Editing Kenneth Noland

{{Short description|American abstract painter (1924–2010)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Kenneth Noland
| image         = Kenneth Noland.jpg
| image_size    =
| caption       =
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1924|4|10}}
| birth_place   = [[Asheville, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date    = {{death date and age|2010|1|5|1924|4|10}}
| death_place   = [[Port Clyde, Maine]], U.S.
| known_for     = [[Abstract art]]
| training      = [[Black Mountain College]]
| movement      = [[color field painting]]
| spouse         = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Cornelia Langer|1950|1957|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Stephanie Gordon|1967|1970|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Peggy L. Schiffer|1970|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Paige Rense]]|1994}}
}}
| children       = 4, including [[Cady Noland|Cady]]
| notable_works =
| patrons       =
| awards        =
| website       = {{URL|1=http://www.kennethnoland.com/|2=Official site}}
}}
'''Kenneth Noland''' (April 10, 1924 &ndash; January 5, 2010) was an American painter. He was one of the best-known American [[color field]] painters, although in the 1950s he was thought of as an [[abstract expressionist]] and in the early 1960s as a [[minimalist]] painter. Noland helped establish the [[Washington Color School]] movement. In 1977, he was honored with a major retrospective at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] in New York that then traveled to the [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]] in Washington, D.C., and Ohio's [[Toledo Museum of Art]] in 1978. In 2006, Noland's ''Stripe Paintings'' were exhibited at the [[Tate]] in London.

==Early life and education==
A son of Harry Caswell Noland (1896–1975), a [[pathologist]], and his wife, Bessie (1897–1980), Kenneth Clifton Noland was born in [[Asheville]], [[North Carolina]]. He had four siblings: David, Bill, Neil, and Harry Jr.<ref>Parents' names and siblings from ancestry.com, found in 1930 North Carolina federal census as well as the North Carolina birth register listing of Noland's birth. Records accessed on 7 January 2010.</ref><ref>Noland's younger brother Neil (born 1927) became a sculptor, and like his brother Kenneth, he studied art at [[Black Mountain College]], as did Noland's brother Harry.</ref>

Noland enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 1942 after completing high school. As a veteran of [[World War II]], he took advantage of the [[G.I. Bill]] to study art at [[Black Mountain College]] in his home state of North Carolina.<ref>Obituaries state Noland was drafted in 1942 and served until 1946. An official enlistment record, however, states Noland, then 20, joined the Army Air Corps Reserves as a private at Keesler Field in Biloxi, Mississippi, on 24 May 1944. The record was accessed on ancestry.com on 7 January 2010.</ref> At Black Mountain, where two of his brothers also studied art, Noland studied with [[Ilya Bolotowsky]], a professor who introduced him to [[neoplasticism]] and the work of [[Piet Mondrian]]. Noland also studied [[Bauhaus]] theory and color there under [[Josef Albers]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844770,00.html?promoid=googlep|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102182719/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844770,00.html?promoid=googlep|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2012|title=Painting: Bold Emblems|date=18 April 1969|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> and became interested in [[Paul Klee]]—specifically Klee's sensitivity to color.<ref name="Grimes, William (2010)">{{cite news |last1=Grimes |first1=William |title=Kenneth Noland April 10, 1924 - Jan. 5, 2010 Abstract Painter Favored Brightly Colored Shapes |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=January 23, 2010 |location=Pittlsburgh, Pennsylvania |page=B.3}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:'Beginning', magna on canvas painting by Kenneth Noland, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1958..jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Beginning'' (1958) at the [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]]]]
In 1948 and 1949 Noland worked with [[Ossip Zadkine]] in [[Paris]], and had his first exhibition of his paintings there in 1949. After returning to the U.S., he taught in [[Washington, D.C.]], at [[Catholic University of America|Catholic University]] (1951–1960) and the Institute of Contemporary Arts.<ref>NYT obituary, January 6, 2010</ref> 

In the early 1950s, Noland met [[Morris Louis]] in D.C. while teaching night classes at the Washington Workshop Center for the Arts. He became friends with Louis, and after being introduced by [[Clement Greenberg]] to [[Helen Frankenthaler]] and seeing her new paintings at her studio in [[New York City]] in 1953, he and Louis adopted her "soak-stain" technique of allowing thinned paint to soak into unprimed canvases.<ref>Terry Fenton, online essay about Kenneth Noland, and [[acrylic paint]], [http://www.sharecom.ca/noland/materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121041610/http://www.sharecom.ca/noland/materials |date=2021-01-21 }} accessed April 30th, 2007</ref>
[[File:The Clown, 1959, Kenneth Noland at NGA 2022.jpeg|thumb|right|''The Clown'' (1959) at the [[National Gallery of Art]] in 2022]]

Most of Noland's paintings fall into one of four groups: circles (or targets), [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]], stripes, and [[shaped canvas]]es. His preoccupation with the relationship of the image to the containing edge of the picture led him to a series of studies of concentric rings or bullseyes, commonly called targets, which, like the one reproduced here—''Beginning'' (1958)—used unlikely color combinations. This also led Noland away from Louis in 1958. 

In 1964, he was included in the exhibition ''[[Post-Painterly Abstraction]]'' curated by [[Clement Greenberg]],<ref>"[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/ppaessay.html Clement Greenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712233900/http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/ppaessay.html |date=2018-07-12 }}". ''Post-Painterly Abstraction''. Retrieved January 11, 2010.</ref> which traveled the country and helped to firmly establish [[color field painting]] as an important new movement in contemporary art of the 1960s. Noland pioneered the [[shaped canvas]], initially with a series of symmetrical and asymmetrical diamonds or chevrons. In these paintings, the edges of the canvas become as structurally important as the center. 

During the 1970s and 1980s his [[shaped canvas]]es were highly irregular and asymmetrical. These resulted in increasingly complex structures of highly sophisticated and controlled color and surface integrity.

==Technique==
Instead of painting the canvas with a brush, Noland's style was to stain the canvas with color. This idea sought to remove the artist through brushstrokes. This made the piece about the art, not the artist. He emphasized spatial relationships in his work by leaving unstained, bare canvas as a contrast against the colors used throughout his paintings. Noland used simplified abstraction so the design would not detract from the use of color.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Noland-April.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-01 |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128134804/https://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Noland-April.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Noland's students included the sculptor [[Jennie Lea Knight]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennie Lea Knight|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/jennie-lea-knight-2670|access-date=9 June 2021|website=Smithsonian American Art Museum}}</ref> and painter [[Alice Mavrogordato]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Korotin|first=Ilse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5pVDAAAQBAJ|title=biografiA: Lexikon österreichischer Frauen|date=2016-05-19|publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien|isbn=978-3-205-79590-2|pages=354–355|language=de|trans-title=biografiA: Lexicon of Austrian Women|chapter=Blum Mavrogordato, Alice}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Noland was married to:<ref>Writer, artist, and arts administrator Michael Fallon has claimed that his maternal grandmother, Billie Ruth Sinclair (7 July 1925 - 2008), was Noland's first wife and that their brief marriage took place in Asheville, North Carolina in the mid-1940s. He wrote about the marriage in a 2007 essay on the website of Minnesota Artists (mnartists.org), a joint project of the [[Walker Arts Center]] and the [[McKnight Foundation]].{{cite web|url=http://www.mnartists.org/article.do?rid%3D13691 |access-date=January 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142453/http://www.mnartists.org/article.do?rid=13691 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }} A search on ancestry.com on 7 January 2010 revealed Kenneth C. Noland's Army Air Corps enlistment record, dated 24 May 1944, at Keesler Field, Biloxi, Mississippi, in which Pvt. Noland declares his marital status as "married", though the name of his wife is not listed.</ref>

* Cornelia Langer, a daughter of the U.S. senator from [[North Dakota]] [[William Langer]]. They married in 1950 and divorced in 1957.<ref name="Hainley Artforum 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Hainley |first1=Bruce |author1-link=Bruce Hainley |title=The Picture of Little C.N. in a Prospect of Horrors |journal=[[Artforum]] |date=January 2019 |volume=57 |issue=5 |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/bruce-hainley-on-the-art-of-cady-noland-241601/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |url-access=limited }}</ref> They had three children: daughters [[Cady Noland|Cady]] and Lyndon (a.k.a. Lyn) and a son, William.<ref>Noland's children have followed in their father's artistic footsteps. [[Cady Noland]] (born 1956) is an installation artist and [[Conceptual art|Conceptual]] sculptor, Lyn Noland is a sculptor and [[Emmy award]]-winning camerawoman, and William Langer Noland is a photographer and sculptor and serves as an associate professor of the visual arts at [[Duke University]].</ref><ref>''Current Biography Yearbook 1972'', page 330</ref>
* Stephanie Gordon, a psychologist, lived with Noland from November 1964 until June 1970. They married in April 1967 and divorced in June 1970.<ref>''World Artists, 1950-1980'' (H. W. Wilson, 1980), page 626</ref>
* Peggy L. Schiffer, an art historian. They married circa 1970, and had a son, Samuel Jesse.<ref>Matt Schudel, "Kenneth Noland, 85: Abstract Painter, a founder of Washington Color School", ''The Washington Post'', 7 January 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604913.html|title=Kenneth Noland, 85; abstract painter, a founder of Washington Color School|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>"Painting: Bold Emblems", ''Time'', 18 April 1969</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844770,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214144331/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844770,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 14, 2008|title=Painting: Bold Emblems|date=18 April 1969|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>
* [[Paige Rense]], editor in chief of ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', whom he married in [[Bennington, Vermont]], on April 10, 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/13/garden/finding-sleaze-amid-the-chintz.html|title=Finding Sleaze Amid the Chintz|date=13 March 1997|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>Date and place of marriage established through ancestry.com and viewing of the ''Vermont Marriage Index, 1989-2001''.</ref> Noland was her fourth husband; her previous spouses included [[Arthur F. Rense]].

Noland had an affair in the 1960s with artist and socialite [[Mary Pinchot Meyer]].<ref>Sally Bedell Smith, ''Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House'' (Random House, 2005), page 234</ref>

==Death==
Noland died of [[kidney cancer]] at his home in [[Port Clyde, Maine]], on January 5, 2010, at the age of 85.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |title=Kenneth Noland, Color Field Artist, Is Dead at 85 |first=Roberta |last=Smith
 |author-link=Roberta Smith |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 5, 2010 |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/05/kenneth-noland-color-field-artist-is-dead-at-85/ |access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
Noland had his first solo exhibition at Galerie Raymond Creuze in Paris in 1948. In 1957, he had his first New York solo exhibition at the [[Tibor de Nagy Gallery]].<ref>Terry Fenton, online about Kenneth Noland, [http://www.sharecom.ca/noland/chronology] accessed January 6th, 2010</ref> In 1964, Noland occupied half the American pavilion at the [[Venice Biennale]].<ref name="Kenneth Noland">[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/1108 Kenneth Noland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185658/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/1108 |date=2013-10-29 }} [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York.</ref> In 1965, his work was exhibited at the [[Washington Gallery of Modern Art]] and the [[Jewish Museum (New York)]]. Noland's final solo exhibition, ''Kenneth Noland Shaped Paintings 1981–82'', opened on October 29, 2009, at the Leslie Feely Fine Art Gallery on East 68th Street in [[New York City]] and was scheduled to close on January 9, 2010 (though the closing date was later extended to January 16).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/gallery/369/leslie-feely-fine-art.html|title=Leslie Feely}}</ref> In 2010, Noland was honored with a solo presentation of his work at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]], entitled ''Kenneth Noland, 1924–2010: A Tribute''.<ref name="Kenneth Noland"/> In addition, his work has been the subject of solo exhibitions at a range of international institutions, including the [[Museo de Arte Moderno]], Mexico City (1983); [[Bilbao Fine Arts Museum|Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao]], Bilbao, Spain (1985); [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]] (2004); [[Tate Liverpool|Tate]], Liverpool (2006); and [[Butler Institute of American Art]], Youngstown, Ohio (1986 and 2007).

==Influence==
In 1984, US menswear designer [[Alexander Julian]] incorporated Noland's designs and coloring in his knitwear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sustendal |first1=Diane |title=Men's Style: Patterned Sweaters |journal=The New York Times |date=1984-10-07 |page=105 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/07/magazine/men-s-style-patterned-sweaters.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |quote=Alexander Julian, long an admirer of Kenneth Noland's work, interpreted the artist's graphic linear patterns into more than one of his sweaters.}}</ref>

==Selected museum collections==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]], [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [[Art Gallery of South Australia]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
* [[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Chicago]], Illinois
* [[Australian National Gallery]], [[Canberra]], Australia
* [[Baltimore Museum of Art]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
* [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Boston]], Massachusetts
* [[Butler Institute of American Art]], [[Youngstown, Ohio]]
* [[Centre Pompidou]], [[Paris]], France
* [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], [[Cleveland]], Ohio
* [[Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts]], [[Columbus, Ohio]]
* [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Des Moines Art Center]], [[Des Moines, Iowa]]
* [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], [[Detroit]], Michigan
* [[Empire State Plaza#Art collection|Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection]], [[Albany, New York]]
* [[Fogg Art Museum]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
* [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], Washington, D.C.
* [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zürich]], Switzerland
* [[Kunstmuseum Basel]], [[Basel]], Switzerland
* [[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen]], [[Düsseldorf]], Germany
* [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], California
* [[Louisiana Museum of Modern Art|Louisiana Museum]], [[Humlebaek]], Denmark
* [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]]
* [[Milwaukee Art Museum]], [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin
* [[Minneapolis Institute of Arts]], [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
* [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Info|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1753.html|access-date=June 9, 2021|website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref>
* [[North Carolina Museum of Art]], [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]
* [[Norton Simon Museum]], [[Pasadena, California]]
* [[Pérez Art Museum Miami]], [[Miami]], Florida
* [[Phillips Collection]], Washington, D.C.
* [[Rose Art Museum]], [[Brandeis University]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]
* [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York
* [[St. Louis Art Museum]], [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
* [[Stedelijk Museum]], [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
* [[Tate]], [[London]], England
* [[Wadsworth Atheneum]], [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
* [[Walker Art Center]], [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
* [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], New York
}}

==Selected works==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* (1958) ''Ex-Nihilio''
* (1958) ''Lunar Episode''
* (1958) ''Beginning''
* (1958) ''Inside''
* (1958) ''Heat''
* (1959) ''And Half''
* (1959) ''Split''
* (1959) ''Extent''
* (1960) ''Back and Front''
* (1960) ''Earthen Bound''
* (1960) ''Play''
* (1961) ''Highlights''
* (1961) ''Epigram''
* (1961) ''Turnsole''
* (1963) ''Ringing Bell''
* (1963) ''Drifting''
* (1963) ''Thrust''
* (1963) ''East-West''
* (1963) ''New Light''
* (1963) ''Cadmium Radiance''
* (1964) ''Baba Yagga''
* (1964) ''Halfway''
* (1964) ''And Again''
* (1964) ''Tropical Zone''
* (1964) ''Trans West''
* (1965) ''Stack''
* (1966) ''Galore''
* (1966) ''Sound''
* (1967) ''Summer Plain''
* (1967) ''Stria''
* (1967) ''Open End''
* (1968) ''Transvaries''
* (1969) ''Pan''
* (1973) ''Interlocking Color''
* (1973) ''Under Color''
* (1975) ''Burnt Beige''
* (1978) ''Oasis''
* (1978) ''Tune'' 
* (1985) ''Snow and Ice''
* (1989) ''Doors: Time Ahead''
* (1999) ''Refresh''
* (2000) ''Mysteries: Infanta''
* (2000) ''Mysteries: Afloat''

}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Gowing, L (ed.) 1995, ''A Biographical Dictionary of Artists'', Rev. edn, Andromeda Oxford Limited, Oxfordshire.

==Further reading==
* "Kenneth Noland." ''Contemporary Artists'', 4th ed. St. James Press, 1996. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.
* "Kenneth Noland: Color, Format and Abstract Art." Interview by Diane Waldman (1977), in: ''Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art'', edited by K. Stiles and P. Selz, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp.&nbsp;94–98.
* "Kenneth Noland." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104164656/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844770-1,00.html "Painting: Bold Emblems", an 18 April 1969 profile of Kenneth Noland in ''Time'' magazine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104164707/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918926-1,00.html "Art: Pure, Uncluttered Hedonism", a 2 May 1977 review of Kenneth Noland's work by Robert Hughes of ''Time'' magazine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104164718/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,833438-1,00.html "Painting: Peacock Duo", an 8 May 1965 examination of Kenneth Noland's work]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://nga.gov.au/internationalprints/tyler/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=19067&List=True&CREIRN=19067&ORDER_SELECT=13&VIEW_SELECT=5&GrpNam=12&TNOTES=TRUE Kenneth Noland in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327051218/http://nga.gov.au/InternationalPrints/Tyler/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=19067&List=True&CREIRN=19067&ORDER_SELECT=13&VIEW_SELECT=5&GrpNam=12&TNOTES=TRUE |date=2012-03-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929230144/http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/kennethnoland/ Tate08 Series: Kenneth Noland: The Stripe Paintings] exhibition at Tate Liverpool, England, 2006
* [http://www.theartstory.org/artist-noland-kenneth.htm#] TheArtStory.com/Kenneth_Noland
* [http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Noland-April.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329172448/http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Noland-April.htm |date=2012-03-29 }} Kenneth Noland at The Phillips Collection
* [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/05/kenneth-noland-color-field-artist-is-dead-at-85/ ''New York Times'' artblog by Roberta Smith]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215400/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/1108/Kenneth%20Noland Noland's works at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/06/arts/06noland.html ''New York Times'' Obituary]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604913.html ''Washington Post'' Obituary]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jan/08/kenneth-noland-obituary ''The Guardian'' Obituary] and [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jan/11/kenneth-noland-obituary-letter letter from Anthony Caro]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kenneth-noland-american-abstract-artist-who-gave-rise-to-colour-field-painting-1865998.html ''The Independent'' Obituary]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525031607/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6981167.ece |date=May 25, 2010 |title=Times Online Obituary }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noland, Kenneth}}
[[Category:American contemporary painters]]
[[Category:20th-century American painters]]
[[Category:American male painters]]
[[Category:American abstract painters]]
[[Category:Minimalist artists]]
[[Category:Abstract expressionist artists]]
[[Category:Artists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Painters from North Carolina]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:Black Mountain College alumni]]
[[Category:Artists from Asheville, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Military personnel from North Carolina]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Maine]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney cancer in the United States]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American printmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]