Editing Konkani language

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Konkani
| nativename       = {{hlist|{{lang|kok|कोंकणी}}|{{lang|kok|Konknni}}|{{lang|kok|ಕೊಂಕಣಿ}}|{{lang|kok|കൊങ്കണി}}|{{lang|kok|کونکنی}}}}<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|kok|kõkɳi|}}
| ethnicity        = [[Konkani people|Konkani]]
| image            = Konkani language.svg
| imagecaption     = The word "Konkani" written in the official script of Devanagari<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>
| imagescale       = 
| states           = [[Languages of India|India]]
| region           = [[Southern India|Southern]] and [[Western India]] ([[Konkan region]]) 
*[[Goa]] 
*coastal areas of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and some parts of [[Kerala]] 
*[[Gujarat]] (in the [[Dang district, Gujarat|Dang district]]) 
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<ref name="kenya">{{cite book|last=Whiteley |first=Wilfred Howell |title=Language in Kenya|year= 1974|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=589}}</ref><ref name="curzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Denis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-673-5|page=158}}</ref>
| speakers         = 2.26 million
| date             = 2011 census
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Zone]]
| fam5             = [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]]
| dia1             = '''Dialect groups''': Karnataka Konkani, Goan Konkani, [[Maharashtrian Konkani]], Kerala Konkani
| dia2             = '''Individual dialects''': [[Malvani dialect|Malvani]], Chitpavani, Antruz, Bardeskari, Saxtti, [[Nawayathi dialect|Nawayati]], Mangalorean Catholic, [[Southern Saraswat Konkani|Southern Saraswat]], Daldi (Nakhuda dialect), Pednekari, Koli and [[Agri dialect|Aagri]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=10 April 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=9788177552713|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| script           = *Present
**[[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] ([[Balbodh]], official)
**[[Latin script]]<ref group="note">Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script. {{Cite web|date=1996|title=Panchayat Raj Act And Rules|url=https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100 |archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610181357/https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100|url-status=live|access-date=|website=panchayatsgoa.gov.in}}</ref>
**[[Kannada script]]<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref group="note">The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance. However, in the state of Karnataka, Konkani is used in the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script.</ref>
**[[Malayalam script]]<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>
**[[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]]<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> 
*Past
**[[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]
**[[Goykanadi]]
**[[Modi script]]
| nation           = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
** [[Goa]]<ref name="goacom2049"/>
| agency           = [[Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy]] and the [[Government of Goa]]<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf|title=The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=5 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010627/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2009}}</ref>
| iso2             = kok
| iso3             = kok
| lc1              = gom
| ld1              = Goan Konkani
| lc2              = knn
| ld2              = [[Maharashtrian Konkani]]
| glotto           = goan1235
| glottoname       = Goan Konkani
| glotto2          = konk1267
| glottoname2      = Konkan Marathi
| map              = Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png
| mapcaption       = Distribution of native Konkani speakers in India
| notice           = Indic
| notice2          = IPA
}}

'''Konkani''',{{refn|Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called [[Konkan]], on the western coast of India. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the [[Daman Ganga River]] to the north and the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]] to the south; the north–south length is about 650 km and the east–west breadth is about 50&nbsp;km. The dialect spoken in Goa, coastal Karnataka and in some parts of Northern Kerala has distinct features and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lisindia.net/konkani/konkani.html | title=Konkani Language and History | accessdate=18 March 2011 | date=6 July 2009 | publisher=Language Information Service}}</ref>|group=note}} ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|kok|कोंकणी}}, [[Konkani in the Roman script|Romi]]: {{lang|kok|Konknni}}, [[Kannada script|Kannada]]: {{lang|kok|ಕೊಂಕಣಿ}}, [[Koleluttu]]: {{lang|kok|കൊങ്കണി}},  [[Nastaliq]]: {{lang|kok|کونکنی}};<ref name="MadhaviSardesai" /> [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Kōṅkṇī}}, {{IPA|kok|kõkɳi|IPA}}) formerly '''Concani''' or '''Concanese''', is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by the [[Konkani people]], primarily in the [[Konkan]] region, along the western [[coast of India]]. It is one of the 22 [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled languages]] mentioned in the [[Indian Constitution]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages- India/ States/ Union Territories – 2001 Census}}</ref> and the official language of the Indian state of [[Goa]]. It is also spoken in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardona, Jain|first=George, Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 9780415772945|pages=1088 pages (see page:803–804)}}</ref> [[Gujarat]] as well as [[Damaon, Diu & Silvassa]].

Konkani is a member of the [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Indo-Aryan language]] group. It retains elements of [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] structures and shows similarities with both [[Indo-Aryan languages#Western Zone|Western]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages#Eastern Zone|Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardona, Jain|first=George, Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|pages=1088 pages (see page:834)}}</ref> The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD.<ref name="goatourism.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/people/language|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - Language|last=Administrator|publisher=goatourism.gov.in}}</ref>

There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from [[Damaon]] in the north to [[Karwar]] in the south; most of which are only partially mutually intelligible with one another due to a lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in [[Nagpore]], [[Surat]], [[Cochin]], [[Mangalore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Karachi]], [[New Delhi]] etc.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579522 | title=Goan community celebrates World Goa Day | date=14 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goans-mourn-demise-of-karachi-goa-founder/88662.html | title=Goans mourn demise of Karachi GOA founder }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/delhi-cabinet-approves-set-up-of-konkani-academy-in-city-cm-kejriwal-1757157-2021-01-08 | title=Delhi Cabinet approves set-up of Konkani Academy in city: CM Kejriwal | date=8 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gsbahmedabad.org/about | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103201634/https://www.gsbahmedabad.org/about | archive-date=3 November 2022 | title=About &#124; the Gowd Saraswath Samaj }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0I5AQAAIAAJ&q=surat+konkani | title=Reorganization of States in India with Particular Reference to the Formation of Maharashtra: Being the Memorandum Submitted by the Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad to the States Reorganization Commission | last1=Parishad | first1=Samyukta Maharashtra | year=1954 }}</ref> Dialects such as [[Malvani language|Malvani]], Chitpavani, Damani,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Damani+Maharashtri+Konkani&pg=RA3-PA134 | title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set | isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 | last1=Frawley | first1=William | date=May 2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA }}</ref> [[Koli Christians|Koli]] & [[Aagri]] in Maharashtra; are threatened by [[language assimilation]] into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani [[states and territories of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkanis-to-be-blamed-for-lingos-precarious-state/articleshow/65494285.cms|title='Konkanis to be blamed for lingo's precarious state' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2018 |accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/AJVHke7VvvvVPerV1jv8WO/Konkani-a-language-in-crisis.html|title=Konkani: a language in crisis|first=Vivek|last=Menezes|date=8 September 2017|website=mint|accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Classification==
Konkani belongs to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] branch. It is part of the [[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani group]] of the southern Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |page=449}}</ref> It is inflexive, and less distant from [[Sanskrit]] as compared to other modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of [[Prakrit]] vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over the years.<ref name=paisaci>{{cite book|last=Menezes|first=Armando|title=Essays on Konkani language and literature: Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume|year=1970|publisher=Konkani Sahitya Prakashan|pages=118 pages (see page:2)}}</ref>

==Names and their etymology==
It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as ''Prakrit'' by its speakers.<ref name=pak>{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages}}</ref> Reference to the name ''Konkani'' is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name ''Konkani'' is in "[[Abhanga]] 263" of the 13th century  [[Hindu religion|Hindu]] Marathi saint poet, [[Namadeva]] (1270–1350).<ref name=nam>{{cite book|title=V.J.P. Saldanha|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 9788126020287|pages=81 pages}}</ref> Konkani has been known by a variety of names: ''Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana,'' and ''Goani''. Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it ''Gomantaki''.<ref>M. Saldanha 717. J. Thekkedath, however, quotes Jose Pereira to the following effect: "A lay brother of the College of St Paul around 1563 composed the first grammar of Konkani. His work was continued by Fr Henry Henriques and later by Fr Thomas Stephens. The grammar of Fr Stephens was ready in manuscript form before the year 1619." (Jose Pereira, ed., "Gaspar de S. Miguel's Arte da Lingoa Canarim, parte 2a, Sintaxis copiossisima na lingoa Bramana e pollida," ''Journal of the University of Bombay'' [Sept. 1967] 3–5, as cited in J. Thekkedath, ''History of Christianity in India, vol. II: From the Middle of the Sixteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century (1542–1700)'' [Bangalore: TPI for CHAI, 1982] 409).</ref>

Konkani was commonly referred to as ''Língua Canarim'' by the Portuguese<ref name="rai">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=30–70|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> and ''Língua Brahmana'' by Catholic missionaries.<ref name="rai" /> The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as ''Língua Concanim''.<ref name="rai" /> The name ''Canarim'' or ''Língua Canarim'', which is how the 16th century European [[Jesuit]] [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]] refers to it in the title of his famous work ''[[Arte da lingoa Canarim]]'' has always been intriguing. It is possible that the term is derived from the Persian word for coast, ''kinara''; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with ''Kanarese'' or [[Kannada]].<ref>Arte Canarina na lingoa do Norte. Anonymous MS, edited by Cunha Rivara under the title: Gramática da Língua Concani no dialecto do Norte, composta no seculo XVII por um Missionário Português; e agora pela primeira vez dada à estampa (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1858). Cunha Rivara suggested that the author was either a Franciscan or a Jesuit residing in Thana on the island of Salcete; hence the reference to a 'Portuguese missionary' in the title.</ref><ref>Portuguese chronicler [[João de Barros]] (1552) ''Decadas de Asia'', Dec. I, Bk.9, ch.1, says that the western Ghats ("serra Gate") goes along the coast, and forms a long and thin strip of coastal land "they call Concan, and its people properly called Concanis, but we call them Canarese." (Barros, p.295-96).  He differentiates the "Concanis" people on the coast from the "Decanis" people east of the Ghats.  He identifies the "Rio Bate" ([[Thane Creek]] of Mumbai) as the northern border of this Concan region.  But he sets the "rio Aliga" ([[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]]) as the political boundary between the "Kingdom of Decan" ([[Deccan sultanates]]) and the "Province of Canará" (vassal of "Bisnaga", [[Vijayanagara Empire]]).</ref> All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the [[plebeian]], called ''Canarim'', and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called ''Língua Canarim Brâmana'' or simply ''Brâmana de Goa''. The latter was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes.<ref>Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37)'' 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, ''A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992'' (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.</ref>

There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani:
* V. P. Chavan states that the etymology of Konkan and hence Konkani is derived from the Kannada word ''konku'' meaning '<nowiki/>''uneven ground''<nowiki/>'. The Kannada origin suggests that Konkana might have included Kannada territory and '<nowiki/>''uneven ground''<nowiki/>' suggests the hilly nature of the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=The Ebbs and Tides of Konkan {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-ebbs-and-tides-of-konkan/articleshow/52511618.cms |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''Konku'' in Kannada also means that which is '<nowiki/>''not straight'<nowiki/>'' and is '<nowiki/>''crooked'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chavan |first=V. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXAaAQAAIAAJ |title=The Konkan and the Konkani Language |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-206-0666-1 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>
* The word Konkan comes from the Kukkana ([[Kokna]]) tribe, who were the original inhabitants of the land where Konkani originated.<ref name="manohar">{{cite book | title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 | author=Saradesāya, Manohararāya | year=2000 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | location=New Delhi | pages=1–3 | isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref>
* According to some texts of [[Purana]]s, [[Parashurama]] shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his arrow landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as [[Konkan]] meaning ''piece of earth'' or ''corner of earth'', ''kōṇa'' (corner) + ''kaṇa'' (piece). This legend is mentioned in [[Sahyadrikhanda]] of the [[Skanda Purana]].

==History==
===Proposed substrate influences===
{{Expert needed|linguistics|section|ex2=languages|ex3=India|reason=The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages, not Austroasiatic|date=October 2017}}
The [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] of the Konkani language lies in the speech of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] tribes that may have once inhabited the region.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.S.|title=People of India Vol. III : Scheduled Tribes|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564253-7|pages=522, 523|url=http://www.friendsofbooks.com/store/people-india-national-series-volume-iii-the-scheduled-tribes-vol-book-144986.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032722/http://www.friendsofbooks.com/store/people-india-national-series-volume-iii-the-scheduled-tribes-vol-book-144986.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> According to the [[Indian Anthropological Society]], these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ([[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], [[Mirzapur]]) and are not found in Konkan any more.<ref name=IAS>{{cite book|last=Indian Anthropological Society|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Volumes 21–22|year=1986|publisher=Indian Anthropological Society|pages=See page 75}}</ref><ref name=enthoven>{{cite book|last=Enthoven|first=Reginald Edward|title=The tribes and castes of Bombay, Volume 1|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0630-2|pages=195–198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&q=konkan&pg=PA146}}</ref> Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the [[Mundari language|Mundari]] substratum.<ref name="others">{{cite book|last=Gomes|first=Olivinho|title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3 Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology, K. Ayyappapanicker|year=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|pages=256–290}}</ref> Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic [[Munda languages|Munda]] words in Konkani, like ''mund'', ''mundkar'', ''dhumak'', ''goem-bab''.<ref name=dhume /> This substratum is very prominent in Konkani.<ref name=mudns>{{cite book|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 1, Issue 1 Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1961|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=67}}</ref>

The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]].<ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003)''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}} at pp. 40–41.</ref>
Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: ''naall'' ([[coconut]]), ''madval'' (washerman), ''choru'' (cooked rice) and ''mulo'' ([[radish]]).<ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}} at pp. 12.</ref> Linguists also suggest that the substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada.<ref name=subkan>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles|year=1990|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|pages=See Page 45}}</ref><ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}} at pp.4–6.</ref>

===Prehistory and early development===
Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC.<ref name="dhume">{{cite book|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna |title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D|year= 1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages}}</ref> Many spoke [[Old Indo-Aryan#Old Indic|old Indo-Aryan]] vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to [[Vedic Sanskrit]]; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus the ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume [[Shauraseni]] to be its progenitor whereas some call it [[Paisaci]]. The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Taraporewala, who in his book ''Elements of Science of Languages'' (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] features that are found in present-day [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].<ref name=paisaci/> Thus, the archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists.<ref name="manohar" /> This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'', and ''Leela Charitra''.)<ref name="panic"/> Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into a lexical fund of its own.<ref name="panic"/> The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau.<ref name="dhume"/> Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians.<ref name=pishacha>{{cite book|author1=James Hastings |author2=John Alexander Selbie |author3=Louis Herbert Gray |title=Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 10|year=1919|publisher=T. & T. Clark|pages=see page 45}}</ref>

Goa and Konkan were ruled by the [[Maurya|Konkan Maurya]]s and the [[Bhojas of Goa|Bhoja]]s; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to a mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Wilford|first=Major F.|title=Asiatic researches or transactions of the society instituted in Bengal|year=1812|volume=11|page=93|chapter=II}}</ref> The overtones of [[Pali]]<ref name="panic">{{cite book|last=Ayyappapanicker|first=K|title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|volume=3 |page=256}}</ref> (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary.<ref name="gom2"/> A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Oriya language|Oriya]], which have their roots in Magadhi.<ref name="east">{{cite book|last=Southworth |first=Franklin C. |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-33323-8 |pages=369 pages}}</ref>

[[Maharashtri Prakrit]] is the ancestor of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Konkani,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm |title=Roots of Konkani |publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi |language=English, Konkani |accessdate=3 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm |archivedate=28 August 2008 }}</ref> it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri".<ref name="pani">{{cite book|last=Ayyappapanicker|first=K|title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology. |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|volume=3|page=246}}</ref> This old language that was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart.<ref name="pani"/>

The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Bhat|first= V. Nithyanantha|title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives |publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|page=5}}</ref> The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ''ao'' sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes ''o'' or ''u'' in Konkani.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Bhat|first= V. Nithyanantha|title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives |publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|page=12}}</ref> Examples include: ''dando'', ''suno'', ''raakhano'', ''dukh'', ''rukhu'', ''manisu'' (from Prakrit), ''dandao'', ''sunnao'', ''rakkhakao'', ''dukkhao'', ''vukkhao'', ''vrukkhao'', and ''mannisso''. Another example could be the sound of ''ण'' at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of [[Shauraseni]] vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later [[Maharashtri]] Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsha]], which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani.<ref name="gom2">{{cite book|last=Gomes|first=Olivinho|title=Old Konkani language and literature: the Portuguese role|publisher=Konkani Sorospot Prakashan, 1999|year=1999|pages=28, 29}}</ref>

Although most of the stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan.<ref name=dhume2>{{cite book|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Ananta Ramakrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to 1352 AD|year=2009|publisher=Broadway book centre|location=Panaji|isbn=9788190571678|pages=Chapter 6(pages 202–257)}}</ref>

Though it belongs to the Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the [[Kadambas]], who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in [[Karnataka]]. Konkani was never used for official purposes.<ref name="mitra">{{cite book|last= Mitragotri|first= Vithal Raghavendra|title=A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza, 1999|year=1999|page=268}}</ref> Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka.<ref name="manohar1">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manoharray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|edition=1st|pages=21–30|chapter=The foreign influence|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has [[Prosthesis (linguistics)|prothetic glides]] ''y-'' and ''w-''.<ref name="konk">{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=840}}</ref> The Kannada influence is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in ''yes/no'' questions and the negative marker are sentence final.<ref name="konk" /> [[Copula (linguistics)|Copula deletion]] in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada.<ref name="konk" /> [[Phrasal verbs]] are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns.<ref name="indo">{{cite book|title=ndo-Iranian journal |publisher=Mouton, 1977}}</ref>

The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and [[Lothal]] migrants all settled in Goa during the pre-historic period and later. ''Chavada'', a tribe of warriors (now known as ''Chaddi'' or ''Chaddo''), migrated to Goa from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the [[Arab]]s in 740.<ref name="gazat">{{cite book|last=Gune|first=V.T|title=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa Daman and Diu, part 3, Diu|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa|page=21}}</ref> Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar [[Apabhramsha]] dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati.
* Konkani and Gujarati have many words in common, not found in Marathi.<ref name="guj">{{cite book|last= Saradesāya Publisher |first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year= 2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=317 pages}}</ref>
* The Konkani ''O'' (as opposed to the Marathi ''A'', which is of different Prakrit origin), is similar to that in Gujarati.<ref name="guj"/>
* The case terminations in Konkani, ''lo'', ''li'', and ''le'', and the Gujarati ''no'', ''ni'', and ''ne'' have the same Prakrit roots.<ref name="guj"/>
* In both languages the [[present indicative]]s have no gender, unlike Marathi.<ref name="guj"/>

===Early===
An inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith [[Bahubali]] (The word ''gomateshvara'' apparently comes from Konkani ''{{IAST|gomaṭo}}'' which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and ''īśvara'' "lord".<ref name=gomto>{{cite book|last=Pereira|first=José|title=Monolithic Jinas|year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 9788120823976|pages=see pages 47–48}}</ref>) at [[Shravanabelagola]] of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jainology.blogspot.com/2009/12/first-marathi-inscription-at.html|title=Jainism Articles and Essays: The First Marathi Inscription at Shravanbelagola|first=Mahavir S.|last=Chavan|date=1 April 2008|publisher=}}</ref> {{blockquote| "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" ([[Chavundaraya]] got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done).<ref group="note">[[Chavundaraya]] was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty-era King Gangaraya. This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi (Jain Temple) initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century AD. Ref: S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p256</ref><ref group="note">The above inscription has been quite controversial, and is touted as old-Marathi. But the distinctive instrumental ''viyalem'' ending of the verb is the hallmark of the Konkani language, and the verb ''sutatale'' or ''sutatalap'' is not prevalent in Marathi. So linguists and historians such as S.B. Kulkarni of Nagpur University, V.P. Chavan (former vice-president of the Anthropological Society of Mumbai), and others have thus concluded that it is Konkani.</ref>}} The language of these lines is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, [[Nagpur University]]) and Jose Pereira (former professor, [[Fordham University]], USA).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=257 |language=en}}</ref>

Another inscription in [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]], of [[Shilahara]] King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in [[Parel]] reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified.<ref>Corpus Inscriptions Indicarum, p. 163, verses 22-24, https://archive.org/stream/corpusinscriptio014678mbp#page/n395/mode/2up</ref>

Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and the base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi.<ref name="sal">{{cite book|last=D'Souza|first=Edwin|title=V.J.P. Saldanha|pages=3–5}}</ref> Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from [[Quepem]] in the early 14th century, have been written in [[Goykanadi]].<ref name=others /> One such stone inscription or ''shilalekh'' (written [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to the [[Nagueshi]] Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or ''Pratihasta'' of the state. It mentions words like, ''kullgga'', ''kulaagra'', ''naralel'', ''tambavem'', and ''tilel''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Da Cruz|first= Antonio|title=Goa: men and matters |publisher=s.n., 1974|year=1974|page=321}}</ref>

[[File:Nagueshi Inscription 1413AD.jpg|thumb|Konkani Inscription with 'Maee Shenvi' of 1413 AD, [[Nagueshi]], Goa.]]
A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord [[Narayana]] attributed to the 12th century AD says: {{blockquote|''"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃.  manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu".'' (The one who brought the [[Veda]]s up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).}} A hymn from the later 16th century goes {{blockquote| ''vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.''<ref name=Sardesaya>{{cite book|last=Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Kendra Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=8–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=aravalem}}</ref>}}

Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like ''dzo'', ''jī'', and ''jẽ''. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by ''koṇa''. The conjunctions ''yedō'' and ''tedō'' ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.<ref name=Maffei>{{cite book|last=Maffei|first=Agnelus F.X.|title=A Konkani grammar|year=2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0087-4|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC&q=yedo+tedo}}</ref> The use of ''-viyalẽ'' has been replaced by ''-aylẽ''. The pronoun ''moho'', which is similar to the Brajbhasha word ''mōhē'' has been replaced by ''mākā''.

===Medieval===
This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to  [[Kanara|Canara]] (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin.
* Exodus (between 1312 and 1327) when General [[Malik Kafur]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed bin Tughlaq]] destroyed [[Govapuri|Govepuri]] and the [[Kadambas]]
* Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the [[Bahmani]] kingdom captured Goa, and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
* Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur-held territory due to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510
* Migration of Hindu converts to [[Canara]] in South India after the [[Christianisation of Goa]], the subsequent [[Goa Inquisition]], and the [[Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein|Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]].

These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include ''dār'' (door) giving way to the word ''bāgil''. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o".

Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani Muslim]] communities of [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Coastal Karnataka]] came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers, Middle East businessman, Britishes and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kokaniz.com/history.html |title=Konkani History |publisher=Kokaniz.com |accessdate=23 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207030416/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html |archivedate= 7 February 2012 }}</ref> Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the [[Siddis]], who are descended from [[Bantu peoples]] from South East Africa that were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Anish M.|title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=15 July 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030|display-authors=etal|pmid=21741027|pmc=3135801}}</ref>

===Contemporary===
Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani.

==Revitalisation==
{{see also|Konkani Language Agitation}}

Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as [[Shenoi Goembab]].<ref name="goanews">{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083336/http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |archivedate=28 August 2008 }}</ref> His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165915/http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |archivedate=17 May 2008 }}</ref>

Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first [[All India Konkani Parishad]] in Karwar in 1939.<ref>Kelekar 2003:14.</ref> Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far.

Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti.

===Post-independence period===
Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration.

However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The [[Goa Opinion Poll]], a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.<ref name="goanews"/> However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.<ref name="goacom2049">{{cite web|url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa|title=PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA
|date=24 July 2011|publisher=|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>

===Recognition as an independent language===
With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language.

===Official language status===
All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: [[Floriano Vaz]] from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from [[Agaçaim]]. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.<ref name="goacom2049"/>

Konkani was included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] as per the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|Seventy-First Amendment]] on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages.

==Geographical distribution==
[[File:Konkpic.JPG|thumb|Modern day Goan Konkani in [[Devanagari]]]]
The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as [[Konkan]]. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the [[Konkan division]] of [[Maharashtra]], the state of [[Goa]] and the territory of [[Daman District, India|Daman]], the [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] & [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts of [[Karnataka]], [[belagavi]], [[Mysore]], and [[Bengaluru]] along with many districts in [[Kerala]] such as [[Kasaragod]], [[Kochi]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kottayam]]. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct [[dialect]]s, [[pronunciation]] and [[prose]] styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.<ref name="kurzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis |title=Where East looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |pages=25–30}}</ref>

According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archivedate=6 February 2012 }}</ref> The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in [[Karnataka]], 964,305 in [[Goa]],<ref name="languagedata2011">{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, LANGUAGE}}</ref> 399,255 in [[Maharashtra]], and 69,449 in [[Kerala]]. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001–2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ([[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRIs]]) with [[work visa]]s or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ([[immigrants]]). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a [[minority language]] that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad.

During the days of [[Portuguese Goa]] and [[British rule]] in [[Pre-Partition India]] many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the colonies of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[British Empire]] respectively, and also to the Pakistan of [[Pre-Partition India]]. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Persian Gulf countries]], [[Portugal]] and the [[European Union]], and the [[British Isles]] and the rest of the [[Anglosphere]]. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority.

== Status and issues ==
{{Anachronism|reason=Does Xenoi Goibaab belongs to the current post partition era of India?|date=October 2021}}
The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons:
# The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects.
# The dominance of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in [[Goa state]], the union territory of [[Damaon]] and the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra.{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}}
# Progressive inroads made by [[Urdu]] into the [[Konkani Muslim]] community.{{verify source|date=October 2021}}
# Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.
# The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.
# The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature and media.
# The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in ''potaachi bhaas'' (language of the stomach) over ''maai bhaas'' ([[mother tongue]]). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

As such, Konkani has been classified in the "Unsafe" Category of  the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last = Cardozo|first = Tomazinho|date = 22 March 2009 |title       = Endangered Languages|url = https://groups.google.com/g/saligao-net/c/_g-eltbCYiQ}}</ref>

Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with [[Shenoi Goembab]]'s efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by [[Sahitya Akademi]] to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent.

Some organisations, such as the [[Konkan Daiz Yatra]] organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, [[World Konkani Centre]] and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.

===Opposition===
====Marathi dispute====
{{Main|Konkani language agitation}}
José Pereira, in his 1971 work ''Konkani&nbsp;– A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy'', pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]]. Grierson's work on the languages of India, ''the Linguistic Survey of India'', was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi.

S. M. Katre's 1966 work, ''The Formation of Konkani'', which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com"/> [[Shenoi Goembab]], who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians.

Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the [[Goa Opinion Poll]]).<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

The [[Sahitya Akademi]] (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in [[Devanagari]] script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987.

===Karnataka===
MLC [[Ivan D'Souza]] attempted to speak in Konkani at the [[Karnataka]] state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.<ref name="D'Souza1">{{cite news|title=Mangaluru : MLC Ivan D'Souza told not to speak in Konkani|url=http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Mangalore Information|date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by [[Kannada people|Kannada]] "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[Rajajinagar]], Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want [[church service]]s to be held in any language other than [[Kannada language|Kannada]],{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and  associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time.<ref name=Mass1>{{cite news|title=Bangalore: Kannada Activists Target Konkani Catholics Again at Sadbhavana|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=157158|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Daijiworld Media Network|date=2 December 2012}}</ref> It is still the official language of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Mangalore Diocese]].<ref name=Saldanha-Shet>{{cite news|last1=Saldanha-Shet|first1=I J|title=An exquisite edifice in Mangalore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/394300/an-exquisite-edifice-mangalore.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

===Multilingualism===
According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of [[multilingualism]]. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India.

This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.

The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |date=3 May 2001 |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa.

===Scripts and dialects===
{{main|Konkani alphabets}}
The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use [[Devanagari]] as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to [[Romi Konkani]] in Goa or Konkani in the [[Kannada]] script.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-group-wants-Konkani-in-Roman-script/articleshow/1644404.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |url-status=live |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Goa group wants Konkani in Roman script |date=20 February 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref>

In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223640/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani | date=14 March 2006}}</ref> The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35720&n_tit=Mangalore:+Konkani+Textbooks+in+Devanagari+Released |title=News headlines |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref>

===Outside India===
Emigration has also brought the Konkani language to foreign countries, such as [[Canada]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Kenya]].

==Phonology==
{{see also|Konkani phonology}}
The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many [[diphthong]]s. Like the other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha|title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives |publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|pages=43, 44|language=English, Konkani}}</ref>
* The [[palatal consonant|palatal]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] stops are [[affricate]]s. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are [[alveopalatal]].<ref name="cardona">{{cite book|last= Cardona|first=George|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year= 2007|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |page=1088}}</ref>
* The [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced/voiceless]] contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The fricatives are all voiceless and the [[sonorants]] are all voiced.<ref name=cardona />
* The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirates]] and [[fricative]]s. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.<ref name=cardona />
* Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalisation]]/non-palatisation is found in all [[obstruent]]s, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones<ref name=cardona />

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Vowels'''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}}
| || align="center" | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}}
| {{IPA link|ɵ}} {{IPA link|ɵ̃}}|| align="center" |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ʌ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|({{IPA link|æ}})
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}}
| align="center" |
|}
One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of {{IPAslink|ɵ}}, the [[close-mid central rounded vowel|close-mid central vowel]], instead of the [[schwa]] found in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/æ/}}.

Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |&nbsp;
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveopalatal consonant|(Alveolo-)<br>palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!<small>plain</small>
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|{{IPA link|mʱ}}
|{{IPA link|nʱ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɳʱ}}
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡z}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡zʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|({{IPA link|f}})<ref group="note">/f/ was introduced into Konkani phonology via. Portuguese and largely replaces /pʰ/ in Goan and Mangalorean Christian dialects, however /pʰ/ is still retained in formal speech.</ref>
|{{IPA link|s̪|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>plain</small>
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|{{IPA link|ʋʱ}}
|
|{{IPA link|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!<small>plain</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}} 
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾʱ}}
|{{IPA|[[Retroflex lateral flap|𝼈]]}}<ref>* {{Citation |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=97 |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |authorlink=Colin Masica}}.</ref>
|
|
|
|}
The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

==Grammar==
Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a [[stress-timed language]], nor as a [[tonal language]].<ref name="D2_Konkani">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |title=The question of Konkani? |author=Caroline Menezes |publisher=Project D2, Typology of Information Structure" |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205720/http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |archivedate=8 April 2008 }}</ref>
* Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:<ref name="jana" />
# ''naam'' ([[noun]])
# ''sarvanaam'' ([[pronoun]])
# ''visheshan'' ([[adjective]])
# ''kriyapad'' ([[verb]])
# ''kriyavisheshana'' ([[adverb]])
# ''ubhayanvayi avyaya''
# ''shabdayogi avyaya''
# ''kevalaprayogi avyaya'' ([[interjection]])

Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also [[modifiers]] and complements tend to precede the head and [[postpositions]] are far more common than [[prepositions]]. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a ''head-last'' language, unlike English, which is an [[Subject–verb–object|SVO]] language.<ref name=kurzden>{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn= 9781853596735|page=158}}</ref>
* Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the ''avyaya''s are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava''.<ref name="jana" />

===Verbs===
Verbs are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava'':<ref name="jana" />
{| cellpadding="5px"  style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;"
|+ '''Verbs and their roots:'''
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Konkani verbs
! Sanskrit/Prakrit Root
!Translation
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||वाच vaach (tatsama)
||वच् vach
||read
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama)
||आव्हय् aavhay
||call, summon
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||रांध raandh (tatsama)
||रांध् raandh
||cook
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||बरय baray (tadbhav)
||वर्णय् varnay
||write
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||व्हर vhar (tadbhav)
||हर har
||take away
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||भक bhak (tadbhav)
||भक्ष् bhaksh
||eat
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||हेड hedd (tadbhav)
||अट् att
||roam
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav)
||लेह् leh
||lick
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
|| शीन sheen (tadbhav)
||छिन्न chinna
||cut
|- style="background:whitesmoke"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<small>Source: ''Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh''</small><ref name="jana" />
|}

*Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with [[present participle]] of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.<ref name="jana" /> When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in Karnataka and Kerala whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.
For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living).
* Out of eight [[grammatical cases]], Konkani has totally lost the [[dative case|dative]], the [[locative case|locative]], and the [[ablative case|ablative]].<ref name="jana" /> It has partially lost the [[accusative case|accusative]] and the [[instrumental case]]s too.<ref name="jana" /> So the preserved cases are: the [[nominative case|nominative]], the [[genitive case|genitive]], and the [[vocative case]].<ref name="jana" />

===Apabhramsha and metathesis===
* Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.<ref name="jana">{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra |title=A Higher Konkani grammar|publisher=P.B. Janardhan |year=1991|series=Foreign Language Study / Indic Languages Konkani language About|pages=540 pages|language=English, Konkani}}</ref> Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to gender.<ref name="jana" />

[[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]] is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ''ukar'').<ref name=meta>{{cite book|last=Pandarinath|first=Bhuvanendra Janardhan|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages (see pages:377 and 384)}}</ref>
* Unlike Sanskrit, ''[[anusvara]]'' has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] dialects, Konkani still retains the ''anusvara'' on the initial or final syllable.<ref name="jana" /> Similarly ''[[visarga]]'', is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख.
* Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.<ref name="jana" /> The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the ''tatsama''s than the ''tadbhava''s.<ref name="jana" /> [[Declension]] also affects the accent.<ref name="jana" />
* Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives.
* Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.<ref name="jana" /> <!-- WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?-->
* Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.<ref name="jana" />

==Vocabulary==
The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of {{lang|kok-Latn|tatsama}} (Sanskrit loanwords without change), {{lang|kok-Latn|tadhbhava}} (evolved Sanskrit words), {{lang|kok-Latn|deshya}} (indigenous words) and {{lang|kok-Latn|antardeshya}} (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.<ref name=kurzden />

===Loanwords===
Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.<ref name="manohar1" /> A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are ''karz'' (debt), ''fakt'' (only), ''dusman'' (enemy), and ''barik'' (thin).<ref name="manohar1" /> Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include ''mustaiki'' (from Arabic ''mustaid'', meaning "ready"), and ''kapan khairo'' ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser").

Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, ''krupa'' for grace, Y''amakunda'' for hell, V''aikuntha'' for paradise and so on). The syntax used by [[Goan Catholics]] in [[Literature of Goan Catholics|their literature]] shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.<ref name=porin>{{cite book|author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]|author2=R. S. Gupta|author3=[[Ayesha Kidwai]]|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001&nbsp;– Language Arts & Disciplines -|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages(Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref><ref>[[List of loanwords in Konkani]]</ref>
The Portuguese influence is also evident in the [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]] spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, [[Thane]] a variant of Konkani used by [[Bombay East Indians]] Catholic community.

===Sanskritisation===
Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], but still retains [[Prakrit]] and [[apabhramsa]] structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit [[loanwords]] are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a [[Sanskritisation]] policy.<ref name=cardona /> Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change.<ref name=cardona /> On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by [[Kannada]] − one of the languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.<ref name=cardona />

==Writing systems==
[[File:KonkaniNames.PNG|thumb|The name ''Konkani'' in the five scripts it is written in: [[Devanagari]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]].]]
{{main|Konkani script}}
Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.<ref name="rais">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=9–10|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref>

===Past===
{{main|Goykanadi}}
The [[Brahmi script]] for Konkani fell into disuse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha |title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives|editor=V. Nithyanantha Bhat, Ela Sunītā|publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|year= 2004|volume=10|page=52}}</ref> Later, some inscriptions were written in [[Nāgarī script|old Nagari]]. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the subsequent various restrictions imposed by the Inquisition, some early forms of Devanagari fell out of use in Goa.<ref name=rais /> The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of non-Roman scripts for Konkani in Goa.<ref name="rai" />

Another script, called ''Kandevi'' or ''Goykandi'', was used for Konkani since the times of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]], although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the [[Halegannada]] script, with strikingly similar features.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=Indian archives|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|page=1985}}</ref> Unlike Halegannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the [[Kadamba script]], which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan.<ref name="goy">{{cite book|last=Ghantkar|first=Gajanana|title=History of Goa through Gõykanadi script |year=1993|pages=Page x|language=English, Konkani, Marathi, Kannada}}</ref> The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.<ref name=Sardesaya /> The [[Roman script]] has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Present===
Konkani is written in five scripts: [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Roman]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], and [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]].<ref name="MadhaviSardesai">[http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20madhavi%20sardesai.htm Mother Tongue blues]&nbsp;– Madhavi Sardesai</ref> Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called [[Romi Konkani]]) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics).<ref name="konk" /> This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic [[liturgy]] and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the [[Kannada script]]; however, the Saraswats of [[Karnataka]] use the Devanagari script in the [[North Kanara|uttara Kannada]] district. [[Malayalam script]] was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=804}}</ref> [[Konkani Muslims]] use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed [[Tiatr]] is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the [[Bombay High Court#Goa bench|Goa Bench]] of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a [[Public Interest Litigation]] filed by the [[Romi Lipi Action Front]] seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/HC-notice-to-govt-on-Romi-script/articleshow/18124209.cms|title=HC notice to govt on Romi script|work=The Times of India|date=22 January 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref>

====Alphabet/''vaṇamāḷha''====
The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:<ref>Gomanta Bharati, yatta payali, Published by
 [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] ALTO BETIM, page number:11</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%"
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अ||{{IAST|a}}<br />{{IPA|/ɐ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|आ||{{IAST|ā}}<br />{{IPA|/ɑː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|इ||{{IAST|i}}<br />{{IPA|/i/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ई||{{IAST|ī}}<br />{{IPA|/iː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|उ||{{IAST|u}}<br />{{IPA|/u/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऊ||{{IAST|ū}}<br />{{IPA|/uː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ए||{{IAST|e}}<br />{{IPA|/eː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऐ||{{IAST|ai}}<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ओ||{{IAST|o}}<br />{{IPA|/oː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|औ||{{IAST|au}}<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अं||{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />{{IPA|/ⁿ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अः||{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%"
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPA|/k/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ख||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ग||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|घ||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ङ||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|च||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|छ||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|झ||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ञ||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ट||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ठ||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ड||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ढ||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ण||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|त||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|थ||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|द||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ध||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|न||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPA|/n/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|प||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPA|/p/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|फ||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ब||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPA|/b/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|भ||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|/bʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|म||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPA|/m/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|य||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPA|/j/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|र||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ल||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|व||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ष||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|श||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|स||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ह||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ळ||{{IAST|ḷa}}<br />{{IPA|//ɭ//}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क्ष||{{IAST|kṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/kʃ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज्ञ||{{IAST|jña }}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʝɲ/}}
|}

{{further|Kannada script|Malayalam script}}

==Dialects==
[[File:Konkani languages.png|thumb|Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages]]
Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of [[dialect]]s. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>{{bcn|date=May 2025}}

Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, [[Narayan Govind Kalelkar|N G Kalelkar]] has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>{{bcn|date=May 2025}}
*'''Northern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in [[Damaon, Diu & Silvassa]] territory and the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra with cultural ties to [[Mahratti]].
* '''Central Konkani''': Dialects in Goa, where Konkani came in close contact with [[Portuguese India|Portuguese history & culture]].
*'''Southern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in Karnataka, and the [[Kassergode]] district & the [[Cochin]] district of Kerala. Southern Konkani has absorbed substantial amounts of loanwords from [[Kanarese]], [[Tulu]] & [[Malabarese]].

===Goan Konkani===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}{{See also|Maharashtri Konkani}}
[[File:Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa]]
'''Goan Konkani''' refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani [[macrolanguage]] except for those that fall under [[Maharashtri Konkani]]. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code {{code|gom}} under the [[ISO 639-3]] classification (since it is sometimes called ''Goan Marathi'').

In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of [[Goa]], for eg. The Antruz, Bardeskari & Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goan Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as [[Malvani Konkani]], Chitpavani Konkani, Karwari Konkani, [[Mangalorean]] Konkani etc.

==Organisations==
[[File:India Goa TSKK.jpg|thumb|left|The campus of the [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]], a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Alto Porvorim, near [[Panaji]] in Goa]]

There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The [[All India Konkani Parishad]] founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.goanobserver.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185618/http://goanobserver.com/statehood-and-konkani.html|url-status=dead|title=Goanobserver.com|archivedate=7 August 2011|website=www77.goanobserver.com}}</ref> A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.

Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called 'Mandd Sobhann' – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled 'Mandd Sobhann', grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/

The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in [[Mumbai]], is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of [[All India Konkani Parishad]]. On 28 December 1984, [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |title = Goa Konkani Akademi&nbsp;– promoting the development of Konkani language, literature and culture |accessdate =16 June 2008 |publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi}}</ref> The [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]] is a popular research institute based in the [[Goa]]n capital [[Panaji]]. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tskk.org/ |title =Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr |accessdate =16 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Dalgado Konkani Academy]] is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji.

[[File:World Konkani Centre.jpg|thumb|World Konkani Centre, [[Mangalore]]]]
The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in [[Mumbai]], which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The [[government of Karnataka]] established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm |title =Konkani |accessdate =16 June 2008 |publisher=Kalaangann, Mandd Sobhann (The Konkani Heritage Centre) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224134442/http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 24 February 2008}}</ref> The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa.

The [[First World Konkani Convention]] was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024232023/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Encouragement for Vishwa Konkani Kendra | date=6 September 2005}}</ref>

The [[World Konkani Centre]] built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, [[Mangalore]] was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=55810 |title=Mangalore Goa CM Dedicates World Konkani Centre to Konkani People |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over."

The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2–4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June.

==Literature==
{{main|Konkani literature}}
[[File:Doutrina Christam (book of Stephens, 1622).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Dovtrina Christam'' by [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]], first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language]]

During the [[Goa Inquisition]] which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.<ref name="onqui">{{cite book|last= Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year= 2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|page=317}}</ref>

The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is [[Krishnadas Shama]] from [[Quelossim]] in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored ''Ramayana'', ''Mahabharata'', and ''Krishnacharitrakatha'' in [[prose]] style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in [[Braga]] in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.<ref name="sama">{{cite book|last=Bhembre|first=Uday|title=Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama|date=September 2009|publisher=Sunaparant Goa|pages=55–57}}</ref>

The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English [[Jesuit]] priest, [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]] in 1622, and entitled ''[[Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim]]'' (Old Portuguese for: ''Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language''). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, ''[[Arte da Lingoa Canarim]]'', was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.<ref name="manohar" />

==Media==

===Radio===
[[All India Radio]] started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly [[Trivandrum]], [[Alleppey]], [[Trichur]], and [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.<ref name="manohar" />

In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. ''Rakno'', ''Daize'', and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year.

===Print===
''Udentichem Sallok'' was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by [[Eduardo Bruno de Souza]]. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.<ref>{{cite book|title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press|pages=183–185|chapter=Romi Konknni: Hanging on a Cliff by Fr. Peter Raposo}}</ref>

====Dailies====
''Sanjechem Nokhetr'' was started in 1907 by [[B. F. Cabral]] in [[Bombay]], and is the first ''Concanim'' (or Konkani) newspaper. It contained detailed news of [[Bombay]], British India, as it was published from there. 
In 1982, ''Novem Goem'' was a daily edited by [[Gurunath Kelekar]], F. M. Rebello and Felicio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. [[Freddy J. da Costa]], began a Konkani daily ''Goencho Avaz''. It became a monthly after one and a half year. Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called ''Bhaangar Bhuin''. For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, ''[[Sunaparant]]'', which was published in [[Panjim]].

====Weeklies====
''O Luzo-Concanim'' was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, ''A Luz,  O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent'' and ''O Opinião Nacional'' were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, ''O Goano'' was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English.

The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]''. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. [[Arsencio Fernandes]] and Fr. [[Graciano Moraes]].

====Fortnightly====
There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called ''Kodial Khaber'', edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore.

====Monthlies====
''[[Katolik Sovostkai]]'' was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication.

''[[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]]'' is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. [[Vincent Lobo]], from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. [[António Ludovico Pereira]], also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. [[Antanasio Moniz]], from [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. [[Elias D'Souza]], from [[Bodiem]], [[Tivim]] in [[Goa]] became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to [[Velha Goa]] in [[Goa]] around 1964, Fr. [[Moreno de Souza]] was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the [[Jesuits]] in Goa, edited by Fr. [[Vasco do Rego]], S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. [[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]] will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015.

''Gulab'' is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon.

Konkani periodicals published in Goa include ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]'' (Roman script, weekly), ''Gulab'' (Roman script, monthly), ''Bimb'' (Devanagari script, monthly), ''Panchkadayi'' (Kannada script, monthly) and ''Poddbimb'' (Roman script, monthly).
Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly).
Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly).
Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967.

===Digital and audible===
The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala.

www.poinnari.com is the first literary webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017.

'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala.

'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan.

'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002–3.

'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam.

===Television===
{{main|List of Konkani-language television channels}}

The [[Doordarshan]] centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others.

===Film===
{{main|Konkani cinema}}

===Music===
On 1 February 2024, the song 'Addicted' by EZD and Chrystal Farrell entered [[Spotify]] charts of [[UAE]] at 3rd position alongside artists like [[Taylor Swift]] and [[The Weeknd]], creating a record of becoming the first ever Konkani song on the charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/ezd-chrystal-farrell-song-addicted-left-taylor-swift-behind-made-this-record-5007509|title=इजीडी और क्रिस्टल फॉरेल का गाना 'एडिक्टेड' ने टेलर स्विफ्ट को भी छोड़ा पीछे, बनाया ये रिकॉर्ड!|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of [[Hindi films]]. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'', contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "[[Eeny, meeny, miny, moe]]", which inspired [[C Ramchandra]] and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a [[Goan]], added the words "mhaka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".<ref name=bolly>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Lalit Mohan|title=Bollywood: popular Indian cinema|year=2002|publisher=Dakini Books|pages=351 pages (see page:66)}}</ref><ref name="ashwin_story">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927
 |title       = The story of 'Eena Meena Deeka'
 |author      = Ashwin Panemangalore
 |publisher   = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]
 |date        = 16 June 2006
|accessdate  = 6 July 2007
|archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014618/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927
 |archivedate = 30 September 2007
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

An international ad campaign by [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "[[Bebdo]]", composed by [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and sung by [[Lorna Cordeiro]]. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino.

A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in [[Mangalore]] on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari |title= Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari |accessdate=1 February 2008 |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore }}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bombay East Indian dialect]]
* [[Southern Saraswat Konkani]]
* [[Konkani in the Roman script]]
* [[Konkani Language Agitation]]
* [[Konkani people]]
* [[Konkani phonology]]
* [[Konkani Poets]]
* [[Konkani Script]]
* [[List of loanwords in Konkani]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
* [[Maharashtri]]
* [[Malvani people]]
* [[Marathi–Konkani languages]]
* [[Paisaci]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers]]
* [[World Konkani Centre]]
* [[World Konkani Hall of Fame]]
{{colend}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|date=25 April 2019|first=Karthik|last=Malli|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html|title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline.|work=Firstpost}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Konkani language}}
{{interWiki|code=gom}}
{{Wiktionary|Konkani}}
{{Wikivoyage|Konkani phrasebook|Konkani|a phrasebook}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/ Vauraddeancho Ixtt], Konkani language site
* [http://www.konkaninews.com Konkani News], Konkani language site
* [http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php Kital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php |date=15 November 2014 }}, Konkani language site
* [http://konkani.chilume.com/ Chilume.com], Konkani Literature
* [http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ Niz Goenkar], Konkani-English bilingual site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/ Learn Goan Konkani online]
* [http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ Read Konkani News online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ |date=23 June 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary]
* [http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ World Konkani Centre, Mangalore]
* [http://www.konkanverter.com Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility]

{{Konkani language topics}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani Language}}
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 12th century]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Konkani languages|Konkani languages]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]