Editing Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics

{{Short description|Research institute specializing in computational mathematics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name            = Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
|native_name     =[[:ru:Институт прикладной математики имени М. В. Келдыша РАН|Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт прикладной математики им. {{nobr|М. В. Келдыша}}]] [[:ru:РАН|Российской академии наук]]
|image           =
|motto           =
|established     =1953
|type            =Public
|endowment       =
|staff           =
|faculty         =
|president       =
|provost         =
|principal       = Alexander Aptekarev
|rector          =
|chancellor      =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean            =
|head_label      =
|head            =
|students        =
|undergrad       =
|postgrad        =155
|doctoral        =91
|profess         =
|city            =Moscow
|state           =
|country         =Russia
|campus          =
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|nickname        =
|affiliations    =[[Russian Academy of Sciences]]
|footnotes       =
|website         =[http://www.keldysh.ru/ www.keldysh.ru]
|address         = Miusskaya pl., 4, 125047  
|coor            = {{Coord|55|46|37.57|N|37|35|24.8|E|region:RU_type:edu|display=title}}
|logo            =
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The '''Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics''' ({{langx|ru|Институт прикладной математики им. М.В.Келдыша, ИПМ}}) is a research institute specializing in [[computation]]al [[mathematics]]. It was established to solve computational tasks related to government programs of [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] and [[Fusion power|fusion]] energy, [[space research]] and [[missile]] technology. The Institute is a part of the Department of Mathematical Sciences of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. The main direction of activity of the institute is the use of [[computer technology]] to solve complex scientific and technical issues of practical importance. Since 2016, the development of mathematical and computational methods for [[biological research]], as well as a direct solution to the problems of [[computational biology]] with the use of such methods, has also been included in the circle of scientific activities of the institute.

==Scientific activity==

===[[Nuclear physics]]===
Theoretical physicist [[Yakov Zeldovich]] headed one of the departments placed in charge of the theoretical aspects of the work on the creation of [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] and [[thermonuclear weapon]]s. [[Alexander Samarskii]] performed the first realistic calculations of macrokinetics of [[chain reaction]] of a [[nuclear explosion]], which led to the practical importance estimated power of nuclear weapons. In relation to nuclear energy, the institute was also involved in modelling of processes of [[neutron transport]] and [[nuclear reaction]]s. In particular, E. Kuznetsov is known for his work on the theory of [[nuclear reactor]]s.

Currently, such work in '''KIAM''' is continuing in the field of [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]] and controlled [[thermonuclear fusion]], which began under the leadership of [[Sergei Kurdyumov]], {{nobr|A. A. Samarskii}}, {{nobr|Yu. P. Popov}}.

===[[Cosmonautics]]===
[[Dmitry Okhotsimsky]] directed the works in the department created for research of the dynamics of [[spaceflight|space flight]]. In 1966, the department was reorganized into the Ballistic Centre.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.kiam1.rssi.ru/ Ballistic centre of KIAM]</ref> The Ballistic Centre was involved in the calculations of optimal orbit trajectory and actual corrections for all space flights, from uncrewed interplanetary and lunar vehicles to the crewed "[[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]]" and orbital station "[[Salyut programme|Salyut]]" and "[[Mir]]". The institute took an active part in the creation of the Soviet space shuttle "[[Buran programme|Buran]]".

'''KIAM''' continues to engage in Russian space projects. Current research is connected with:
* development of systems for management and navigation of space vehicles in real time with the use of [[Satellite navigation|global satellite navigation systems]] [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] and [[GLONASS]];
* exploration of prospects for further interplanetary missions using electric rocket engines; 
* participation in such projects as "[[Spektr-R|RadioAstron]]" and [[Fobos-Grunt]].

===[[Mathematics]] and [[Mathematical modelling|Mathematical Modelling]]===
One of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century [[Israel Gelfand]] was at the head of the Department of heat transmission before his departure for the United States in 1989. He was carrying out the fundamental works on [[functional analysis]], [[algebra]] and [[topology]]. [[Andrey Tikhonov (mathematician)|Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov]] worked initially also in these areas of mathematics. However, Tikhonov is better known for his works of more applied orientation, such as methods for solving [[Well-posed problem|ill-posed problems]] ([[Tikhonov regularization]]). Tikhonov also created the theory of [[differential equation]]s with a [[:ru:Уравнение с малым параметром|small parameter]] at the highest derivative. The general theory of stability of [[Finite difference method|difference schemes]] was developed by {{nobr|A. A. Samarskii}}. Samarskii considered mathematical modelling as an independent scientific discipline. Sergei Kurdyumov created a whole scientific school in [[nonlinear dynamics]] and [[Synergetics (Haken)|synergetics]] in Russia.

Currently, the existing arsenal of numerical methods is updated and improved in response to the growing complexity of the models and the possibilities of modern [[supercomputer]]s. Scientists of KIAM elaborate [[Grid computing|grid methods]] for solving computational problems, which has led, in particular, to the creation of a declarative language "Norma".<ref name="proj_Norma">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.parallel.ru/russia/map/data/project18.html Programming languages and systems "Norma"]</ref>

===[[Computer]]s and [[Computer programming|Programming]]===
The first studies were carried out still on [[mechanical calculator]]s "Mercedes" by a large staff of estimators. Currently, work is underway to create a distributed computing system based on combining several [[supercomputer]]s, which are used for grid – technology and developed a specialized [[operating system]] (DVM).

===[[Robotics]]===
Currently, work on robotics is carried out in:
* the Group of {{nobr|V. E. Pavlovsky}} of the Sector under the guidance of {{nobr|A. K. Platonov}} (virtual football<ref name="proj_football">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.keldysh.ru/pages/robosoccer/ The project "Virtual football" of KIAM RAS]</ref>),
* the Group of {{nobr|S. M. Sokolov}} ([[Computer vision|vision systems]]),
* the Group of {{nobr|V. E. Pryanishnikova}}  (autonomous tracked vehicles).

===[[Computational biology]]===
Since 2016, the sphere of interest of KIAM includes also computational biology problems, which are solved in [[Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology|IMPB RAS – Branch of KIAM RAS]] in [[Pushchino]].

===Specialized research projects===
* The project "[[Spektr-R|RadioAstron]]"
* The project "Norma"<ref name="proj_Norma" />
* The project "DVM"
* The project "GNS"
* The project "grid" (multiprocessor computations)
* The project "Virtual football"<ref name="proj_football" /> 
* [[International Scientific Optical Network]] (ISON)

===Teaching and social activities===
Most of the leading employees of '''KIAM''' worked part-time as professors of the [[Moscow State University]] and [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. {{nobr|A. N. Tikhonov}} was the organizer and first Dean of the [[MSU Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics|Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics]].

{{nobr|I. M. Gelfand}} was engaged in the mathematical education of secondary school pupils.

==History==

===Milestones===
The institute is located in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. In 1978, it is named after [[Mstislav Keldysh]]. The institute was created in 1966 when it split from [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]]. Already as the Department of Applied Mathematics of Steklov Institute it had conducted some outstanding research in the field of space exploration: in 1953 it developed the method of ballistic [[spacecraft]] descent, that was used on 12 April 1961 for [[Yuri Gagarin]]'s return to the Earth, and in 1957 [[Sputnik 1]] orbit was calculated there using the [[computer]] processing of [[observation|optical observation]] data.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.applmat.ru/pages/anniver/achievment/3_appl_mech.htm 50th anniversary of the Institute — Applied celestial mechanics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122700/http://www.applmat.ru/pages/anniver/achievment/3_appl_mech.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

As a result of the reorganization in [[Russian Academy of Sciences|RAS]] of 2015–2016 years<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.keldysh.ru/fano.pdf The order on accession IMPB to the KIAM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306104249/http://www.keldysh.ru/fano.pdf |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology]] became a branch of '''KIAM'''.

===Principals===
* 1953–1978 [[Mstislav Keldysh|Keldysh, Mstislav Vsevolodovich]], President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, mathematician.
* 1978–1989 [[Andrey Tikhonov (mathematician)|Tikhonov, Andrey Nikolayevich]], Academician of RAS, mathematician.
* 1989–1999 [[Sergei_Kurdyumov|Kurdyumov, Sergei Pavlovich]], Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, mathematician.
* 1999–2008 [[:ru:Попов, Юрий Петрович|Popov, Yuriy Petrovich]], Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, mathematician.
* 2008–2015 [[:ru:Четверушкин, Борис Николаевич|Chetverushkin, Boris Nikolaevich]], Academician of RAS, mathematician.
* 2016-2024 [[:ru:Аптекарев, Александр Иванович|Aptekarev, Alexander Ivanovich]], Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, mathematician.
* since 2025 [[:ru:Якобовский, Михаил Владимирович|Yakobovskiy, Mikhail Vladimirovich]], Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, mathematician.

===The organizations that were separated out===
* 1955 — [[Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre]].
* 1965 — [[Russian Space Research Institute|Space Research Institute]], established on the basis of one of the departments of '''KIAM''' to develop scientific space flight programs.
* 1990 — [[:ru:Институт математического моделирования РАН|Institute for Mathematical Modelling]], based on department {{nobr|A. A. Samarskii}}.

===Famous faculty and alumni===
* [[Israel Gelfand|Gelfand, Israel Moiseevich]], Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, mathematician of world renown.
* [[Sergei Godunov|Godunov, Sergei Konstantinovich]], Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, mathematician of world renown.
* [[Alexey Lyapunov|Lyapunov, Alexey Andreevich]], Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of [[cybernetics]] in the [[USSR]].
* [[Dmitry Okhotsimsky|Okhotsimsky, Dmitry Yevgenyevich]], Academician of RAS, [[cosmonautics]] and [[robotics]].
* [[Timur Eneev|Eneev, Timur Magometovich]], Academician of [[Russian Academy of Sciences|RAS]], [[cosmonautics]] and [[cosmogony]]. 
* [[Sergey Yablonsky|Yablonsky, Sergey Vsevolodovich]], Corresponding Member of RAS, one of the founders of [[cybernetics]] in the [[USSR]].
* [[Nikolai Yanenko|Yanenko, Nikolai Nikolaevich]], Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, mathematician and engineer.
* [[Yakov Zeldovich|Zeldovich, Yakov Borisovich]], Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, [[nuclear physics]] and [[astrophysics]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.keldysh.ru/ Institute website]

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[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:Mathematical institutes]]
[[Category:Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in the Soviet Union]]