-claims-professor-6095631.html|title=Keith Joseph, the father of Thatcherism, 'was autistic' claims|date=12 July 2006|website=The Independent}}</ref>

Joseph introduced the concept of the [[social market economy]] into Britain, an economic and social system inspired by [[Christian democracy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jicsc/05-034.pdf |title=Christianity and the Social Market Economy in Britain, Germany and Northern Ireland |last=Birnie |first=Esmond |website=biblicalstudies.org.uk |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> He also co-founded the [[Centre for Policy Studies]] writing its first publication: ''Why Britain needs a Social Market Economy''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NielBgAAQBAJ&q=why+britain+needs&pg=PA110|title=Neo-liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies|isbn=9780748632688|access-date=30 July 2017|last1=Turner|first1=Rachel S.|year=2008}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Joseph was born in [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], [[County of London|London]], to a wealthy and influential family, the son of Edna Cicely (Phillips) and [[Sir Samuel Joseph, 1st Baronet|Samuel Joseph]]. His father headed the vast family construction and project-management company, [[Lendlease|Bovis]], and was [[Lord Mayor of London]] in 1942–3. At the end of his term he was created a [[baronet]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/commandingheight00yerg_0/page/92 |title=Excerpt from "The Commanding Heights" |first1=Daniel |last1=Yergin |author-link1=Daniel Yergin |first2=Joseph |last2=Stanislaw |author-link2=Joseph Stanislaw |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/commandingheight00yerg_0/page/92 92–105] |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-82975-3 |access-date=22 July 2014 |url-access=registration }}</ref> Joseph's family was Jewish.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_ralphharris.html | title=Commanding Heights : Lord Ralph Harris &#124; on PBS | website=[[PBS]] }}</ref> On the death of his father on 4 October 1944, 26-year-old Keith inherited the [[baronet]]cy.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Education and academic career==
Joseph was educated at [[Lockers Park School]] in [[Hemel Hempstead]] in Hertfordshire, followed by [[Harrow School]], where, uncharacteristically, he did not do particularly well academically.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8KiBgVI_Oo&t=1875s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/H8KiBgVI_Oo |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Sir Keith Joseph and the Market Economy - Professor Vernon Bogdanor|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=YouTube videos are not ideal sources|date=October 2021}} He then attended [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], where he read [[Law|jurisprudence]], obtaining first class honours. He was elected a Prize Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]] in 1946.

== Early career ==
During [[World War II]], Joseph served as a captain in the [[Royal Artillery]], and suffered a minor wound during German shelling of his company's headquarters in Italy, as well as being [[mentioned in dispatches]]. After the end of the war, he was called to the Bar ([[Middle Temple]]). Following his father, he was elected as an [[Alderman]] of the City of London. He was a Director of Bovis, becoming chairman in 1958, and became an underwriter at [[Lloyd's of London]]. In 1945, Joseph joined the leadership of the Post-War Orphans’ Committee of the Central British Fund for German Jewry (now [[World Jewish Relief]]).<ref>Gottlieb, Amy Zahl. ''Men of Vision: Anglo-Jewry's Aid to Victims of the Nazi Regime, 1933–1945.'' London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, p.185</ref>

== Member of Parliament ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2023}}
Joseph failed to be elected to the marginal seat of [[Barons Court (UK Parliament constituency)|Barons Court]] in West London by 125 votes in the [[1955 United Kingdom general election|1955 election]]. He was elected to parliament in a by-election for [[1956 Leeds North East by-election|Leeds North East]] in February 1956. He was swiftly appointed as a Parliamentary Private Secretary.

=== In government ===
Following 1959, Joseph had several junior posts in the [[Harold Macmillan|Macmillan]] government at the [[Ministry of Housing and Local Government|Ministry of Housing]] and the [[Board of Trade]]. In the '[[Night of the Long Knives (1962)|Night of the Long Knives]]' reshuffle of 13 July 1962 he was made Minister for Housing and Local Government. He introduced a massive programme to build [[council housing]], which aimed at 400,000 new homes per year by 1965. He wished to increase the proportion of owner-occupied households, by offering help with mortgage deposits. Housing was an important issue at the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964 election]] and Joseph was felt to have done well on television in the campaign.

=== Social Services ===
In opposition, Joseph was spokesman on Social Services, and then on Labour under [[Edward Heath]]. He was one of twelve founder members of the [[Carers UK|National Council for the Single Woman and Her Dependants]] on 15 December 1965. According to Tim Cook's ''The History of the Carers' Movement'', Joseph and [[Sally Oppenheim]] were critical in raising funds from the [[Carnegie Trust]] and other organisations, which enabled the carers movement to succeed and thrive through its formative years.

=== Trade spokesman ===
Despite Joseph's reputation as a right-winger, Heath promoted him to Trade spokesman in 1967, where he had an important role in policy development. In the run-up to the [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970 election]] Joseph made a series of speeches under the title "civilised capitalism", in which he outlined his political philosophy and hinted of cuts in public spending. At the [[Selsdon Park Hotel]] meeting, the Conservative Party largely adopted this approach.

After the Conservatives won the election, Joseph was made [[Secretary of State for Social Services]], which put him in charge of the largest bureaucracy of any government department but kept him out of control of economics. Despite his speeches against bureaucracy, Joseph found himself compelled to add to it as he increased and improved services in the [[National Health Service]]. However, he grew increasingly opposed to the Heath government's economic strategy, which had seen a 'U-turn' in favour of intervention in industry in 1972.

Joseph’s largest intervention was a proposed major reform of the [[Pensions in the United Kingdom|British pension system]]. Whilst the [[State Pension (UK)|State Pension]] would have survived the reforms, Joseph instead planned for workers to contribute towards [[occupational pension|occupational schemes]] provided by employers (similar to [[Australian Superannuation]]). A ‘State Reserve’ scheme would have been set up for low-earners and the self-employed, but critically without any prior funding, meaning a worker would only reach the maximum entitlement in 2019. 

Although legislation was passed in the [[Social Security Act 1973]], it was abolished by Labour under the [[Social Security Pensions Act 1975]]. [[Pensions in the United Kingdom#Additional Pension| Graduated Retirement Benefit]] was still abolished in 1975, replaced by the [[State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme|SERPS]] scheme in 1978.

=== 1974 ===
Following the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|election defeat of February 1974]], Joseph worked with [[Margaret Thatcher]] to set up the [[Centre for Policy Studies]], a think-tank to develop policies for the new free-market Conservatism that they both favoured. Joseph became interested in the economic theory of [[monetarism]] as formulated by [[Milton Friedman]] and persuaded Thatcher to support it.<ref>[[Margaret Thatcher]] acknowledged his influence on her intellectual evolution, especially in her book, ''The Path to Power'', 1995</ref> Despite still being a member of Heath's Shadow Cabinet, Joseph was openly critical of his government's record.  In 1976, Joseph delivered his famous Stockton lecture on the economy ''Monetarism Is Not Enough'' in which he sought to discredit previously dominant Keynesian economic strategies and contrasted wealth-producing sectors in an economy, such as manufacturing, with the service sector and government, which tend to be wealth-consuming. He contended that an economy begins to decline as its wealth-producing sector shrinks.<ref>Sir Keith Joseph, Centre for Policy Studies (5 April 1976).[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/commentary/displaydocument.asp?docid=110796 Stockton Lecture, ''Monetarism Is Not Enough'', with foreword by Margaret Thatcher]. (Barry Rose Pub.) Margaret Thatcher Foundation (2006); [[David D. Friedman|David Friedman]], New America Foundation (15 June 2002). [http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2002/no_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel No Light at the End of the Tunnel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219013752/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2002/no_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel |date=19 December 2007 }} ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref>

Many on the right wing of the Conservative Party looked to Joseph to challenge Heath for the leadership, but his chances declined following a controversial speech on 19 October 1974. It covered a variety of [[socially-conservative]] topics and drew on an article that had been written by [[Arthur Wynn]] and his wife and published by the [[Child Poverty Action Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/29/guardianobituaries.ianaitken|title=Obituary: Arthur Wynn|work=The Guardian|date=29 September 2001|access-date=12 May 2009 | location=London | first=Ian | last=Aitken}}</ref> The notion of the "cycle of deprivation" holding down poor people was the basis of his speech.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Pierson|author2=Martin Thomas|title=Dictionary of Social Work: The Definitive A to Z of Social Work and Social Care|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ve0XPezZj28C&pg=PA140|year=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=140|isbn=9780335238811}}</ref> He linked it to current theories of the culture of poverty, especially to the chaotic lifestyle of the poorest people. However, he suggested that poor people should stop having so many children. In his highly publicised speech at [[Edgbaston]], he reflected on the moral and spiritual state of Britain:{{blockquote|A high and rising proportion of children are being born to mothers least fitted to bring children into the world&nbsp;... Some are of low intelligence, most of low educational attainment. They are unlikely to be able to give children the stable emotional background, the consistent combination of love and firmness&nbsp;... They are producing problem children&nbsp;... The balance of our human stock, is threatened.<ref>Halcrow, p 83</ref>}}

The outrage, despite his repeated apologies, in reaction to his speech sharply undercut Joseph's campaign to replace Heath as party leader. The speech was not largely written by [[Jonathan Sumption]] (who later went on to become a Supreme Court judge in United Kingdom) though it has been erroneously suggested that this was the case.<ref>Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett, ''Keith Joseph'' (Acumen, 2002), p. 265.</ref><ref>Moore, ''Thatcher,'' 1:272-4</ref><ref>Jonathan Sumption, Political Thinking with Nick Robinson, 17.40</ref>

=== Margaret Thatcher ===
Joseph withdrew from the contest against Heath and informed Margaret Thatcher, who responded "if you're not going to stand, I will, because someone who represents our viewpoint has to stand."<ref>Margaret Thatcher, ''The Path to Power'' (1996) p 266</ref> He now became a major advisor. Thatcher later referred to Joseph as her closest political friend. His overnight conversion to free-market, small-government policies "had the force of a religious conversion".<ref>Andrew Marr, ''A History of Modern Britain'' (2007) p 355</ref> This conviction earned him the nickname the "Mad Monk", courtesy of [[Chris Patten]], the then director of the [[Conservative Research Department]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hershey |first=Robert D. |date=1979-05-20 |title=Mrs. Thatcher's Right‐Wing Guru |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/20/archives/mrs-thatchers-rightwing-guru.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406220856/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/20/archives/mrs-thatchers-rightwing-guru.html |archive-date=2025-04-06 |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-26 |title=Come in Spinner: is there anything original in politics? |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2012/11/26/come-in-spinner-is-there-anything-original-in-politics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408125518/https://www.crikey.com.au/2012/11/26/come-in-spinner-is-there-anything-original-in-politics/ |archive-date=2025-04-08 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Crikey |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1975, Joseph said:{{blockquote|It was only in April 1974 that I was converted to Conservatism. (I had thought I was a Conservative but I now see that I was not really one at all.)<ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Wright|title=British Politics: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCkBJCrjQ4UC&pg=PT49|year=2013|publisher=Oxford UP|page=49|isbn=9780191637087}}</ref>}}

This remark expressed Joseph's sense of failure during multiple Conservative governments that had automatically followed the [[post-war consensus]] of a welfare state with strong labour unions. Their policies to stabilise the economy retained government control on industries and created an intricate system to control wages and dividends.  In the eyes of Thatcher and Joseph, that pragmatic approach was contrary to the true "Conservative" ideology. As he had done a great deal to promote Thatcher, when she won the leadership in [[1975 Conservative Party leadership election|1975]], she determined to put him in a position that would facilitate a profound influence on Conservative Party policy.

In Thatcher's [[Shadow cabinet]], Joseph wanted to be [[Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer]], but that was impossible since his notorious 1974 speech. Instead, he was given overall responsibility for Policy and Research. He had a large impact on the Conservative manifesto for the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 election]], but frequently, a compromise had to be reached with Heath's more moderate supporters, such as [[Jim Prior]]. Thatcher named Joseph [[Secretary of State for Industry]]. He began to prepare the many nationalised industries for privatisation by bringing in private sector managers such as [[Ian MacGregor]] but was still forced to give large subsidies to those industries making losses.

=== Secretary of State for Education and Science ===
As Thatcher's [[Secretary of State for Education]] from 1981 he started the ball rolling for [[GCSEs]], and the establishment of a national curriculum in England and Wales. [[Mark Carlisle]], his predecessor in the Conservative government in 1979, had cancelled the plans of [[Shirley Williams]], his second-last predecessor, to merge [[O Level]]s and [[Certificate of Secondary Education|CSEs]], but he achieved that policy. Although that was not normally the responsibility of central government, he insisted on personally approving the individual subject syllabuses before the GCSE system was introduced. His attempts to reform teachers' pay and bring in new contracts were opposed by the trade unions and led to a series of one-day strikes.

In 1984, his public spending negotiations with his Treasury colleagues resulted in a proposed plan for extra research funding for universities financed through the curtailment of financial support to students who were dependent children of more affluent parents. That plan provoked heated opposition from fellow members of the Cabinet (particularly, [[Cecil Parkinson]]) and a compromise plan was found necessary to secure consensus. The compromise involved the abandonment of Joseph's plan to levy [[tuition fees in the United Kingdom|tuition fees]] but preserved his aspiration to abolish the minimum grant. The resulting loss to research funding was halved by a concession of further revenue by the Treasury team.

Joseph emerged unscathed from  the [[Brighton hotel bombing]] during the Conservative Party Conference in 1984. In 1985, he published a White Paper on the university sector, ''The Development of Higher Education into the 1990s''. It advocated an appraisal system to assess the relative quality of research and foresaw a retrenchment in the size of the higher education sector. Both proposals were controversial. Joseph was the primary influence on the [[Education (No. 2) Act 1986]], enacted soon after his resignation as secretary, which abolished [[corporal punishment]] in most schools, established regular [[Parent–teacher conference|parents' meetings]], and increased parents' influence in school governance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawton|first=David|year=2005|title=Education and Labour Party Ideologies, 1900–2001 and Beyond|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63Ttlau5GjYC&pg=P102|page=102|isbn=9780415347761}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Archbold|year=2000|first=Claire|chapter=Family Law-Making and Human Rights in the United Kingdom|editor-last=Maclean|editor-first=Mavis|title=Making Law for Families|place=Oxford and Portland|publisher=Hart|pages=185–208: 196}}</ref>

== Backbenches, retirement and peerage ==
Joseph stepped down from the Cabinet in 1986, and retired from Parliament at the [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 election]]. He was appointed to the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] in 1986.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=50547 |date=10 June 1986 |page=7729}}</ref> He received a [[life peer]]age in the dissolution honours, being created '''Baron Joseph''', of [[Portsoken]] in the [[City of London]] on 12 October 1987.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=51092 |date=15 October 1987 |page=12747}}</ref> Joseph died on 10 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1994/dec/12/obituaries|title=Keith Joseph obituary|date=1994-12-12|access-date=2021-04-20|website=[[The Guardian]]|last=Biffen|first=John}}</ref>

=== 30-year rule and official documents ===
At the end of 2011, the release of confidential documents under the UK Government's [[30-year rule]] revealed Joseph's thoughts regarding the [[1981 Toxteth riots|Liverpool riots]]. In response to [[Michael Heseltine]]'s regeneration proposal, Joseph suggested that there should be a "managed rundown" of Merseyside instead.<ref name="Gainsbury">{{cite news |last=Gainsbury |first=Sally |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cd6851e2-2d8a-11e1-b5bf-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1i0r4fqrM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211257/https://www.ft.com/content/cd6851e2-2d8a-11e1-b5bf-00144feabdc0#axzz1i0r4fqrM |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Tories debated letting Liverpool 'decline' |newspaper=Financial Times |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=22 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, his private secretary asked for minutes of a meeting to be amended to remove reference to explicit economic regeneration as Joseph believed "it is by no means clear that any such strategy could lead to a viable economic entity".<ref name="Gainsbury" />

==Legacy==
Joseph's 1976 speech "Monetarism Is Not Enough" was described by [[Margaret Thatcher]] as "one of the very few speeches which have fundamentally affected a political generation's way of thinking".<ref>Margaret Thatcher'' The Path to Power'' (London 1995), p. 255</ref> Joseph's political achievement was in pioneering the application of monetarist economics to British political economics, and in developing what would later become known as [[Thatcherism]]. He knew his own limitations, remarking of the prospect of his becoming Leader of the Conservative Party that "it would have been a disaster for the party, country, and me", and he rated himself a failure in office.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} The Sir Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture is held annually by the Centre for Policy Studies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cps.org.uk/events/post/2022/the-sir-keith-joseph-memorial-lecture-2022/ | title=The Sir Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture 2022 }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Joseph was married twice: first, in 1951, to Hellen Guggenheimer, with whom he had four children. They separated in 1978,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rRc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3775%2C6769973 |title=Keith Joseph and wife to part |newspaper=Glasgow Herald |date=30 March 1978 |access-date=22 July 2014 }}</ref> finally divorcing in 1985.<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=55063|title=Joseph, Keith Sinjohn, Baron Joseph (1918–1994)}}</ref>  In 1990 he married Yolanda Sheriff (née Castro), whom he had known since the 1940s.<ref name="ODNB"/>

{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]][[File:Joseph Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Per chevron Gules and barry wavy of ten Azure and Or a Fess embattled of the last masoned Sable in chief a Sun in Splendour Gold
|crest = In front of an Annulet Azure encircling a Tower Gules two Sprigs of Honesty leaved and slipped saltirewise proper
|motto = Incepta perficiam (May I bring to perfection that which I have begun) {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* Denham, Andrew and Mark Garnett. ''Keith Joseph'' (Acumen, 2002)
* Halcrow, Morrison. ''Keith Joseph: A Single Mind'' (Macmillan, 1989)
* Harrison, Brian. "Mrs. Thatcher and the Intellectuals," ''Twentieth Century British History'' (1994) 5#2 pp 206–245.
* Harrison, Brian. "Joseph, Keith Sinjohn, Baron Joseph (1918–1994)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55063, accessed 6 June 2013]
* Moore, Charles. ''Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands'' (2013)
* O'Connell, Jeffrey and Thomas E. O'Connell. "Global Raising and Razing of Statism: The Mirror Roles of Two Law-Trained Englishmen – William Beveridge and Keith Joseph," ''Journal of Law & Politics'' (2000) 16#3 pp 639–662.

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-keith-joseph | Sir Keith Joseph }}
* [http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/displaydocument.asp?docid=101830 Joseph's speech at Edgbaston, 1974]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_keithjoseph.html Excerpt from Commanding Heights by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw]
* [http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/cpa/private/kj.html Sir Keith Joseph papers in the Conservative Party Archive]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= Keith Joseph}}

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