Editing Koreshan Unity

{{Short description|American communal utopia}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2011}}

The '''Koreshan Unity''' was a communal [[utopia]] formed by [[Cyrus Teed]], a distant relative of [[Joseph Smith]], founder of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Millner |first1=Lyn |title=The Allure of Immortality: An American Cult, a Florida Swamp, and a Renegade Prophet |date=2015 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, FL |isbn=9780813061238 |page=xiii}}</ref> The Koreshans followed Teed's beliefs, called [[Koreshanity]], and he was regarded by his adherents as "the new Messiah now in the World".<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Koreshan Ecclesia, The|volume=15|page=913}}</ref> After moving from New York to Illinois, the group eventually settled in [[Estero, Florida]]. The last person to officially admit membership to the Koreshans died in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Koreshan Unity: Overview |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/exhibits/koreshan/ |website=floridamemory.com |publisher=Florida Memory Project |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Koreshan Unity State Flag.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the Koreshan Unity]]

==Founding==
The Koreshan Unity started in the 1870s in [[New York City]], where Teed started preaching his beliefs. Teed took the name "Koresh", the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] translation of his name [[Cyrus (name)|Cyrus]], meaning shepherd.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Florida State Parks |title=History |url=https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/koreshan-state-park/history |website=floridastateparks.org |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

He formed short-lived groups in New York City and [[Moravia, New York]].<ref name="florida sla">{{cite web |last1=State Library and Archives of Florida |last2=Florida Memory |title=Koreshan Unity |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/exhibits/koreshan/origins/ |website=floridamemory.com |access-date=15 September 2021 |quote=... in 1880 founded a communal settlement in Moravia, New York. }}</ref> After finding it hard to find converts in New York, he moved to [[Chicago]] in 1886.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tarlow |first1=Sarah A. |title=Representing Utopia: The Case of Cyrus Teed's Koreshan Unity Settlement |journal=Historical Archaeology |date=2006 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |doi=10.1007/BF03376716 |jstor=25617317 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617317 |access-date=18 January 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Teed's followers formed a [[commune (intentional community)|commune]] in Chicago in 1888 called Beth-Ophra. Koreshan affiliated "study groups" also appeared in Baltimore, Portland, San Francisco, Springfield and Lynn, Massachusetts, and elsewhere.<ref name="Winsboro2004">{{cite journal |last1=Winsboro |first1=Irvin D.S. |title=The Koreshan Communitarians' Papers and Publications in Estero, 1894-1963 |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |date=Fall 2004 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=174–180 |url=http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25554 |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
The Koreshan Unity, led by Cyrus Teed, was a religious cult that followed the ideals of celibacy, community, and equality to attain immortality. Teed described God as a hybrid of male and female. Due to this belief, he and the cult as a whole were very open to feminism and the equality between the sexes. The ruling body of the Unity was the Planetary Court; it was composed exclusively of women, aside from Teed as the leader of the Court.

Koreshan celibacy, according to Teed, was the guiding principle humans should live by in order to attain immortality. Teed preached that women were slaves in their marriages and a way for them to be liberated was to move to the commune and practice celibacy, which was very appealing to some women at the time.

Teed denounced [[commercialism]] and wished for the Unity to eschew [[personal property]]. However, archaeological research has shown that some members did keep private keepsakes and an iron-key was discovered, showing that even if the Koreshans called for communal ownership, some places or things were off limits. The group was also known to sell excess goods to locals who lived outside the commune.{{sfn|Tarlow|2006|page=92}}

The Unity also believed in a concave [[hollow Earth]]. They thought the world was on the inside crust of the planet and the sky was the inside of the earth. Teed's evidence for these claims included a device he invented called the "Rectilineator", which could measure the supposed concavity of the Earth's surface.{{sfn|Tarlow|2006|pages=89-90}}
[[File:Koreshan Unity picnic on Big Hickory Island (12102820954).jpg|thumb|Koreshan Unity picnic on Big Hickory Island (12102820954)]]

===Membership levels===
There was a tri-level system of membership.  
*The outer level was made up of non-believers who were willing to work for the Unity.  This group was called the Patrons of Equation, and allowed for marriage and participation in the secular aspects of the unity.  
*The middle group, the Department of Equitable Administration, allowed for marriage, but sexual relationships were only to be for the purpose of reproduction.  
*The inner, core, group (called The Pre-Eminent Unity) was the [[Celibate]] and Communal group, which did not allow marriage and practiced [[celibacy]].    
Within each of these three levels were three distinct branches, the Secular System, the Commercial System, and the Educational System, with a total of nine groups.

==Community==
Eventually, Teed took his followers to [[Estero, Florida]], to form his "[[New Jerusalem]]" in 1894.  The community was at its peak 1903&ndash;1908, when it had over 250 residents.  There were apparently another 4,000 believers around the country. Teed claimed he had a vision in which he was to establish a utopian city of 10,000,000 with streets up to {{convert|400|ft|m}} wide. Membership declined following his death in 1908.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warren, M. (2023) |title=Florida's hollow-earth cult left behind a bizarre ghost town. |url=https://floridatraveler.com/koreshan-state-park/ |website=floridatraveler.com |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

The group built extensively, establishing a bakery, printing house (publishing their newspaper and other publications), the "[[World College of Life]]", a general store, concrete works, power plant (supplying power to the surrounding area years before it was available elsewhere in the region) and more.{{sfn|Tarlow|2006|page=92}} The colony was extensively landscaped. The Unity also owned a home on [[Estero Island]], called La Parita. The house, on the bay side of the island, was where Teed died.{{sfn|Millner|2015|pages=1-4}}

There has been work to document and preserve the grounds in Estero, today a [[Florida State Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/fl/koreshan.html|title=Koreshan - Ghost Town|website=www.ghosttowns.com}}</ref>
[[File:Dr. Teed's mausoleum at Ft. Myers Beach on Estero Island, Florida.jpg|thumb|An early view Cyrus Teed's (Koresh) tomb on Estero Beach. The stone says: "Cyrus, Shepherd, Stone of Israel".]]

==Political party==
In 1906, the community formed the [[Progressive Liberal Party (Florida)|Progressive Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Platform of the Progressive Liberty Party, American Eagle (July 26, 1906) |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/exhibits/koreshan/documents.php?doc=3-5-eagle&sec=3 |website=floridamemory.com |publisher=Florida Memory Project |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref> to run several candidates for county government against the local [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] but were never successful.{{sfn|Winsboro|2004|page=183}} This Progressive Liberal Party consisted of Koreshans, [[socialism|socialists]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], and dissatisfied Democrats. The Koreshans had already incorporated Estero and were seeking further political power in Lee County.  After Teed died in 1908 the group went into decline.  Several groups split off from the Unity.  One such group was the [[Order of Theocracy]] that left in 1910 and moved to nearby [[Ft. Myers, Florida|Ft. Myers]]. This group lasted until 1931.  The fact the Unity was [[celibacy|celibate]] did not help, although celibacy was not the real problem since there was a married status within the Unity.  Celibates were the highest order.  Without new members joining, the group slowly dwindled.  It continued to publish the ''[[Flaming Sword (newspaper)|Flaming Sword]]'' until the printing press burned down in 1949.  It also published the ''American Eagle'', which began in 1906 and later became a [[horticultural]] newspaper.{{sfn|Winsboro|2004|pages=181-183}}

===Followers===
The last remaining follower, Hedwig Michel, joined in 1940.  She had learned of the Koreshans in [[Germany]], and fled [[Nazism|Nazi]] persecution.  She ceded the main portion of the commune grounds to [[Florida]] to form a state park in 1961.  The Koreshan State Park (now known as the [[Koreshan State Historic Site]]) was opened in 1967. Hedwig Michel continued to live in the building known as the "''Planetary Court''."  She died in 1981. She is the only Koreshan buried within the park. Two other Koreshan cemeteries are nearby, one of which lies within a gated community and the other on land owned by the [[Audubon Society]].  Partly due to the Koreshan belief in a form of reincarnation, little, if anything, was done to care for these cemeteries.  The only permanent grave stones were put in by family members.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==College==
The College of Life Foundation, formerly the Koreshan Unity Foundation, is now the owner/caretaker of the remaining Koreshan land and the extensive archives. After Michel's death, control of the Koreshan Unity Foundation passed to her secretary, Jo Bigelow, and most recently another individual, Charles Dauray. None of those controlling the College of Life Foundation are Koreshan believers. {{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== See also ==
* [[List of American utopian communities]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Adams, Katherine J. [http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-0116 ''Life Inside the Earth: The Koreshan Unity and Its Urban Pioneers, 1880-1908.''] MA thesis. Florida State University, 2010.
*Brumann, Christoph. "The Dominance of One and Its Perils: Charismatic Leadership and Branch Structures in Utopian Communes," ''Journal of Anthropological Research,'' vol. 56, no. 4 (Winter 2000), pp.&nbsp;425–451.
*Fine, Howard D. "The Koreshan Unity: The Chicago Years of a Utopian Community," ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,'' vol. 68, no. 3 (June 1975), pp.&nbsp;213–227.
*Landing, James E. "Cyrus Reed Teed and the Koreshan Unity," in Donald E. Pitzer (ed.), ''America's Communal Utopias.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010; pp.&nbsp;375–395.
*Mackle, Elliott. "Cyrus Teed and the Lee County Elections of 1906," ''Florida Historical Quarterly,'' vol. 57, no. 1 (July 1978), pp.&nbsp;1–18.
*Rea, Sara W. ''The Koreshan Story'', Koreshan Unity Foundation, Inc, 1994.
*Rosenthal, Odeda. ''Hedwig Michel: The Patron Saint of The Koreshan State Historic Site'', Koreshan Unity Foundation, Inc, 1992.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Koreshan Unity}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Koreshan Ecclesia, The|Koreshan Unity}}
*[https://www.floridastateparks.org/park/Koreshan Koreshan State Historic Site], official web page.
*[https://fgcu-flvc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/collectionDiscovery?vid=01FALSC_FGCU:CUSTOM&collectionId=81308176740006570 Koreshan Unity Collection], Digital Collection of photos, letters and documents from the Koreshan settlement in Southwest Florida. Maintained by the Florida Gulf Coast University Library.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220502183124/https://faculty.mansfield.edu/skaspere/Restricted/koreshan.html American Communal Utopias and The Koreshan Unity: A Bibliography] Brief overview and bibliography of works, slightly dated.

[[Category:Communalism]]
[[Category:Religious belief systems founded in the United States]]
[[Category:Utopian communities in the United States]]
[[Category:1870s establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:1981 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 19th century]]