Editing Kurt Grelling

{{Short description|German logician and philosopher (1886–1942)}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|era    = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|school_tradition = [[Analytic philosophy]]<ref>Milkov 2013, p. 7.</ref><br>[[Berlin Circle]]
|image  = Logician Kurt Grelling at work in his study, ca. 1934.jpg
|caption = Kurt Grelling at work in his study c. 1934
|name   = Kurt Grelling
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1886|3|2}}
|birth_place      = [[Berlin]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date       = September 1942
|death_place      = [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]], [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]]
|main_interests   = [[Philosophy of science]], [[logic]], [[axiomatic set theory]]
|notable_ideas    = [[Grelling–Nelson paradox]]
|education = [[University of Göttingen]] (PhD, 1910)
|thesis_title      = Die Axiome der Arithmetik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beziehungen zur Mengenlehre (The Axioms of Arithmetic with Particular Regard to their Relation to Set Theory)
|thesis_url        = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN300658907?origin=/collection/mathematica?filter%255B0%255D%255Bfacet_place_publish%255D%3DG%25C3%25B6ttingen%26filter%255B1%255D%255Bfacet_creator_personal%255D%3DGrelling%252C%2520Kurt&collection=mathematica
|thesis_year       = 1910
|doctoral_advisor  = [[David Hilbert]]
}}
[[File:Stolperstein Königsberger Str 13 (Lichtf) Kurt Grelling.jpg|thumb|Memorial [[Stolperstein]] at Kurt Grelling's residence Königsberger Straße 13 in Berlin]]
'''Kurt Grelling''' (2 March 1886 &ndash; September 1942) was a German [[logician]] and  [[philosopher]], member of the [[Berlin Circle (philosophy)|Berlin Circle]].

== Life and work ==
Kurt Grelling was born on 2 March 1886 in Berlin. His father, the Doctor of Jurisprudence [[Richard Grelling]], and his mother, Margarethe (née Simon), were Jewish. Shortly after his arrival in 1905 at [[University of Göttingen]], Grelling began a collaboration with philosopher [[Leonard Nelson]], with whom he tried to solve [[Russell's paradox]], which had shaken the [[foundations of mathematics]] when it was announced in 1903. Their 1908 paper<ref>{{cite book |first1=K. |last1=Grelling |first2=L. |last2=Nelson |chapter=Bemerkungen zu den Paradoxien von Russell und Burali-Forti |title=Abhandlungen der Fries'schen Schule II |location=Göttingen |year=1908 |pages=301–334 }} Also in: {{cite book |first=Leonard |last=Nelson |title=Gesammelte Schriften III. Die kritische Methode in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wissenschaften |publisher=Felix Meiner Verlag |location=Hamburg |year=1974 |pages=95–127 |isbn=3787302220 }}</ref> included new [[paradox]]es, including a semantic paradox that was named the [[Grelling–Nelson paradox]].

He received his doctorate in [[mathematics]] from the same university in 1910 with a [[PhD dissertation]] on the development of [[arithmetic]] in [[axiomatic set theory]], advised by [[David Hilbert]]. In a recorded interview with [[Herbert Enderton]], [[Alfred Tarski]] mentions a meeting he had with Grelling in 1938, and says that Grelling was the author of the earliest textbook in [[set theory]], probably but wrongly referring to this dissertation, since [[William Henry Young]] and [[Grace Chisholm Young]]'s ''Set Theory'' was published in 1906.

As a skilled linguist, Grelling translated philosophical works from French, Italian and English to German, including four of [[Bertrand Russell]]'s works. He became a strong proponent of Russell's writings thereafter.

From 1911 to 1922 Grelling published exclusively journalistic articles in publications connected with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]].

In 1915 his father, Richard Grelling, wrote the anti-war book ''J'Accuse'', condemning the actions of the [[Central Powers]].<ref name="roll">{{cite book | title=Because I Am a German | url=https://archive.org/details/becauseiamgerman00fernuoft | publisher=Constable and Co. | author=Fernau, Hermann | year=1916 | location=London | page=[https://archive.org/details/becauseiamgerman00fernuoft/page/6 6]}}</ref>  It enjoyed huge sales outside Germany. Richard followed this success up with ''Das Verbrechen'' (''The Crime''), in which he attacked his critics, who included Kurt Grelling.<ref name="les">{{cite book | title=Les causes de la Première Guerre mondiale | publisher=Éditions du Seuil | author=Droz, Jacques | year=1973 | pages=19|language=French}}</ref>

From 1924 onwards Grelling's publications were exclusively in the field of [[Positivism|positivist philosophy]].

Unable to find a university position in either Göttingen or [[University of Berlin|Berlin]], Grelling had to teach mathematics, [[philosophy]] and [[physics]] in secondary schools.  Nevertheless, he worked with [[Hans Reichenbach]] in planning the meetings of the Berlin Circle, which was closely associated with the [[Vienna Circle]]. In 1933, Reichenbach emigrated to [[Turkey]] and the [[Nazism|Nazis]] forced Grelling to retire. But he struggled to keep the Berlin Circle active by organizing small seminars and colloquia.

Grelling collaborated with [[Kurt Gödel]] and in 1937 he published an article in which he defended Gödel's [[first incompleteness theorem]] against an erroneous interpretation, according to which Gödel's theorem is a paradox as Russell's paradox.

Although many of his relatives and friends had fled Germany, he did not think seriously about leaving until 1937, in which year he went to [[Brussels]] to work with [[Paul Oppenheim]], this time writing several papers on the analysis of scientific explanation and on [[Gestalt psychology]].

On 10 May 1940, the first day of the German invasion in Belgium, Grelling was arrested. He was deported to southern France, where he was interned for over two years under the [[Vichy regime]]. Oppenheim and [[Carl Gustav Hempel|Hempel]] tried to help Grelling by securing an appointment for him at the New School for Social Research in [[New York City]]. News of the position and a visa to the United States reached the camp where Grelling had been joined by his wife Greta, who had refused to divorce him for safety reasons. But U.S. immigration officials were perplexed by Grelling's alleged propensity towards communism, so there was a delay that was fatal to Grelling. He and his wife were shipped to [[Auschwitz]], arriving there on September 18, 1942 and were murdered in the [[gas chamber]]s soon after arrival.<ref name="Emmer">{{cite book|last= Emmer|first=Michele|title=Mathematics and Culture I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHRDnU29PO8C&dq=%22Kurt+Grelling%22+auschwitz&pg=PA58|year=2004|publisher=[[Axel Springer AG]]|isbn=978-3-540-01770-7|page=60}}</ref><ref>[http://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/biografie/1357 Biography] (in German) at Berlin [[Stolperstein]] site</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{cite book |first1=K. |last1=Grelling |first2=L. |last2=Nelson |chapter=Bemerkungen zu den Paradoxien von Russell und Burali-Forti |title=Abhandlungen der Fries'schen Schule II |location=Göttingen |year=1908 |pages=301–334 }}
* [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN300658907?origin=/collection/mathematica?filter%255B0%255D%255Bfacet_place_publish%255D%3DG%25C3%25B6ttingen%26filter%255B1%255D%255Bfacet_creator_personal%255D%3DGrelling%252C%2520Kurt&collection=mathematica ''Die Axiome der Arithmetik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beziehungen zur Mengenlehre'']. PhD dissertation, Göttingen University Press, 1910.
* ''Anti-J'accuse''. Eine deutsche Antwort. Zürich: Art. Institut Orell Füssli, 1916.
* [https://philpapers.org/rec/GREGEE "Gibt es eine Gödelsche Antinomie?"], in: ''Theoria'' '''3''' (1937):297–306.

==Notes==
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== References ==
*Nikolay Milkov (2013), "The Berlin Group and the Vienna Circle: Affinities and Divergences", in: N. Milkov & V. Peckhaus (eds.), ''The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism. Springer'', pp. 3–32.
*C. G. Hempel, "Autobiografia intellettuale" in ''Oltre il positivismo logico''. Armando: Rome, 1988. (Text of an interview Hempel gave to Richard Noland in 1982, published for the first time in Italian translation in 1988.)
*Abraham S. Luchins and Edith H. Luchins, [<!---http://web.archive.org/web/20041022172937/http://enabling.org:80/ia/gestalt/kgbio.html--->http://gestalttheory.net/archive/kgrelbio.html "Kurt Grelling: Steadfast scholar in a time of madness"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519025936/http://www.gestalttheory.net/archive/kgrelbio.html |date=2018-05-19 }}, ''Journal of Gestalt Theory'', Vol. 22, Apr 2000, pp 228–281 &mdash; Includes a [http://gestalttheory.net/archive/grellpic.html picture gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193137/http://gestalttheory.net/archive/grellpic.html |date=2016-03-04 }}.
*Günther Sandner, "The Berlin Group in the Making: Politics and Philosophy in the Early Works of Hans Reichenbach and Kurt Grelling". 10th International Congress of the [[International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science]] (HOPOS), Ghent, July 2014. [http://www.hopos2014.ugent.be/node/322 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116042546/http://www.hopos2014.ugent.be/node/322 |date=2018-11-16 }}.

== External links ==
*[http://www.emis.de/cgi-bin/jfmen/MATH/JFM/quick.html Query at the Electronic Research Archive for Mathematics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030108184038/http://www.emis.de/cgi-bin/jfmen/MATH/JFM/quick.html |date=2003-01-08 }}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=7380}}
*[http://murzim.net/LP/LP17.html Biographical Notes] at Murzim.net

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Grelling, Kurt}}
[[Category:20th-century German philosophers]]
[[Category:German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Jewish philosophers]]
[[Category:German logicians]]
[[Category:People from Berlin executed in Nazi concentration camps]]
[[Category:Writers from Berlin]]
[[Category:People killed by gas chamber by Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:German male writers]]
[[Category:Vienna Circle]]
[[Category:German social democrats]]
[[Category:German Jews who died in the Holocaust]]