Editing Korean language and computers

{{Short description|Input and use of Korean on computers}}
{{Technical|date=July 2022}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
[[File:Samsung K652V.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A South Korean keyboard using Dubeolsik layout.]]

The [[Hangul|writing system]] of the [[Korean language]] is a syllabic alphabet of character parts ({{lang|ko-Latn|jamo}}) organized into character blocks ({{lang|ko|글자}}; {{lang|ko-Latn|geulja}}) representing [[syllable]]s. The character parts cannot be written from left to right on the computer, as in many Western languages. Every possible syllable in Korean would have to be rendered as syllable blocks by a [[Computer font|font]], or each character part would have to be [[Code|encoded]] separately. [[Unicode]] has both options; the character parts {{lang|ko|ㅎ}} (h) and {{lang|ko|ㅏ}} (a), and the combined syllable {{lang|ko|하}} (ha), are encoded.

== {{anchor|Character encodings}}Character encoding ==
{{See also|ISO/IEC 2022|Extended Unix Code#EUC-KR|KPS 9566|GB 12052|List of modern Hangul characters in ISO/IEC 2022–compliant national character set standards}}
In [[rfc:1557|RFC 1557]], a method known as [[ISO-2022-KR]] for seven-bit encoding of Korean characters in [[email]] was described. Where eight [[bit]]s are allowed, EUC-KR encoding is preferred. These two encodings combine US-ASCII ([[ISO/IEC 646|ISO 646]]) with the Korean standard [[KS X 1001]]:1992<ref name="qk">{{cite web |url=http://examples.oreilly.com/cjkvinfo/AppL/ksx1001.pdf |title=KS X 1001:1992}}</ref> (previously named KS C 5601:1987). Another character set, [[KPS 9566]] (similar to KS X 1001), is used in [[North Korea]].

The international [[Unicode]] standard contains special characters for the Korean language in the [[Hangul]] phonetic system. Unicode supports two methods. The method used by [[Microsoft Windows]] is to have each of the [[Hangul#Unicode|11,172]] syllable combinations as code and a preformed font character. The other method encodes letters (''[[Hangul#Letters|jamos]]'') and lets the software combine them correctly. The Windows method requires more font memory but allows better shapes, since it is complicated to create stylistically correct combinations (preferable for documents).

Another possibility is stacking a sequence of [[Hangul#Jamo|medial]](s) (''jungseong'') and a sequence of [[Hangul#Jamo|final]](s) (''jongseong'') or a [[Middle Korean]] pitch mark (if needed) on top of the sequence of [[Hangul#Jamo|initial]](s) (''choseong'') if the font has medial and final ''jamo'' with zero-width spacing inserted to the left of the cursor or caret, thus appearing in the right place below (or to the right of) the initial. If a syllable has a horizontal medial ({{lang|ko|ㅗ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅛ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅜ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅠ}} or {{lang|ko|ㅡ}}), the initial will probably appear further left in a complete syllable than in preformed syllables due to the space that must be reserved for a vertical medial, making aesthetically poor what may be the only way to display Middle Korean hangul text without resorting to images, romanization, replacement of obsolete jamo or non-standard encodings. However, most current fonts do not support this.

The Unicode standard also has attempted to create a unified [[CJK characters|CJK]] character set which can represent Chinese ([[Hanzi]]) and the Japanese ([[Kanji]]) and Korean ([[Hanja]]) derivatives of this script through [[Han unification]], which does not discriminate by language or region in rendering Chinese characters if the typographic traditions have not resulted in major differences in what a character looks like. Han unification has been criticized.

== Hangul type, Korean typewriters ==
{{See also|:ko:한글 자판|ko:한글 타자기}}
While the first Korean typewriter (한글 타자기, ''Hangeul tajagi'') is unclear, the first ''moa-sseugi'' style (모아쓰기, the form of Hangul where consonants and vowels come together to form a letter; The standard form of Hangul used today) typewriter is thought to be first invented by Korean-American ''gyopo'' Lee Won-Ik (이원익) in 1914, where he modified a Smith Premier 10 typewriter's type into Hangul.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-12-07 |title=이원익 타자기 |url=https://www.scienceall.com/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B5-%ED%83%80%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0/ |website=scienceall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=정보화 시대 이전, 타자기가 있었다<한글 타자기 전성시대> |url=https://www.hangeul.go.kr/webzine/201908/sub2_3.html |website=Hangul museum}}</ref> Alongside Lee Won-ik's, [[Horace Grant Underwood]]'s 1913 US-patented Hangul type, ''the Underwood,'' and another Korean-American Kim Jun-Sung's Hangul type are also brought up when discussing the first ''Moa-Sugi'' type.<ref>[[:ko:한글 타자기#김태호2011|김태호 (2011)]], 15쪽.</ref>

In 1929, the first Dubeolsik typewriter was made by Song Ki-Ju, a student studying abroad in the US, gaining attention from the [[The Dong-A Ilbo|Donga ilbo]], however, it no longer exists; In 1934 he showcased another type, which was a modification of the ''Underwood portable''.<ref>https://www.hangeul.go.kr/museumCollection/museumCollectionView.do?curr_menu_cd=0106010100&collection_id=%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%B01&lang=ko&seq=30</ref><ref>[[:ko:한글 타자기#김태호2011|김태호 (2011)]], 25쪽.</ref> Song's 1934 typewriter is stored in the Hangul museum as the oldest existing Korean typewriter.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=[역사특집] 한국교회사에서 건진 근대문화유산들, 등록문화재로 새롭게 지정 |url=https://www.kidok.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=205561 |publisher=Christian newspaper}}</ref> The invention led to the development of other typewriters in 1945 by Kim Joon Sung and 1950 by [[:ko:공병우|Kong Byung Woo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-10-08 |title=最古 한글타자기, 한글박물관서 본다 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20141008123200005 |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref>

In 1949, eye doctor [[:ko:공병우|Kong Byung-Woo]] made the first practical Hangul type able to write both in ''Moa-Sugi'' and horizontally.<ref>[[:ko:한글 타자기#김태호2011|김태호 (2011)]], 28쪽.</ref>

== Modern text input ==
{{See also-text|[[Microsoft Windows#Multilingual support|Windows multilingual support]]|[[Input method]]|[[List of input methods for Unix platforms|List of input methods for Unix]]|[[Japanese input method]]|[[Chinese input methods for computers|Chinese input methods]]}}
[[File:KB South Korea.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=South Korean computer keyboard|South Korean standard {{lang|ko-Latn|Dubeolsik}} ('two-set type') layout]]
[[File:KB North Korea.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=North Korean keyboard, slightly different from its South Korean counterpart|North Korean {{lang|ko-Latn|Dubeolsik}} layout]]

[[File:Typing 있습니다 in Dubeolsik keyboard layout.gif|thumb|upright=1.8|alt=Animated keyboard input|South Korean Dubeolsik typing example]]
On a Korean computer keyboard, text is typically entered by pressing a key for the appropriate [[Hangul#Letters|jamo]]; the operating system creates each composite character on the fly. Depending on the Input method editor and keyboard layout, double consonants can be entered by holding the shift button. When all jamo making up a syllabic block has been entered, the user may initiate a conversion to [[hanja]] (or other special characters) using a keyboard shortcut or interface button; South Korean keyboards have a key for this. Subsequent semi-automated hanja conversion is supported in varying degrees by word processors.

When using a keyboard with another language, most operating systems require the user to type with an original Korean keyboard layout; the most common is [[Keyboard layout#Dubeolsik|Dubeolsik]]. In other languages, such as Japanese, text can be entered on non-native keyboards with [[romanization]].

Operating systems such as [[Linux]] allow ''engine/hangul/hangul-keyboard='ro'', resulting in a [[Romanization of Korean|''romaja'']] keyboard; typing "seonggye" results in {{langx|ko|nocat=yes|성계}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/libhangul/ibus-hangul|title = Libhangul/Ibus-hangul|website = [[GitHub]]|date = May 29, 2021}}</ref> In this configuration, ㄲ is obtained by "gg" rather than {{key press|shift|G}}. This allows keying "jasanGun" to obtain {{langx|ko|nocat=yes|자산군}}, instead of keying "jasangun" (which would provide {{langx|ko|nocat=yes|자상운}}).

=== {{anchor|Pre-division of Korea}}Before Korean division ===
Korean text input is related to Korean typewriters ({{lang|ko-Hang|타자기}}) before computers. according to Jang Bong Seon, [[Horace Grant Underwood]] made a Korean typewriter during the first decade of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=한글풀어쓰기교본|publisher=한풀문화사(Hanpul)|year=1989|page=84|last=장 |first=봉선}}</ref>  In 1927, Song Ki Joo invented the first Dubeolsik typewriter in Chicago.

=== {{anchor|Division of Korea}}After division ===
South Korea originally had a Nebeolsik standard, but Dubeolsik became standard in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theme.archives.go.kr//next/hangeulPolicy/mechanization.do|title=한글 타자 자판표준화 등 한글 기계화(1969년)|website=theme.archives.go.kr}}</ref>

== Hanja ==
Some Korean fonts do not include [[hanja]], and word processors do not allow a user to specify which font to use as a fallback for any hanja in a text; each hanja sequence must be manually formatted for a desired font.

== {{anchor|Special situations}}Pitch marks and vertical text ==
[[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|Vertical text]] is supported poorly (or not at all) by [[HTML]] and most word processors. This is not an issue for modern Korean, which is usually written horizontally; until the second half of the 20th century, however, Korean was often written vertically. Fifteenth-century texts written in [[hangul]] had pitch marks to the left of syllables which are included in Unicode, although current fonts do not support them.

== Programs ==
<!--  please add notable SOUTH Korean programs, too  -->
Programs designed for Korean language-related use include:
* Language recognition
** A North Korean [[speech recognition]] program is said to recognize 100,000 words, with a success rate of over 90 percent.<ref name="qa">{{cite web |url=http://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2455 |script-title=ko:문답으로 보는 북한 정보화의 현주소 |last=김 |first=치관|work=Tongilnews.com |date=2000-12-02 |language=Korean |accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref>
** ''[[Mongnan]]'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|목란}}; [[Korea Computer Center]],<ref name="khs">{{cite web |url=http://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2622 |title=<국회자료집> 북한 S/W 현황과 시연자료 |last=김 |first=효석 |work=Tongilnews.com |date=2000-12-02 |language=Korean |accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref> North Korea){{snd}} [[Optical character recognition]] software, with a reported success rate of 99&nbsp;percent for printed text and 95 percent for [[handwriting recognition]].<ref name="qa"/>
* [[Input method]] editors
** ''[[Tangun (IME)|Tan'gun]]'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|단군}}; [[Pyongyang Information Center]], North Korea){{snd}} Allows hangul on English versions of Windows.<ref name="khs"/>
** Korean IME ([[Microsoft]]){{snd}} Allows hangul on all versions of Windows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/input/korean-ime|title=Korean IME |work=Microsoft|access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref>
** [[Nalgaeset Hangul Input Method Editor]] (날개셋 한글 입력기); Kim Yongmook, South Korea){{snd}} A Hangul input method developed for the sebeolsik (3-set style) Windows keyboard layout 
** ''Nabi'' ({{lang|ko|나비}}), ''ami'' ({{lang|ko|아미}}; South Korea){{snd}}Permits hangul on [[Linux]]
** [[Multilingualism#Computing|m17n]]{{snd}}Permits revised romanization for hangul input on [[Unix]]
** [[Smart Common Input Method|SCIM]] and [[Intelligent Input Bus|IBus]]{{snd}}Permits Hangul and hanja input on [[POSIX]] operating systems (including Linux and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]])
* [[Word processor]]s{{snd}}The following programs include domestic Hangul fonts, non-Hangul fonts and a Hangul-[[hanja]] conversion utility.
** [[Hangul (word processor)|Hangul]] ([[Hancom]], South Korea)
** [[Changdok]] ({{lang|ko-Hang|창덕}}; PIC,<ref name="khs"/> North Korea){{snd}}[[MS-DOS]] program developed in April 1990; a Windows version was developed in 1996.<ref name="howfar">{{cite web |url=http://www.tongilnews.com/article.asp?mainflag=Y&menuid=102000&articleid=2511 |script-title=ko:북한의 컴퓨터산업 어디까지 왔나 |author=Yonhap |author-link=Yonhap |work=Tongilnews.com |date=1998-01-07 |language=Korean |accessdate=2006-12-03}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It has a [[North Korean cult of personality|personality-cult]] feature in which pressing {{Key press|Ctrl|I}} or {{Key press|Ctrl|J}} produces titles praising [[Kim Il Sung]] and [[Kim Jong Il]], respectively.<ref name="dgNK100">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kplibrary.com/nkterm/read.aspx?num=989 |title=북한용어사전: 평양정보센터(PIC) |language=Korean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060407/http://www.kplibrary.com/nkterm/read.aspx?num=989 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2006-12-03}}</ref>

== Hangul in Unicode ==
{{See also|List of Hangul jamo}}
[[File:Hangul jamo characters in Unicode.svg|thumb|alt=Unicode chart|Hangul jamo characters in Unicode]]
[[File:Hangul Compatibility Jamo block in Unicode.svg|thumb|alt=Another Unicode chart|Unicode Hangul compatibility jamo block]]

Hangul letters are detailed in several parts of Unicode:

* [[Hangul Syllables]] (AC00–D7A3)
* [[Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)|Hangul Jamo]] (1100–11FF)
* [[Hangul Compatibility Jamo]] (3130–318F)
* [[Hangul Jamo Extended-A]] (A960–A97F)
* [[Hangul Jamo Extended-B]] (D7B0–D7FF)

=== Hangul Syllables block ===
Pre-composed Hangul syllables in the Unicode [[Hangul Syllables]] block are algorithmically defined with the following formula:
: [(initial) × 588 + (medial) × 28 + (final)] + 44032

* Initial consonants
{{columns-list|colwidth=8em|{{ordered list|start=0
| [[wikt:ㄱ|ㄱ]]
| [[wikt:ㄲ|ㄲ]]
| [[wikt:ㄴ|ㄴ]]
| [[wikt:ㄷ|ㄷ]]
| [[wikt:ㄸ|ㄸ]]
| [[wikt:ㄹ|ㄹ]]
| [[wikt:ㅁ|ㅁ]]
| [[wikt:ㅂ|ㅂ]]
| [[wikt:ㅃ|ㅃ]]
| [[wikt:ㅅ|ㅅ]]
| [[wikt:ㅆ|ㅆ]]
| [[wikt:ㅇ|ㅇ]]
| [[wikt:ㅈ|ㅈ]]
| [[wikt:ㅉ|ㅉ]]
| [[wikt:ㅊ|ㅊ]]
| [[wikt:ㅋ|ㅋ]]
| [[wikt:ㅌ|ㅌ]]
| [[wikt:ㅍ|ㅍ]]
| [[wikt:ㅎ|ㅎ]]
}}}}

* Medial vowels
{{columns-list|colwidth=8em|{{ordered list|start=0
| [[wikt:ㅏ|ㅏ]]
| [[wikt:ㅐ|ㅐ]]
| [[wikt:ㅑ|ㅑ]]
| [[wikt:ㅒ|ㅒ]]
| [[wikt:ㅓ|ㅓ]]
| [[wikt:ㅔ|ㅔ]]
| [[wikt:ㅕ|ㅕ]]
| [[wikt:ㅖ|ㅖ]]
| [[wikt:ㅗ|ㅗ]]
| [[wikt:ㅘ|ㅘ]]
| [[wikt:ㅙ|ㅙ]]
| [[wikt:ㅚ|ㅚ]]
| [[wikt:ㅛ|ㅛ]]
| [[wikt:ㅜ|ㅜ]]
| [[wikt:ㅝ|ㅝ]]
| [[wikt:ㅞ|ㅞ]]
| [[wikt:ㅟ|ㅟ]]
| [[wikt:ㅠ|ㅠ]]
| [[wikt:ㅡ|ㅡ]]
| [[wikt:ㅢ|ㅢ]]
| [[wikt:ㅣ|ㅣ]]
}}}}

* Final consonants
{{columns-list|colwidth=8em|{{ordered list|start=0
| ''none''
| [[wikt:ㄱ|ㄱ]]
| [[wikt:ㄲ|ㄲ]]
| [[wikt:ㄳ|ㄳ]]
| [[wikt:ㄴ|ㄴ]]
| [[wikt:ㄵ|ㄵ]]
| [[wikt:ㄶ|ㄶ]]
| [[wikt:ㄷ|ㄷ]]
| [[wikt:ㄹ|ㄹ]]
| [[wikt:ㄺ|ㄺ]]
| [[wikt:ㄻ|ㄻ]]
| [[wikt:ㄼ|ㄼ]]
| [[wikt:ㄽ|ㄽ]]
| [[wikt:ㄾ|ㄾ]]
| [[wikt:ㄿ|ㄿ]]
| [[wikt:ㅀ|ㅀ]]
| [[wikt:ㅁ|ㅁ]]
| [[wikt:ㅂ|ㅂ]]
| [[wikt:ㅄ|ㅄ]]
| [[wikt:ㅅ|ㅅ]]
| [[wikt:ㅆ|ㅆ]]
| [[wikt:ㅇ|ㅇ]]
| [[wikt:ㅈ|ㅈ]]
| [[wikt:ㅊ|ㅊ]]
| [[wikt:ㅋ|ㅋ]]
| [[wikt:ㅌ|ㅌ]]
| [[wikt:ㅍ|ㅍ]]
| [[wikt:ㅎ|ㅎ]]
}}}}

To find the code point of "한" in Unicode:

* The value of the initial consonant (ㅎ) is 18.
* The value of the medial vowel (ㅏ) is 0.
* The value of the final consonant (ㄴ) is 4.

Substituting these values in the formula above yields [(18 × 588) + (0 × 28) + 4] + 44032 = 54620. The Unicode value of 한 is 54620 in decimal, <code>&amp;#54620;</code> in [[numeric character reference]], and U+D55C in hexadecimal Unicode notation.

==== How to code this in Rust ====

{{Irrelevant}}

With the below module, calling e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="rs" inline>hangul::from_jamo('ㅎ', 'ㅏ', Some('ㄴ'))</syntaxhighlight> will return <syntaxhighlight lang="rs" inline>Some('한')</syntaxhighlight>.

<syntaxhighlight lang="rs">
mod hangul {
    const INITIAL_JAMO: [char; 19] = [
        'ㄱ', 'ㄲ', 'ㄴ', 'ㄷ', 
        'ㄸ', 'ㄹ', 'ㅁ', 'ㅂ', 
        'ㅃ', 'ㅅ', 'ㅆ', 'ㅇ', 
        'ㅈ', 'ㅉ', 'ㅊ', 'ㅋ', 
        'ㅌ', 'ㅍ', 'ㅎ', 
    ];
   
    const VOWEL_JAMO: [char; 21] = [
        'ㅏ', 'ㅐ', 'ㅑ', 'ㅒ',
        'ㅓ', 'ㅔ', 'ㅕ', 'ㅖ', 
        'ㅗ', 'ㅘ', 'ㅙ', 'ㅚ', 
        'ㅛ', 'ㅜ', 'ㅝ', 'ㅞ', 
        'ㅟ', 'ㅠ', 'ㅡ', 'ㅢ', 
        'ㅣ', 
    ];
   
    const FINAL_JAMO: [Option<char>; 28] = [
        None,       Some('ㄱ'), Some('ㄲ'), Some('ㄳ'),
        Some('ㄴ'), Some('ㄵ'), Some('ㄶ'), Some('ㄷ'),
        Some('ㄹ'), Some('ㄺ'), Some('ㄻ'), Some('ㄼ'), 
        Some('ㄽ'), Some('ㄾ'), Some('ㄿ'), Some('ㅀ'), 
        Some('ㅁ'), Some('ㅂ'), Some('ㅄ'), Some('ㅅ'), 
        Some('ㅆ'), Some('ㅇ'), Some('ㅈ'), Some('ㅊ'), 
        Some('ㅋ'), Some('ㅌ'), Some('ㅍ'), Some('ㅎ'), 
    ];
   
    const GA_LOCATION: u32 = '가' as u32; // = 44_032
   
    pub fn from_jamo(initial: char, medial: char, last: Option<char>) -> Option<char> {
        if !(
            self::INITIAL_JAMO.contains(&initial)
            && self::VOWEL_JAMO.contains(&medial)
            && self::FINAL_JAMO.contains(&last)
        ) {
            return None;
        }
        char::from_u32(
            self::GA_LOCATION
            + 588 * (INITIAL_JAMO.iter().position(|&c| c == initial)? as u32)
            + 28 * (VOWEL_JAMO.iter().position(|&c| c == medial)? as u32)
            + FINAL_JAMO.iter().position(|&c| c == last)? as u32
        )
    }
}
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Hangul Compatibility Jamo block ===
The Unicode [[Hangul Compatibility Jamo]] block has been allocated for compatibility with the [[KS X 1001]] character set. It is usually used to represent hangul without distinguishing initials and finals.

=== Hangul Jamo blocks ===
The [[Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)|Hangul Jamo]], [[Hangul Jamo Extended-A]] and [[Hangul Jamo Extended-B]] blocks contain initial, medial and final jamo, including obsolete jamo.

=== Hanyang Private Use Area code ===
[[Hangul (word processor)]] shipped with fonts from [[Hanyang Information and Communication]], which map obsolete Hangul characters with Unicode's [[Private Use Areas]]. Despite the use of PUAs instead of dedicated [[code point]]s, Hanyang's mapping was the most popular way to represent obsolete Hangul in South Korea in 2007. With its Hangul 2010, however, [[Hancom]] deprecated Hanyang PUA code and began representing obsolete Hangul characters with Unicode Hangul jamo.

== See also ==
* [[Japanese language and computers]]
* [[Vietnamese language and computers]]
* [[List of CJK fonts]]
* [[Chinese input methods for computers]]
* [[McCune–Reischauer]]
* [[Yale romanization of Korean]]
* [[Revised Romanization of Korean]]
* [[New Korean Orthography]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.branah.com/korean Online Korean Virtual Keyboard]
* [http://inputking.com InputKing Online Input System], an online tool for typing Korean
* {{cite web|url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf |title=Jamo in Unicode }}&nbsp;{{small|(186&nbsp;KB)}}
* {{cite web|url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAC00.pdf |title=Hangul syllables }}&nbsp;{{small|(3.86&nbsp;MB)}}
* {{cite web |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Frank |title=Korean Studies: Unicode Converter |url=http://koreanstudies.com/unicode-converter.html |website=koreanstudies.com}}, an online tool for converting Korean text into various coding formats and vice versa

{{CJK computing}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Korean Language And Computers}}
[[Category:Character encoding]]
[[Category:CJK input methods]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Korea]]
[[Category:Communications in Korea]]
[[Category:Korean writing system|computers]]
[[Category:Natural language and computing]]
[[Category:Korean-language computing]]