Editing Khojki script

{{Short description|Abugida script}}
{{About|the script|the language|Luwati language}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name        = Khojkī
| altname     = {{script|Khoj|𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮}}
| type        = [[Abugida]]
| sample      = Shukla Khojki.svg
| languages   = [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| time        = 15th century — 20th century
| region      = India, Pakistan, Sindh
| fam1        = [[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
| fam2        = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam3        = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| footnotes   = 
| fam4        = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| fam5        = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam6        = [[Śāradā script|Śāradā]]
| fam7        = [[Laṇḍā scripts|Landa]]
| sisters     = [[Gurmukhi]], [[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]], [[Mahajani]], [[Multani script|Multani]]
| iso15924    = Khoj
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11200.pdf U+11200&ndash;U+1124F]<br />
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11021-khojki.pdf Final&nbsp;Accepted&nbsp;Script&nbsp;Proposal]
| note        = none
}}
{{brahmic}}
'''Khojkī''' or '''Khojā Sindhī''' ({{langx|sd|خوجڪي}} <small>([[Arabic script]])</small> खोजकी <small> ([[Devanagari]])</small>), is a script used formerly and almost exclusively by the [[Khoja]] community of parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Punjab]]. However, this script also had a further reach and was used by members of Ismaili communities from Burma to East and South Africa.<ref name=":1"/> The Khojki script is one of the earliest forms of written [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Khojki Script |journal=Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100035939 |language=en}}</ref> The name "Khojki" is likely derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''khoja'', which means "master", or "lord".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surani |first=Iqbal |date=2017 |title=Satpanthī Khoja-s to Shīʿa Imāmī Ismāʿīlī Ṭarīqa The Construction of Religious Identity of the Khoja-s Imāmī Ismāʿīlī of South Asia. |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/19585705-12341346. |journal=Studia Islamica|volume=112 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1163/19585705-12341346 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As a scholarly article from 2022 has demonstrated, referring to the script as "Khojki" is a relatively new phenomenon, coined by the Russian scholar Wladimir Ivanow. This neologism began to replace the original terms used by Ismailis such as Sindhi and (when necessary to distinguish it from other forms of Sindhi script) Khwajah Sindhi. By this, they did not necessarily mean the Sindhi language, but rather the script utilized by their community, known as the Khwajahs or Khojas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virani |first=Shafique N. |date=2022-01-01 |title=Khwājah Sindhi (Khojki): Its Name, Manuscripts and Origin |url=https://www.academia.edu/83720175 |journal=Texts, Scribesand Transmission |pages=280}}</ref> To avoid confusion, the British administrative bureaucracy added the term Khwajah, referring to the script as "Khwajah Sindhi" The Ismailis sometimes did the same to distinguish the script from the language, as well as from other scripts used in Sindh.

The Khwajah Ismaili community continued using the traditional term ‘Sindhi’ alongside the neologism ‘Khojki.’ However, many scholars writing in English and other Western languages dropped the traditional term ‘Sindhi’ was adopting the invented term ‘Khojki.’

The script was employed primarily to record Ismaili religious and devotional literature; most notably in the form of poetry called ''gināns'' (a term derived from the Sanskrit ''jnāna'' meaning contemplative knowledge).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=25}}</ref> Khojkī belongs to a family of scripts classified as ''landā'' or ‘clipped’ alphabets primarily employed as commercial and mercantile scripts by various Hindu communities of Sind and Punjab.<ref>Bruce, Juan, “The Origins, Evolution, and Decline of the Khojki Script,” Dissertation, University of Reading, 2015), p. 33.</ref> It is one of the two [[Landa scripts|Landā scripts]] used for liturgy, the other being the [[Gurmukhī alphabet]], which is associated with [[Sikhism]].<ref name="Asani 2002 106">{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=106}}</ref>

==History and evolution of the script==
[[File:Ginan pir shams.jpg|thumb|[[Ginans|Ginan]] attributed to [[Pir Shams]] from Mahan.]]
According to the Nizari Ismaili tradition [[Pir Sadardin]], the 15th-century ''dā’ī'' (preacher), invented the Khojkī script.  While it is now firmly established through epigraphic evidence that the script predates the arrival of the ''dā’ī'' in the form of the Lohānākī or Lārī script, scholars argue that it is very likely that Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn did in fact play a pivotal role in the evolution, refinement, and the more widespread use of the script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=101}}</ref> Dr. Ali Asani, a leading scholar of Ismaili literature and one of the very few academics to systematically study Khojkī manuscripts concludes: "we may surmise that Khojkī is most likely a polished or more developed form of Lohānakī with the legendary Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn perhaps having played a role in its evolution."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=126}}</ref>

The early versions of this script were primarily used for trade and mercantilist documentation and by their nature were not well equipped to record literature. Several main issues included: a very limited vowel system, lack of separation between words, inconsistent orthography, together with redundant and ambiguous characters. However, it is important to note that despite the apparent deficiencies of the script this did not mean that there were not already widespread local literary traditions, but rather that they existed primarily in oral forms. Over time solutions to some of these major issues were introduced into the script, with one of the most significant being the development of medial vowel marks called ''lākanā.''<ref>Asani later notes that “it is possible that the ''dā’ī'' Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn, whom the tradition credits with the invention of the script, may have been responsible rather for introducing the ''lākanā'' and possibly other refinements to Kohjkī.” See ''Ecstasy and Enlightenment'', 104.</ref> A colon-like form of punctuation was also introduced to distinguish between words. Although these developments came rather early and facilitated the recording of ''gināns,'' based on manuscript evidence, it can be inferred that the scrip was continuously evolving right up until the late 19th century. However, it was a common practice for old and deteriorating manuscripts to be respectfully destroyed upon being recopied, thus making tracing the evolution of the script across time a challenge. Apart from the unknown number of manuscripts in private collections, there are currently three institutional collections at the ITREB-Pakistan (Ismaili Tariqa and Religious Education Board) in Karachi, at the IIS (Institute of Ismaili Studies) in London, and at Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=107}}</ref>

In adapting to new printing technologies, the Khojkī script entered a new stage of its development in the early 20th century under the auspice of Lāljī Devrājī, who compiled, edited, and published a range of materials in Khojkī through his Khoja Sindhi Printing Press in Bombay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=108}}</ref> Despite these efforts to utilize various new printing technologies, Dr. Asani reflects that "ironically, the introduction of printing may have also sounded the deathknell for the script."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=109}}</ref> Several factors contributed to this decline. During the early 20th century, the "publication of religious literature was centralized and brought under the control of community institutions."<ref name=":0" /> While on the one hand this larger institutional backing aided in more widespread availability and distribution of texts in Khojkī. On the other, "regional variations were a serious problem" because of the "lack of uniformity in the script in different geographical areas."<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, efforts made by the Ismaili Imamate institution to standardize rituals and shift away from the more "Indic" elements that became part of religious, cultural, and linguistic identity of Khoja communities also played a significant role in the shift away from using the Khojkī script.<ref>Bruce, Juan, “The Origins, Evolution, and Decline of the Khojki Script” (Dissertation, University of Reading, 2015), 61. See also Michel Boivin, “Gināns and the Management of the Religious Heritage of the Ismaili Khojas in Sindh,” In ''Gināns: Texts and Contexts'' (Delhi: Primus Books, 2010).</ref> Even though Khojkī is no longer a "living script" access to this corpus can provide unique insights into the ways in which the Ismaili tradition grew and adapted in this specific cultural context, as well as offering insights into how this community envisioned and constructed their own history and identity.

== Script and identity ==
As is explained by Michel Boivin, for the contemporary Khoja community, because the ''gināns'' are at the core of the Khoja religious heritage, "they quickly became a crucial stake in the process of identity construction."<ref>Boivin, Michel, “Gināns and the Management of the Religious Heritage of the Ismaili Khojas in Sindh,” In ''Gināns: Texts and Contexts'' (Delhi: Primus Books, 2010), 47.</ref> Asani argues that "in the Ismaili case the adoption of the Khojkī script, a ‘local’ script, was probably part of the attempt to make religious literature more accessible by recording it in a script with which the local population had the greatest familiarity."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali |title=Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |pages=105}}</ref> In reflecting upon the larger history of the script and the literary tradition Asani also posits several other reasons as to why Khojkī was adopted and continuously refined by the local Ismaili community:<blockquote>…by providing an exclusive means of written expression commonly shared by Ismailis living in the three regions (Sind, Punjab and Gujrat), was influential in the development of the cohesion and self-identity within a widely scattered and linguistically diverse religious community. No doubt the script facilitated the flow and the transmission of religious literature from one area to another. Use of the script may have also served to confine religious literature within the community—this precaution being necessary to avoid persecution from outsiders not in agreement with the community’s doctrines and practices. In this respect, Khojkī may have served the same purpose as the secret languages, such as the so-called ''Balabailān'' language, used by Muslim mystics to hide their more esoteric thoughts from the common people.<ref name="Asani 2002 106"/></blockquote>

==Characters==
[[File:First page of the Khat Nirinjan composition written in Khojki script, ca.1895.jpg|thumb|First page of the Khat Nirinjan composition written in Khojki script, 1895]]
Traditionally, diphthong vowels were written as a combination of vowel forms, and there were multiple forms of writing some of them. This is also true of the virama. There are also contextual variants of consonant-vowel combinations for some vowels, as is found in the [[Modi script]]. For conjuncts, there are a few 'inherent' conjuncts found in most Indic scripts, such as ''ksa, jna'', and ''tra'', and ''dra'' is also found in addition. Most consonants are written using the virama pattern, as is found in the [[Saurashtra script]] or in the [[Tamil script]], but some are written with a reduced consonant form on the second consonant in the cluster, typically with ra and ya. Gemination is indicated with the Arabic shadda, while nasalization is indicated with an anusvara that is reminiscent of Devanagari in position but of [[Telugu script|Telugu]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], or [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] in shape. The nukta is composed of three dots, similar to the three dots found in modifying historically Arabic letters in the Persian script, and it is added to certain letters to form Arabic sounds. They can sometimes be ambiguous, with the nukta over the same letter sometimes mapping to multiple Arabic letters, as in ''ja'' or as in ''sa''. Punctuation exists for marking word boundaries using colon-like marks, section boundaries using a combination of colon-like marks and double danda-like marks, and other Latin punctuation is also present. Abbreviation marks are represented by a small circle to the side, as is found in Modi and in [[Goykanadi]]. Verse numbering is indicated by an overline and digits and number forms typically use those found throughout North India in the region. Some additional letters and forms have been found, are detailed in the Unicode Proposal, and are being researched.

Over time some of the characters represented different sounds, which makes it difficult to read certain texts with the historical phonological values as compared to those with the modern phonological values known to most modern readers of published Ismaili literature. This is particularly true of the implosives, aspirants, and normal forms of ''ba, da,'' and ''ja'', which shifted to render the implosive letter as a normal letter phonologically, the normal letter as an aspirant letter phonologically, and rendered the aspirant letter unnecessary. The implosive for ''ja'' began to represent ''za''.

==Unicode==
{{Main article|Khojki (Unicode block)|Common Indic Number Forms|l2=Common Indic Number Forms (Unicode block)}}
Khojki script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Khojki is U+11200&ndash;U+1124F:

{{Unicode chart Khojki}}

Number forms and unit marks used in Khojki documents are located in the Common Indic Number Forms Unicode block (U+A830&ndash;U+U+A83F):<ref name="n3978">{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Anshuman |date=2011-01-28 |title=N3978: Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11021-khojki.pdf |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2}}</ref>

{{Unicode chart Common Indic Number Forms}}

==See also==
* [[Khoja]]
* [[Ginans]]
* [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
* [[Kutchi language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat}}
{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Ismailism]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Sindhi language]]