Editing Krzysztof Penderecki

{{short description|Polish composer and conductor (1933–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox composer
| name          = Krzysztof Penderecki
| image         = Krzysztof Penderecki 20080706.jpg
| birth_name    = Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1933|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = [[Dębica]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|2020|03|29|1933|11|23|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Kraków]], Poland
| works         = [[List of compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki|List of compositions]]
| signature     = Penderecki sign.svg
| signature_alt = Penderecki's signature
|caption=Penderecki in 2008
|awards         = [[Badge of Honour of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
}}

'''Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈkʂɨʂtɔf pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi|lang|LL-Q809 (pol)-Gower-Krzysztof Penderecki.wav}}; 23 November 1933 – 29 March 2020) was a Polish composer and conductor. His best-known [[List of compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki|works]] include ''[[Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima]]'',<ref name="Levenson"/> [[Symphony No. 3 (Penderecki)|Symphony No. 3]], his ''[[St Luke Passion (Penderecki)|St Luke Passion]]'', ''[[Polish Requiem]]'', ''[[Anaklasis]]'' and ''[[Utrenja]]''. [[List of compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki|His ''oeuvre'']] includes five operas, eight symphonies and other orchestral pieces, a variety of instrumental concertos, choral settings of mainly religious texts, as well as chamber and instrumental works.<ref name="Levenson">{{cite news |last=Levenson |first=Eric |title=Krzysztof Penderecki, composer of works in 'The Exorcist' and 'The Shining,' dies at 86 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/29/world/krzysztof-penderecki-composer-death-trnd/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023|reason=While this article mentions several of the types of works cited in the sentence, it does not mention all of them, nor does it mention how many of each Penderecki composed.}}

Born in [[Dębica]], Penderecki studied music at [[Jagiellonian University]] and the [[Academy of Music in Kraków]]. After graduating from the academy, he became a teacher there and began his career as a composer in 1959 during the [[Warsaw Autumn]] festival. His ''Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima'' for [[string orchestra]] and the choral work ''St. Luke Passion'' have received popular acclaim. His first opera, ''[[The Devils of Loudun (opera)|The Devils of Loudun]]'', was not immediately successful. In the mid-1970s, Penderecki became a professor at the [[Yale School of Music]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Чим унікальна краківська музична академія та хто такий Криштоф Пендерецький - krakow1.one |url=https://krakow1.one/uk/eternal/chym-unikalna-krakivska-muzychna-akademiya-ta-hto-takyj-kryshtof-pendereczkyj-2369 |date=28 November 2022}}</ref> From the mid-1970s his composition style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the [[semitone]] and the [[tritone]]. His choral work ''Polish Requiem'' was written in the 1980s and expanded in 1993 and 2005.

Penderecki won many prestigious awards, including the [[Prix Italia]] in 1967 and 1968; the [[Wihuri Sibelius Prize]] of 1983; four [[Grammy Awards]] in 1987, 1998 (twice), and 2017; the [[Wolf Prize in Arts]] in 1987; and the [[University of Louisville]] [[Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition]] in 1992.<ref name=grawemeyer.org>{{cite web |title=1992 – Krzysztof Penderecki – Grawemeyer Awards |url=http://grawemeyer.org/1992-krzysztof-penderecki/ |website=Grawemeyer.org|date=20 July 1992 }}</ref> In 2012, [[Sean Michaels (writer)|Sean Michaels]] of ''The Guardian'' called him "arguably Poland's greatest living composer".<ref>{{cite news |last=Michaels |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Michaels (writer) |title=Jonny Greenwood reveals details of Krzysztof Penderecki collaboration |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/23/jonny-greenwood-krzysztof-penderecki?newsfeed=true |work=The Guardian |date=23 January 2012}}</ref> In 2020 the composer's Alma Mater, the Academy of Music in Kraków, was named after Krzysztof Penderecki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zmiana nazwy Akademii Muzycznej w Krakowie |url=https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/zmiana-nazwy-akademii-muzycznej-w-krakowie-19060078 |url-access=subscription |work=Dziennik Ustaw |date=16 December 2020 |language=pl}}</ref>

==Career==

===1933–1958: early years===
Penderecki was born on 23 November 1933 in Dębica, the son of Zofia and Tadeusz Penderecki, a lawyer. His grandfather Michał Penderecki was a native of Tenetnyky village near [[Rohatyn]] (now [[Ukraine]])<ref name="rewakowicz">[https://pmv.org.pl/en/newsroom/to-say-goodbye-to-krzysztof-penderecki/ Roman Rewakowicz’s memoir about Krzysztof Penderecki]</ref> and belonged to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic church]].<ref name="dw">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/penderecki-on-aiming-for-the-unreachable/a-17257279|title=Penderecki on 'aiming for the unreachable' |website=Dw.com}}</ref> He married Stefania Szylkiewicz of Armenian origin<ref name="dw" /> from Stanislau (now [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] in [[Ukraine]])<ref name="wprost"/> and they later moved to Dębica. The rest of the Penderecki family adopted Ukrainian identity and some still live in their ancestral village.<ref>[https://www.salon24.pl/u/krakowianin1961/1036008,lxix-wschodnie-korzenie-krzysztofa-pendereckiego (LXIX) Wschodnie korzenie Krzysztofa Pendereckiego]</ref> Krzysztof met them upon his visits to Ukraine in the 1990s.<ref name="rewakowicz" /> On his mother's side his grandfather, Robert Berger, was a highly talented painter and director of the local bank at the time of Penderecki's birth; Robert's father Johann, a German [[Protestant]], moved to Dębica from Breslau (now [[Wrocław]]) in the mid-19th century. Out of love for his wife, he subsequently converted to [[Catholicism]].<ref name="wprost">{{cite web |last=Lech |first=Filip |title=Mistrz |url=https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/10169073/mistrz.html |website=Wprost |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="Schwinger16">Schwinger, p. 16.</ref> 

Krzysztof was the youngest of three siblings; his sister, Barbara, was married to a mining engineer, and his older brother, Janusz, was studying law and medicine at the time of his birth. Tadeusz was a violinist and also played piano.<ref name="Schwinger16"/>

The [[Second World War]] broke out in 1939; Penderecki's family moved out of their apartment, for the Ministry of Food was to operate there. After the war, Penderecki began attending grammar school in 1946. He began studying the violin under Stanisław Darłak, Dębica's military bandmaster who organized an orchestra for the local music society after the war. Upon graduating from grammar school, Penderecki moved to Kraków in 1951, where he attended [[Jagiellonian University]].<ref name="Schwinger17">Schwinger, p. 17.</ref>

He studied violin with Stanisław Tawroszewicz and music theory with Franciszek Skołyszewski. In 1954, Penderecki entered the [[Academy of Music in Kraków]] and, having finished his studies on violin after his first year, focused entirely on composition. Penderecki's main teacher there was Artur Malawski, a composer known for his choral and orchestral works, as well as chamber music and songs. After Malawski's death in 1957, Penderecki took further lessons with [[Stanisław Wiechowicz]], a composer primarily known for his choral works.<ref name="Schwinger18&19">Schwinger, pp. 18–19.</ref> At the time, the 1956 overthrow of [[Stalinism]] in Poland lifted strict cultural censorship and opened the door to a wave of creativity.<ref name="LOC1">{{cite journal |last=Monastra |first=Peggy |title=Krzysztof Penderecki's Polymorphia and Fluorescences |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/moldenhauer/2428143.pdf |journal=Moldenhauer Archives, Library of Congress |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

===1958–1962: first compositions===
Upon graduating from the Academy of Music in Kraków in 1958, Penderecki took up a teaching post at the academy. His early works show the influence of [[Anton Webern]] and [[Pierre Boulez]] (Penderecki was also influenced by [[Igor Stravinsky]]). Penderecki's international recognition began in 1959 at the [[Warsaw Autumn]] with the premieres of the works ''Strophen'', ''Psalms of David'', and ''Emanations'', but the piece that truly brought him to international attention was ''[[Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima]]'' (see [[threnody]] and [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Hiroshima]]), written in 1960 for 52 [[string instrument]]s. In it, he makes use of extended instrumental techniques (for example, playing behind the bridge, bowing on the tailpiece). There are many novel textures in the work, which makes extensive use of [[tone cluster]]s. He originally titled the work ''8' 37"'', but decided to dedicate it to the victims of Hiroshima.<ref>Thomas (2008), p. 165</ref>

''Fluorescences'' followed a year later; it increases the orchestral density with more wind and brass, and an enormous percussion section of 32 instruments for six players, including a Mexican güiro, typewriters, gongs and other unusual instruments. The piece was composed for the [[Donaueschingen Festival]] of contemporary music of 1962, and its performance was regarded as provocative and controversial. Even the score appeared revolutionary; the form of [[Graphic notation (music)|graphic notation]] that Penderecki had developed rejected the familiar look of notes on a staff, instead representing music as morphing sounds.<ref name="LOC1" /> His intentions at this stage were quite [[John Cage|Cagean]]: 'All I'm interested in is liberating sound beyond all tradition'.<ref name="liner">{{cite web |last=Tomaszewski |first=Mieczyslaw |title=Orchestral Works Vol 1 Liner Notes |url=https://www.amazon.com/Penderecki-Orchestral-Works-Vol-01/dp/B00004D3II |website=Amazon |year=2000}}</ref>

Another noteworthy piece of this period is the ''Canon'' for 52 strings and 2 tapes. This is in a similar style to other pieces in the late 1950s in its use of sound masses, dramatically juxtaposed with traditional means although the use of standard techniques or idioms is often disguised or distorted. Indeed, the Canon brings to mind the choral tradition and indeed the composer has the players sing, albeit with the performance indication of ''bocca chiusa'' (with closed mouth) at various points; nevertheless, Penderecki uses the 52 'voices' of the string orchestra to play in massed glissandi and harmonics at times – this is then recorded by one of the tapes for playback later on in the piece. It was performed at the Warsaw Autumn Festival in 1962 and caused a riot although curiously the rioters were young music students and not older concertgoers.<ref name="Jakelski">{{cite book |last=Jakelski |first=Lisa |title=Making new music in Cold War Poland: the [[Warsaw Autumn]] Festival, 1956–1968 |date=2017 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29254-3 |pages=80–83}}</ref>

At the same time, he started composing music for theater and film. The first theater performance with Penderecki's music was ''Złoty kluczyk'' (''Golden Little Key'') by Yekaterina Borysowa directed by Władysław Jarema (premiered on 12 May 1957 in Krakow at the "Groteska" Puppet Theater). In 1959, at the [[Studio Filmów Rysunkowych|Cartoon Film Studio in Bielsko-Biała]], he composed the music for the first animated film, ''Bulandra i diabeł'' (''Coal Miner Bulandra and Devil''), directed by Jerzy Zitzman and [[Lechosław Marszałek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telemagazyn.pl/community/index.php/film/bulandra-i-diabel-2762222/ |language=pl |title=Bulandra i diabeł |website=telemagazyn.pl |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

In 1959, he wrote the score for [[Jan Łomnicki]]'s first short fiction film, ''Nie ma końca wielkiej wojny'' (''There is no End to the Great War'', WFDiF Warszawa). In the following years he created over twenty original musical settings for dramatic and over 40 puppet performances, and composed original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children.<ref>{{cite web |title=O projekcie – Muzyczny Ślad Krakowa |url=http://www.muzycznyslad.pl/o-projekcie/ |access-date=17 December 2020 |language=pl}}</ref>

===''The St. Luke Passion''===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Song title !! Work !! Instrumentation
|-
| 1968:
| "Miserere mei, Deus"<br />''{{audio|Krzysztof Penderecki Miserere mei-Deus.ogg|Listen}}''
|| Saint Luke Passion
|| Chorus
|}

The large-scale ''[[St. Luke Passion (Penderecki)|St. Luke Passion]]'' (1963–66) brought Penderecki further popular acclaim, not least because it was devoutly religious, yet written in an avant-garde musical language, and composed within Communist Eastern Europe. Various different musical styles can be seen in the piece. The experimental textures, such as were employed in the ''Threnody'', are balanced by the work's [[Baroque music|Baroque]] form and the occasional use of more traditional [[harmony|harmonic]] and [[melody|melodic]] writing. Penderecki makes use of [[serialism]] in this piece, and one of the tone rows he uses includes the [[BACH motif]], which acts as a bridge between the conventional and more experimental elements. The [[Stabat Mater#Musical settings|Stabat Mater]] section toward the end of the piece concludes on a simple [[chord (music)|chord]] of D major, and this gesture is repeated at the very end of the work, which finishes on a triumphant E major chord. These are the only tonal harmonies in the work, and both come as a surprise to the listener; Penderecki's use of tonal triads such as these remains a controversial aspect of the work.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walter |first=Meinrad |date=2002 |title=Avantgarde mit menschlichem Antlitz |url=https://www.herder.de/hk/hefte/archiv/2002/10-2002/avantgarde-mit-menschlichem-antlitz-ein-portraet-des-komponisten-und-guardini-preistraegers-krzysztof-penderecki/ |journal=Herder Korrespondenz |volume=2002 |issue=10 |pages=507–512 |language=de |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>

Penderecki continued to write sacred music. In the early 1970s he wrote a [[Dies irae]], a [[Magnificat]], and [[Canticum Canticorum Salomonis]] ([[Song of Songs]]) for chorus and orchestra.<ref name="liner"/>

===De Natura Sonoris and other pieces in the 1960s and early 1970s===
[[File:Penderecki-gtfy-03100-03117u.jpg|thumb|Penderecki between 1980 and 1990]]

Penderecki's preoccupation with sound culminated in ''De Natura Sonoris I'' (1966), which frequently calls upon the orchestra to use non-standard playing techniques to produce original sounds and colours. A sequel, ''De Natura Sonoris II'', was composed in 1971: with its more limited orchestra, it incorporates more elements of post-[[Romanticism]] than its predecessor. This foreshadowed Penderecki's renunciation of the avant-garde in the mid-1970s, although both pieces feature dramatic [[glissando]]s, dense clusters, use of harmonics, and unusual instruments (the [[musical saw]] features in the second piece).

In 1968 Penderecki received the State Prize 1st class.<ref>''Dziennik Polski'', rok XXIV, nr 172 (7599), p. 6.</ref> During the jubilee of the [[People's Republic of Poland]] he received the Commander's Cross (1974)<ref>''Dziennik Polski'', rok XXX, nr 175 (9456), p. 2.</ref> and the Knight's Cross of [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] (1964).<ref>''Dziennik Polski'', rok XX, nr 171 (6363), p. 6.</ref>

Towards the end of the decade, Penderecki received a commission to write for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. The result was ''Kosmogonia'', a piece of twenty minutes for 3 soloists (soprano, tenor, bass), mixed choir and orchestra. The [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] premiered the piece on 24 October 1970 with [[Zubin Mehta]] as conductor and [[Robert Nagy (tenor)|Robert Nagy]] as tenor. The piece uses texts from ancient writers [[Sophocles]] and [[Ovid]] in addition to contemporary statements from [[Soviet]] and American astronauts to musically explore the idea of the [[cosmos]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Penderecki historycznie: od narodzin świata do World Trade Center |url=https://culture.pl/pl/artykul/penderecki-historycznie-od-narodzin-swiata-do-world-trade-center |website=culture.pl |access-date=31 January 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>

===1970s–2020: later years===
[[File:Wladyslaw bartoszewski, krzysztof penderecki.jpg|thumb|Krzysztof Penderecki and [[Władysław Bartoszewski]] in 2011]]
In the mid-1970s, while he was a professor at the [[Yale School of Music]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography on Krakow 2000 |url=http://www.biurofestiwalowe.pl/wydarzenia/kpenderecki_98/penderecki_a.html |url-status=dead |website=Biurofestiwalowe.pl |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162929/http://www.biurofestiwalowe.pl/wydarzenia/kpenderecki_98/penderecki_a.html |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> Penderecki's style began to change. The [[Violin Concerto]] No. 1 largely leaves behind the dense tone clusters with which he had been associated, and instead focuses on two [[melodic]] intervals: the [[semitone]] and the [[tritone]]. This direction continued with the [[Symphony No. 2 (Penderecki)|Symphony No. 2]] (1980), which is harmonically and melodically quite straightforward; the symphony is sometimes referred to as the "Christmas Symphony" due to the opening phrase of the [[Christmas carol]] ''[[Silent Night (song)|Silent Night]]'' appearing three times during the work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krzysztof Penderecki, "II Symfonia" i Joanna Bruzdowicz, "Koncerty" (Olympia) |url=https://culture.pl/pl/dzielo/krzysztof-penderecki-ii-symfonia-i-joanna-bruzdowicz-koncerty-olympia |website=culture.pl |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

Penderecki explained this shift by stating that he had come to feel that the experimentation of the avant-garde had gone too far from the expressive, non-formal qualities of Western music: 'The avant-garde gave one an illusion of universalism. The musical world of [[Stockhausen]], [[Luigi Nono (composer)|Nono]], Boulez and Cage was for us, the young – hemmed in by the aesthetics of socialist realism, then the official canon in our country – a liberation...I was quick to realise however, that this novelty, this experimentation, and formal speculation, is more destructive than constructive; I realised the Utopian quality of its Promethean tone'. Penderecki concluded that he was 'saved from the avant-garde snare of formalism by a return to tradition'.<ref name="liner"/> Penderecki wrote relatively little chamber music. However, compositions for smaller ensembles range in date from the start of his career to the end, reflecting the changes his style of writing has undergone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krzysztof Penderecki- Bio, Albums, Pictures – Naxos Classical Music |url=https://www.naxos.com/person/Krzysztof_Penderecki_21188/21188.htm |website=Naxos.com |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Krzysztof Penderecki dirigió a la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional (28795460233).jpg|thumb|Krzysztof Penderecki conducting the [[Argentine National Symphony Orchestra]], 2015]]

In 1975 the [[Lyric Opera of Chicago]] asked him to write a work to commemorate the US Bicentennial in 1976; this became the opera ''[[Paradise Lost (Penderecki)|Paradise Lost]]'' Owing to delays to the project, however, it did not see its premiere until 1978. The music continued to illustrate Penderecki's move away from avant-garde techniques. It is tonal music, and the composer explained: "This is not music by the angry young man I used to be".<ref name="ParadiseWash">{{cite news |last=Hume |first=Paul |title='Paradise Lost,' Krzysztof Penderecki's Long-Awaited Opera 'Paradise Lost': The World PremiereMusic of Vivid Imagination Marks Krzysztof Penderecki's Long-Awaited Opera |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/12/01/paradise-lost-krzysztof-pendereckis-long-awaited-opera-paradise-lost-the-world-premieremusic-of-vivid-imagination-marks-krzysztof-pendereckis-long-awaited-opera/deb9a8bc-6586-4b46-a9ba-61301344e8aa/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 December 1978 |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

In 1980, Penderecki was commissioned by [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] to compose a piece to accompany the unveiling of a statue at the [[Gdańsk]] shipyards to commemorate those killed in anti-government riots there in 1970. Penderecki responded with ''Lacrimosa'', which he later expanded into one of the best-known works of his later period, the ''[[Polish Requiem]]'' (1980–84, 1993, 2005). Later, he tended towards more traditionally conceived tonal constructs, as heard in works such as the Cello Concerto No. 2 and the [[Credo (Penderecki)|Credo]], which received the [[Grammy Award]] for best choral performance for the world-premiere recording made by the [[Oregon Bach Festival]], which commissioned the piece. The same year, Penderecki was awarded the [[Prince of Asturias Prize]] in Spain, one of the highest honours given in Spain to individuals, entities, organizations or others from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, arts, humanities, or public affairs. Invited by [[Walter Fink]], he was the eleventh composer featured in the annual [[Rheingau Musik Festival#Portraits of living composers|Komponistenporträt]] of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2001. He conducted the Credo on the occasion of the 70th birthday of [[Helmuth Rilling]], 29 May 2003.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rilling |first=Helmuth |title=29. mai 2003 • 70. geburtstag |url=http://www.helmuth-rilling.de/programm.htm |url-status=dead |date=2003 |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040057/http://www.helmuth-rilling.de/programm.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Penderecki received an honorary doctorate from the [[Seoul National University]], Korea, in 2005 and the [[University of Münster]], Germany, in 2006. His notable students include [[Chester Biscardi]] and Walter Mays.

In celebration of his 75th birthday, he conducted three of his works at the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2008, among them Ciaccona from the ''Polish Requiem''.<ref>[http://www.rheingau-musik-festival.de/data_files/ouvertuere_2008.pdf Ouverture 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810031232/http://www.rheingau-musik-festival.de/data_files/ouvertuere_2008.pdf |date=10 August 2011}} Rheingau Musik Festival, p. 17, 11 July 2008.</ref>

In 2010, he worked on an opera based on ''[[Phèdre]]'' by [[Jean Racine|Racine]] for 2014, which was never realized,<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2018 |title=Penderecki sagt 'Phaedra' für Wien ab |url=https://www.pizzicato.lu/penderecki-sagt-phaedra-fur-wien-ab/ |work=[[Pizzicato]] |location=Luxembourg |language=de |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> and expressed his wish to write a 9th symphony.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2010 |title=A composer for all seasons |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2010/0908/1224278430170.html |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> In 2014, he was engaged in the creation of a choral work to coincide with the [[Armenian genocide]] centennial.<ref name="armenpress.am">{{cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/746022/krzysztof-penderecki-engaged-in-creation-of-choral-work-on-armenian-genocide-centennial.html|title=Krzysztof Penderecki engaged in creation of choral work on Armenian Genocide centennial|website=Armenpress.am|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> In 2018, he conducted Credo in [[Kyiv]] at the 29th [[Kyiv Music Fest]], marking the centenary of Polish independence.<ref name="Poland">{{cite web |title=Famous Polish composer marks Polish centenary in Kiev |url=https://polandin.com/39261968/famous-polish-composer-marks-polish-centenary-in-kiev |website=polandin.com |date=30 September 2018 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Penderecki had three children, firstly a daughter Beata with pianist Barbara Penderecka ({{nee}} Graca), whom he married in 1954; they later divorced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes on Penderecki |url=http://culture.pl/en/article/notes-on-penderecki |access-date=30 August 2016}} {{cite web |title=Aiming for the Unreachable |url=http://www.dw.com/en/penderecki-on-aiming-for-the-unreachable/a-17257279 |website=Dw.com |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> He then had a son, Łukasz (b. 1966), and daughter, Dominika (b. 1971), with his second wife, Elżbieta Penderecka ({{nee}} Solecka), whom he married on 19 December 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mazes, Notes & Dali: The Extraordinary Life of Krzysztof Penderecki |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/notes-on-penderecki |website=Culture.pl}}</ref> He lived in the Kraków suburb of [[Wola Justowska]]. He was also a keen gardener, and established a 16-hectare [[arboretum]] near his [[manor house]] in [[Lusławice]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/here-i-write-different-music-remembering-penderecki-through-his-garden-20870 |title='Here I write different music…' Remembering Penderecki, through his garden… |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pendereckisgarden.pl/en |title=Penderecki's Garden |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

Penderecki died at his home in Kraków, Poland, on 29 March 2020, after a long illness.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://radiokrakow.pl/kultura/nie-zyje-krzysztof-penderecki/|title=Nie żyje Krzysztof Penderecki – Kultura – Radio Kraków|website=radiokrakow.pl|language=pl|access-date=29 March 2020}}
*{{cite web |title=Nie żyje Krzysztof Penderecki. Wybitny polski kompozytor i dyrygent miał 86 lat |url=https://kultura.gazeta.pl/kultura/7,114526,25828164,nie-zyje-krzysztof-penderecki-wybitny-kompozytor-mial-86-lat.html |publisher=gazeta.pl |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=pl |date=29 March 2020}}
*{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Daniel  |title=Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish Composer With Cinematic Flair, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/arts/music/krzysztof-penderecki-dead.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020}}
*{{cite news |last=Potter |first=Keith |title=Krzysztof Penderecki obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/29/krzysztof-penderecki-obituary |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020}}
*{{cite news |last=Scislowska |first=Monika |title=Polish conductor's music featured in film, concerts around world |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52076983/krzysztof-penderecki-obituary-scislowska/ |work=[[The Idaho Statesman]] |location=Boise, ID |date=30 March 2020 |page=A7 |agency=AP |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
</ref> He was buried at the [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|National Pantheon]] in Kraków on 29 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krzysztof Penderecki spoczął w Panteonie Narodowym |url=https://www.rmf24.pl/regiony/krakow/news-krzysztof-penderecki-spoczal-w-panteonie-narodowym,nId,5920669#crp_state=1 |access-date=30 March 2022 |language=pl}}</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
[[File:Popiersie Krzysztof Penderecki ssj 20110627.jpg|thumb|Bust of Krzysztof Penderecki in Celebrity Alley in [[Kielce]]]]
In 1979, a bronze bust by artist [[Marian Konieczny]] honouring Penderecki was unveiled in The Gallery of Composers' Portraits at the [[Pomeranian Philharmonic]] in [[Bydgoszcz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://desa.pl/pl/authors/2984/marian-konieczny |title=Marian Konieczny|website=Desa.pl |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> His monument is located on the Celebrity Alley at the Scout Square (''Skwer Harcerski'') in [[Kielce]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.um.kielce.pl/pomitab/alejaslaw/ |title=Aleja Sław |website=Um.kielce.pl |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814032226/http://www.um.kielce.pl/pomitab/alejaslaw/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Led Zeppelin]] guitarist and founding member [[Jimmy Page]] was an admirer of the composer's groundbreaking work ''[[Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima]]'' during his teenage years. This would be reflected later by Page's use of the violin bow on his guitar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kerrang.com/krzysztof-penderecki-the-legendary-composer-who-influenced-some-of-rocks-heaviest-artists-dead-at-86 |title=Krzysztof Penderecki, Atonal Composer Who Influenced Some Of Rock's Heaviest Artists, Dead at 86 |website=kerrang.com |author=Phil Alexander |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

The composer and [[Radiohead]] guitarist [[Jonny Greenwood]] cited Penderecki as a major influence.<ref name="service" /> For Radiohead's 1997 album ''[[OK Computer]]'', Greenwood wrote a part for 16 stringed instruments playing [[quarter tone]]s apart, inspired by Penderecki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weird Fruit: Jonny Greenwoods Creative Contribution to 'The Bends' |url=https://www.popmatters.com/feature/191098-weird-fruit-jonny-greenwoods-creative-contribution-to-the-bends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518012102/http://www.popmatters.com/feature/191098-weird-fruit-jonny-greenwoods-creative-contribution-to-the-bends/ |archive-date=18 May 2017 |access-date=23 June 2016 |website=PopMatters}}</ref> Greenwood visited Penderecki in 2012 and wrote a work for strings, ''48 Responses to Polymorphia'', which Penderecki conducted in various performances throughout Europe.<ref name="service">{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tom |date=23 February 2012 |title=When Poles collide: Jonny Greenwood's collaboration with Krzysztof Penderecki |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/feb/23/poles-collide-jonny-greenwood-penderecki |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Penderecki credited Greenwood for introducing his music to a new generation.<ref name="service" />

==Works==
{{Main|List of compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki}}

Penderecki's compositions include operas, symphonies, choral works, as well as chamber and instrumental music.

===Film and television scores===
Krzysztof Penderecki composed between 1959 and 1968 original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krzysztof Penderecki|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0671678/|access-date=17 December 2020|website=IMDb}}</ref>

Some of Penderecki's music has been adapted for film soundtracks. ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'' (1973) features his String Quartet and ''Kanon For Orchestra and Tape''; fragments of the Cello Concerto and ''[[The Devils of Loudun (opera)|The Devils of Loudun]]''. Writing about ''The Exorcist'', the film critic for ''The New Republic'' wrote that 'even the music is faultless, most of it by Krzysztof Penderecki, who at last is where he belongs'.<ref>Liner notes for ''The Exorcist: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'', Warner Bros. 16177-00-CD, 1998.</ref> [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'' (1980) features six pieces of Penderecki's music:<ref name="Levenson" /> ''[[Utrenja]] II: Ewangelia'', ''Utrenja II: Kanon Paschy'', [[The Dream of Jacob|''The Awakening of Jacob'']], ''[[De Natura Sonoris No. 1]]'', ''[[De Natura Sonoris No. 2]]'' and ''[[Polymorphia]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barham|first1=J.M.|title=Terror Tracks: Music and Sound in Horror Cinema|date=2009|publisher=Equinox Press|location=London, UK|chapter-url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1956/1/fulltext.pdf|isbn=978-1-84553-202-4|pages=137–170|url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1956/|chapter=Incorporating Monsters: Music as Context, Character and Construction in Kubrick's ''The Shining''}}{{open access}}</ref> [[David Lynch]] has used Penderecki's music in the soundtracks of the films ''[[Wild at Heart (film)|Wild at Heart]]'' (1990), ''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]]'' (2006), and the TV series ''[[Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)|Twin Peaks]]'' (2017). In the film ''[[Fearless (1993 film)|Fearless]]'' (1993) by [[Peter Weir]], the piece ''[[Polymorphia]]'' was once again used for an intense plane crash scene, seen from the point of view of the passenger played by [[Jeff Bridges]]. Penderecki's ''[[Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima]]'' was also used during one of the final sequences in the film ''[[Children of Men]]'' (2006).<ref name="Levenson" /> Penderecki composed music for [[Andrzej Wajda]]'s 2007 Academy Award nominated film ''[[Katyń (film)|Katyń]]'', while [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Shutter Island (film)|Shutter Island]]'' (2010) featured his [[Symphony No. 3 (Penderecki)|Symphony No. 3]] and ''Fluorescences''.

==Honors and awards==
[[File:Prague Autumn Penderecki.JPG|thumb|Penderecki conducting [[Sinfonia Varsovia]] during the rehearsal, [[Rudolfinum]], [[Prague Autumn International Music Festival]], 2008]]
[[File:Per artem ad deum 2015 - kucma, herder, penderecki.jpg|thumb|Penderecki (at right) at the [[Per Artem ad Deum Medal]] award ceremony]]
* 1959: 2nd Competition for Young Polish Composers in Warsaw organised by the [[Polish Composers' Union]] – Penderecki was awarded the top three prizes for the works he anonymously submitted: ''Stanzas'', ''Emanations'', and ''Psalms of David'';<ref name="Schott">{{cite web |title=Krzysztof Penderecki (Chronology and Profile) |url=https://en.schott-music.com/shop/autoren/krzysztof-penderecki |website=[[Schott Music]] |date=2020 |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
* 1961: Prize of the [[UNESCO]] International Tribune of Composers in Paris for ''Threnody'';<ref>{{cite news |last=Hiemenz |first=Jack |title=A Composer Praises God as One Who Lives in Darkness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/27/archives/a-composer-praises-god-as-one-who-lives-in-darkness-penderecki-a.html |work=The New York Times |volume=126 |issue=43499 |date=27 February 1977}}</ref>
* 1966: Grand Art Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia for ''St. Luke Passion'';<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Prizes and Awards |url=http://www.krzysztofpenderecki.eu/en/3/242/246/Prizes-and-Awards |website=Krzysztofpenderecki.eu |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306085000/http://www.krzysztofpenderecki.eu/en/3/242/246/Prizes-and-Awards |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1967: Prix Italia for the ''St. Luke Passion'';<ref name="auto"/> Sibelius Gold Medal;<ref name="Schott" />
* 1968: [[Prix Italia]] for the ''Dies Irae'' in memory of the victims of [[Auschwitz]];<ref name="auto"/> [[Grammy Trustees Award]] for significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording;<ref>{{cite web |title=Trustee Grammy Award |url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/trustee-awards |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref>
* 1972: [[City of Kraków Award]];<ref name="Schott" />
* 1977: [[Herder Prize]] (Germany/Austria)<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |title=Krzysztof Penderecki |url=https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/krzysztof-penderecki |website=Culture.pl |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 1978: Prix [[Arthur Honegger]] for ''Magnificat'' (France)<ref name="auto"/>
* 1983: [[Wihuri Sibelius Prize]] (Finland);<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wihuriprizes.fi/wihuri-sibelius-prize/?lang=en |title=Wihuri Sibelius Prize|website=Wihuriprizes.fi |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> Polish National Award<ref name="usc" />
* 1985: Premio Lorenzo Magnifico (Italy)<ref name="auto"/><ref name="usc" />
* 1987: [[Wolf Prize in Arts]] (Israel);<ref name="usc" /> [[Grammy]] for Best Contemporary Composition<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/krzysztof-penderecki |title=Krzysztof Penderecki|website=Grammy.com|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 1990: Grand Cross of Merit of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]];<ref name="auto"/><ref name="usc" /> Chevalier de Saint Georges;<ref name="Schott" />
* 1992: [[University of Louisville]] [[Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition]] for ''Adagio – 4 Symphony'';<ref>{{cite news|url=http://grawemeyer.org/music-composition/#toggle-id-3 |title=Music Composition|website=Grawemeyer.org |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> [[Austrian Medal for Science and Art]];<ref name="Schott" />
* 1993: distinguished Citizen Fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study at [[Indiana University]], Bloomington, Prize of the International Music Council / UNESCO for Music;<ref name="usc">{{cite web |title=Krzysztof Penderecki |url=https://polishmusic.usc.edu/research/composers/krzysztof-penderecki/ |work=usc.edu |publisher=Polish Music Center, University of Southern California |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> Cultural Merit of the [[Principality of Monaco]]<ref name="usc" />
* 1995: Member of the [[Royal Irish Academy of Music]] (Dublin);<ref name="Schott" /> honorary citizen of [[Strasbourg]];<ref name="Schott" /> Primetime Emmy Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences;<ref name="Schott" /> Pro Baltica Prize<ref name="auto2" />
* 1996: Primetime [[Emmy Award]] of the [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]], Commander of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (France)<ref name="auto2"/>
* 1998: Grammy for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance;<ref name="auto1"/> Composition Prize for the Promotion of the European economy, Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]];<ref name="Schott" /> corresponding member of the [[Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts]], Munich;<ref name="Schott" /> [[Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]] (Lithuania)<ref name="Schott" />
* 1999: music Prize of the City of [[Duisburg]] (Germany);<ref name="Schott" /> Honorary Board of the Vilnius Festival '99<ref name="Schott" />
* 2000: [[Cannes Classical Awards|Cannes Classical Award]] as "Living Composer of the Year";<ref name="Schott" /> honorary member of the [[Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde|Society of Friends of Music in Vienna]];<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Szalsza |first=Piotr |title=Penderecki, Krzysztof |encyclopedia=Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online |url=https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_P/Penderecki_Krzysztof.xml |publisher=Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage, Abteilung Musikwissenschaft |language=de |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> Officer of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]];<ref name="Schott" />
* 2001: [[Prince of Asturias Award]] for Art (Spain);<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2001-krzysztof-penderecki.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2001&especifica=0 |title=PRINCE OF ASTURIAS AWARD FOR THE ARTS 2001|website=Fpa.es |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> Grammy for Best Choral Performance for Credo;<ref name="Schott" /> Honorary Professor of the [[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]]<ref name="Schott" />
* 2002: State Prize of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] (Germany), [[Romano Guardini]] Prize<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2002 |title=Guardini-Preis für Krzysztof Penderecki |url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/mehr-kultur/183338-Guardini-Preis-fuer-Krzysztof-Penderecki.html |work=[[Wiener Zeitung]] |location=Vienna |language=de |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
* 2003: [[Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]];<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question | language = de | page=1584 | access-date = 21 November 2012 }}</ref> [[Preis der Europäischen Kirchenmusik]] (Germany), Freedom of Dębica, Eduardo M. Torner Medal of the Conservatorio de Musica del Principado Asturias in [[Oviedo]], Spain; honorary director of the Choir of the Prince of Asturias Foundation, Honorary President of the ''Apayo a la Creación Musical'', Judaica Foundation Medal;
* 2004: [[Praemium Imperiale]] – Music (Japan)<ref name="auto2"/>
* 2005: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20060020020 |title=M.P. 2006 nr 2 poz. 20|website=Prawo.sejm.gov.pl |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> [[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.e-teatr.pl/pl/artykuly/16039.html |title=Warszawa. Wręczono złote medale "Gloria Artis" |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2006: [[Order of the Three Stars]] (Latvia)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.president.lv/images/modules/items/DOC/2014-julijs-tzo_majaslapai.doc |title=Ar Triju Zvaigžņu ordeni apbalvoto personu reģistrs apbalvošanas secībā, sākot no 2004. gada 1.oktobra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420063832/http://www.president.lv/images/modules/items/DOC/2014-julijs-tzo_majaslapai.doc|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
* 2008: [[Polish Academy Award for Best Film Score]] for [[Katyń (film)|''Katyn'']], Commander of the [[Order of the Three Stars]] (Latvia), [[Order of Bernardo O'Higgins]] (Chile), Golden Medal of the Minister of Culture (Armenia), Commander of the [[Order of the Lion of Finland]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/odznaczenie_komandora_orderu_lwa_finlandii_dla_krzysztofa_pendereckiego-96.php?p=30 |title=Odznaczenie Komandora Orderu Lwa Finlandii dla Krzysztofa Pendereckiego|website=Mkidn.gov.pl |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> Thorunium Medal<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.torun.pl/pl/miasto/samorzad/miejskie-nagrody-i-wyroznienia/medal-prezydenta-miasta-torunia |title=Miejskie nagrody i wyróżnienia|website=Torun.pl |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]];<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2009 |title=Distinction honorifique pour le compositeur polonais Krzysztof Penderecki |url=https://varsovie.mae.lu/en/Home/Distinction-honorifique-pour-le-compositeur-polonais-Krzysztof-Penderecki |work=varsovie.mae.lu |location=Luxembourg |publisher=Embassy of Luxembourg in Poland |language=fr |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> Merit of Armenia<ref name="Schott" />
* 2011: Viadrina Prize for contributions to Polish-German cooperation ([[Viadrina European University]], [[Frankfurt (Oder)|Frankfurt]]);<ref name="rbb">{{cite web |last=Oppermann |first=Andreas |date=29 March 2020 |title=Viadrina-Preisträger Krzystof Penderecki gestorben |url=https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/kultur/2020/03/viadrina-preistraeger-krzystof-penderecki-gestprben.html |work=rbb24.de |publisher=Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg |language=de |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75475,11683732,Penderecki_odebral_Nagrode_Viadriny.html |title=Penderecki odebrał Nagrodę Viadriny|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609222924/http://wyborcza.pl/1,75475,11683732,Penderecki_odebral_Nagrode_Viadriny.html|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> Grand Cross of the [[Order pro Merito Melitensi]] (Malta)<ref name="auto"/>
* 2012: [[Paszport Polityki|Paszport Polityki Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/paszporty/1534605,1,paszporty-2012-kto-laureatem.read |title=PASZPORTY 2012: kto laureatem? |website=Polityka.pl|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]], 1st Class (Estonia)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.president.ee/et/vabariik/teenetemargid/kavaler/19057/krzysztof-eugeniusz-penderecki |title=Teenetemärkide kavalerid |website=President.ee|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Per Artem ad Deum Medal]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.perartemaddeum.com/?p=378&lang=pl |title=Medal Per Artem ad Deum dla Krzysztofa Pendereckiego, Wincetego Kućmy i wydawnictwa Herder|website=Perartemaddeum.com |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
* 2017: Grammy for Best Choral Performance;<ref name="auto1"/> New Culture of New Europe Award at the [[Economic Forum in Krynica|Krynica Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forum-ekonomiczne.pl/nagrody-forum-ekonomicznego/ |title=Nagrody Forum Ekonomicznego |website=Forum-ekonomiczne.pl|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

Penderecki was an honorary doctor and honorary professor of several universities: [[Georgetown University]], Washington, D.C., [[University of Glasgow]], [[Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory]], [[Fryderyk Chopin Music Academy]] in Warsaw, [[Seoul National University]], Universities of [[University of Rochester|Rochester]], [[University of Bordeaux|Bordeaux]], [[KU Leuven|Leuven]], [[University of Belgrade|Belgrade]], [[Complutense University of Madrid|Madrid]], [[University of Poznan|Poznan]] and [[St. Olaf College]] ([[Northfield, Minnesota]]), [[Duquesne University]], [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]], [[University of Pittsburgh]] (PA), [[University of St. Petersburg]], [[Beijing Conservatory]], [[Yale University]] and [[Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität]] in Münster (Westphalia) (2006 Faculty of Arts).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.krzysztofpenderecki.eu/pl/3/242/247/Doktoraty-honoris-causa |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180816183506/http://www.krzysztofpenderecki.eu/pl/3/242/247/Doktoraty-honoris-causa |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2018 |title=Doktoraty honoris causa |website=Archive.md|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

He was an honorary member of the following academies and music companies: [[Royal Academy of Music]] (London), [[Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia]] (Rome), [[Royal Swedish Academy of Music]] (Stockholm), [[Academy of Arts (London)]], Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires), the [[Society of Friends of Music]] in Vienna, [[Academy of Arts, Berlin|Academy of Arts in Berlin]], Académie Internationale de Philosophie et de l'Art in Bern, and the Académie Nationale des Sciences, Belles-lettres et Arts in Bordeaux.<ref name="usc" /> In 2009, he became an honorary citizen of the city of [[Bydgoszcz]].<ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2020 |title=Odszedł Krzysztof Penderecki, honorowy obywatel Bydgoszczy |url=http://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/odszedl-krzysztof-penderecki-honorowy-obywatel-b/ |work=bydgoszcz.pl |location=Bydgoszcz |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Polish composers]]
*[[Music of Poland]]
*[[Lusławice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lusławice]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Schwinger|first=Wolfram |translator-last=Mann |translator-first=William |title=Krzysztof Penderecki: His Life and Work – encounters, biography and musical commentary|year=1989|publisher=Schott|location=London, England|isbn=978-0-946535-11-8}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bylander|first=Cindy|title=Krzysztof Penderecki: a bio-bibliography|year=2004|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn= 978-0-313256-58-5|oclc=56104435}}
* {{cite news |last=Croan |first=Robert |date=7 October 1988 |title=Composer is deft as conductor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077367/krzysztof-penderecki-croan/ |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |page=43 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
* {{cite news |last=Croan |first=Robert |date=7 October 1988 |title=Penderecki makes his Pittsburgh debut |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077367/krzysztof-penderecki-croan/ |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |page=43 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
* {{cite news |last=Diehl |first=Jackson |date=10 July 1988 |title=Penderecki doesn't let Marxism limit style |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52076780/krzysztof-penderecki-diehl-1/ |work=[[Star Tribune]] |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |pages=73, 74 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}} [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52076749/krzysztof-penderecki-diehl-2/ continued on page 74]
* {{cite news |last=Guerrieri |first=Matthew |date=29 October 2013 |title=An unending path |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077752/krzysztof-penderecki-guerrieri-1/ |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |location=Boston |page=G6, G7 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}} [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077808/krzysztof-penderecki-guerrieri-2/ continued on page G7]
* {{cite news |last=Hinson |first=Mark |date=8 October 2004 |title=The master conducts his masterwork |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52076536/krzysztof-penderecki-hinson/ |work=[[Tallahassee Democrat]] |location=Tallahassee, Florida |page=50 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
* {{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Christopher |date=7 April 1985 |title=Krzysztof Penderecki is a composer caught in crossfire of critics |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077164/krzysztof-penderecki-johnson/ |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=73 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
* {{cite book|last=Maciejewski|first=B. M.|title=Twelve Polish Composers|year=1976|location=London, England|publisher=Allegro Press|isbn=978-0-950561-90-5|oclc=3650196}}
* {{cite news |last=Miller |first=Margo |date=19 January 1986 |title=Penderecki to conduct Requiem |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077563/krzysztof-penderecki-miller/ |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |location=Boston |page=121 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
*{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Ray|title=Krzysztof Penderecki: a guide to his works|year=1983|publisher=Prestige Publications|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-911009-02-6|oclc=9541916}}
* {{cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Donald |date=24 November 1983 |title=Polish composer's music elicits strong reaction |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52077273/krzysztof-penderecki-rosenberg/ |work=[[The Akron Beacon Journal]] |location=Akron, Ohio |page=75 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=25 May 2020}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Penderecki, Krzysztof|last=Thomas|first=Adrian|editor-last=Sadie|editor-first=Stanley|location=London, England|year=1992|encyclopedia=[[New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]|isbn=978-0-333-73432-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Adrian |title=Polish Music since Szymanowski|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44118-6}}
* {{cite web | title=Rede: Trauerstaatsakt für Krzysztof Penderecki | website=[[Der Bundespräsident]] | date=22 March 2022 | url=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/03/220329-Trauerstaatsakt-Penderecki-Krakau.html | language=de | ref={{sfnref | Der Bundespräsident | 2022}} | access-date=1 December 2022}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Krzysztof Penderecki}}
<!-- * {{official website}} {{in lang|pl}} -->
* [http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/4145325-open-er-2012--pendereckis-violin-revolution-in-poland "Penderecki's violin revolution in Poland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809065038/http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/4145325-open-er-2012--pendereckis-violin-revolution-in-poland |date=9 August 2012 }} (Drowned In Sound, 2012)
* [http://www.bruceduffie.com/penderecki.html Krzysztof Penderecki interview] by Bruce Duffie (March 2000)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205120/http://www.remusik.org/en/journal/interviews/3-110907/ Interview with Krzysztof Penderecki] by Galina Zhukova (2011), Журнал ''reMusik'', Saint-Petersburg Contemporary Music Center.
* [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/krzysztof-penderecki-turning-history-avant-garde "Krzysztof Penderecki: Turning history into avant-garde".] Video interview by [[Louisiana Channel]], Denmark, 2013.
* {{BrahmsOnline|2535}}
* [http://culture.pl/en/artist/krzysztof-penderecki Krzysztof Penderecki], Culture.pl
* [http://www.cdmc.asso.fr/en/ressources/compositeurs/biographies/penderecki-krzysztof-1933 Krzysztof Penderecki's biography] on Cdmc website
* {{IMDb name|id=0671678}}
* {{Discogs artist|Krzysztof Penderecki}}
* [https://culture.pl/en/article/not-just-the-shining-13-soundtracks-featuring-krzysztof-penderecki Not Just 'The Shining': 13 Soundtracks Featuring Krzysztof Penderecki] on Culture.pl
* [http://www.muzycznyslad.pl/krzysztof-penderecki/ Musical Trace] Pendereckis' film & theatre music (Polish only)
* [https://pendereckisgarden.pl/en Penderecki's Garden], digital garden from the [[Adam Mickiewicz Institute]] launched on 29 March 2021 for the anniversary of his death.

{{Krzysztof Penderecki}}
{{Twelve-tone composers|state=autocollapse}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for Krzysztof Penderecki
|list1=
{{Herder Prize}}
{{GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition}}
{{International Classical Music Awards Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Wihuri Sibelius Prize}}
{{Wolf Prize in Arts}}
{{WSA – Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts}}
{{Polish Academy Award for Best Film Score}}
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{{Portal bar|Classical music|Opera|Biography|Poland|Music}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Penderecki, Krzysztof}}
[[Category:Krzysztof Penderecki| ]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dębica]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Polish classical composers]]
[[Category:Microtonal composers]]
[[Category:Polish male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Polish opera composers]]
[[Category:Polish male opera composers]]
[[Category:Polish people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Polish people of German descent]]
[[Category:Polish people of Ukrainian descent]]
[[Category:Yale School of Music faculty]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Royal Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Academy of Music in Kraków]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Academy of Music in Kraków]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Prix Italia winners]]
[[Category:Wolf Prize in Arts laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists]]
[[Category:Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:People associated with Dublin City University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class]]
[[Category:International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners]]
[[Category:Herder Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century Polish conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Folkwang University of the Arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Polish male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:People from Bydgoszcz]]