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Kwadi language
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{{Short description|Extinct Khoisan language of Angola}} {{Infobox language | name = Kwadi | nativename = ǃKwaǀtse | states = [[Angola]] | extinct = 1960s-80s | familycolor = Khoisan | fam1 = [[Khoe–Kwadi languages|Khoe–Kwadi]]<ref name="phonology"/><ref>{{glottolog|khoe1240|Khoe–Kwadi}}</ref> | iso3 = kwz | glotto = kwad1244 | glottorefname = Kwadi | ethnicity = Kwadi | dia1 = Zorotua }} '''Kwadi''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɑː|d|i}} is an extinct "[[click language]]" once spoken in the southwest corner of [[Angola]]. It became [[extinct language|extinct]] around 1960. There were only fifty Kwadi in the 1950s, of whom only 4–5 were competent speakers of the language. Three partial speakers were known in 1965, but in 1981 no speakers could be found. Salvage work was carried out 2014 with two remembers who had acquired the language from an old speaker while they were children.<ref name=lost>Anne-Maria Fehn & Jorge Rocha (2023) Lost in translation: A historical-comparative reconstruction of Proto-Khoe-Kwadi based on archival data. ''Diachronica'' 40:5, p. 609–665.</ref> Although Kwadi is poorly attested, there is enough data to show that it is a divergent member of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe family]], or perhaps cognate with the Khoe languages in a [[Khoe–Kwadi languages|Khoe–Kwadi]] family. It preserved elements of proto-Khoe that were lost in the western Khoe languages under the influence of [[Kxʼa languages]] in Botswana,<ref>{{cite conference |title=Changing profile when encroaching on hunter-gatherer territory?: towards a history of the Khoe–Kwadi family in southern Africa |first=Tom |last=Güldemann |conference=Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherer populations in global perspective |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |date=August 2006}}</ref> and other elements that were lost in the eastern Khoe languages.<ref name="phonology"/> The Kwadi people, called ''Kwepe'' (''Cuepe'') by the Bantu, appear to have been a remnant population of southwestern African [[hunter-gatherer]]s, otherwise only represented by the [[Cimba people|Cimba]], [[Kwisi people|Kwisi]], and the [[Damara people|Damara]], who adopted the [[Khoekhoe language]]. Like the Kwisi they were fishermen, on the lower reaches of the [[Coroca River]].<ref name=Blench>{{cite book |first=Blench |last=Roger |year=1999 |chapter=Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction? |pages=41–60 |editor-last1=Biesbrouck |editor-last2=Elders |editor-last3=Rossel |title=Challenging Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective |location=Leiden |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Anthropology%20data/Text/Pygmies%20an%20ethnographic%20fiction.pdf |access-date=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126111442/http://www.rogerblench.info/Anthropology%20data/Text/Pygmies%20an%20ethnographic%20fiction.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-26 }}</ref> Kwadi was alternatively known by varieties of the words ''Koroka'' (''Ba-koroka, Curoca, Ma-koroko, Mu-coroca'') and ''Cuanhoca''. ''Zorotua'', or ''Vasorontu'', was apparently a dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwadi: Zorotua language |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/12597 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=globalrecordings.net |language=en}}</ref> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== Kwadi is tentatively reconstructed as having the seven oral vowels {{IPA|/a ɛ e i ɔ o u/}} the three nasal vowels {{IPA|/ã ĩ ũ/}}. Diphthongs seem to have been {{IPA|(/ai/), /ao/, /au/, /oa/, /oe/, /oɛ/, /ua/, /ui/}} and {{IPA|/ãĩ/, /ũã/}}. The status of /ao/ is not certain, and /oa/, /ua/ may have been allophones.<ref name="lost"/> ===Tones=== The tone system is unclear, due to limited data and to the poor quality of recordings. At least two tones (high and low) are necessary to explain that data:<ref name="phonology"/> :{{IPA|[ʔáú]}} 'dog', {{IPA|[ʔáù]}} 'fish' :{{IPA|[k’ó]}} 'meat', {{IPA|[k’ò]}} 'man, male' ===Consonants=== The following consonants are attested. Those is parentheses are doubtful: they are either found in only a single lexeme, or are plausible allophones of another consonant.<ref name="lost"/><ref name="morphology" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" | ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! rowspan="5" |[[Click consonant|Click]] !{{small|voiceless}} | |{{IPA link|ᵏǀ}} | |{{IPA link|ᵏǁ}} |{{IPA link|ᵏǂ}} | | | |- !{{small|aspirated}} | |{{IPA link|ᵏǀʰ}} | | | | | | |- !{{small|glottalized}} | |{{IPA link|ᵏǀˀ}} | | |{{IPA link|ᵏǂˀ}} | | | |- !{{small|prenasal}} | |{{IPA link|ŋǀ}} | | | | | | |- !{{small|fricative}} | |{{IPA link|ᵏǀx}} | | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Prenasalized consonant|Prenasal]] |mb | |nd | |ɲɟ |ŋɡ | | |- ! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]] !{{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}}, {{IPA link|pʲ}} | | {{IPA link|t}}, {{IPA link|tsʷ}} | | {{IPA link|c}} | {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|kʷ}} |({{IPA link|q}}) | {{IPA link|ʔ}}, {{IPA link|ʔʲ}} |- !{{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|b}} | | {{IPA link|d}}, {{IPA link|dʷ}} | | {{IPA link|ɟ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}}, {{IPA link|ɡʷ}} | | |- !{{small|aspirated}} | {{IPA link|pʰ}} | | {{IPA link|tʰ}} | |{{IPA link|cʰ}} | {{IPA link|kʰ|k(x)ʰ}} | | |- !{{small|glottalized}} | | | {{IPA link|tʼ}} | | {{IPA link|cʼ}} | {{IPA link|kʼ|k(x)ʼ}} | | |- ! rowspan="4" |[[Affricate]] !{{small|voiceless}} |({{IPA link|pf}}) | |{{IPA link|ts}}~{{IPA link|tʃ}} |{{IPA link|tɬ}} | |({{IPA link|kx}}) | | |- !{{small|voiced}} | | |{{IPA link|dz}} | | | | | |- !{{small|aspirated}} | | |{{IPA link|tsʰ}} |{{IPA link|tɬʰ}} | | | | |- !{{small|glottalized}} | | |{{IPA link|tsʼ}} |{{IPA link|tɬʼ}} | | |{{IPA link|qχʼ}} | |- ! rowspan="3" | [[Fricative]] !{{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|f}} | ({{IPA link|θ}}) | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ɬ}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|x}} | {{IPA link|χ}} | {{IPA link|h}} |- !{{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|v}} | ({{IPA link|ð}}) | | | | | | |- !{{small|glottalized}} | | | | | | {{IPA link|xʼ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | |({{IPA link|r}}) | | | |{{IPA link|ʀ̥}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]] | {{IPA link|w}} | | |{{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | | |} Proto-Khoe–Kwadi *ǃ, *ǂ, *ǁ are replaced with non-click consonants such as {{IPA|/c, tɬ, cʼ, tɬʼ, xʼ, ʔʲ/}}.<ref name="phonology">Fehn, Anne-Maria. (2020). Towards a reconstruction of Proto Khoe-Kwadi: The challenges (and benefits!) of applying the historical-comparative method to archival data. Handout of paper presented at the Zoom meeting of the KBA Network, 15 October 2020.</ref> In disyllabic words, the second consonant is predominantly /m/, /n/, /l/, /d/, /b/, and it is possible those were the only consonants allowed within morphemes in native words, as would be typical for the area.<ref name="lost"/> ==Morphology== ===Pronouns=== Kwadi has personal pronouns for first and second person in singular, dual, and plural numbers. Pronouns have subject, object, and possessive cases.<ref name="morphology">{{cite book|last=Güldemann|first=Tom|year=2013|chapter=Morphology: 3.5 Kwadi|editor-last=Vossen|editor-first=Rainer|title=The Khoesan Languages|series=Routledge Language Family Series|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|pages=261–263}}</ref> 1st person plural may have distinguished [[clusivity]]. Object pronouns are suffixed with ''-le/-de'', except for the first person dual object pronoun, which is just ''mu''. Possessive pronouns are the same as the subject form, except for the first person singular possessive pronoun, which is ''tʃi''. Third person pronouns are simply the demonstratives, which are formed with a demonstrative base ''ha-'' followed by a gender/number suffix.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Fehn |first=Anne-Maria |title=Preliminary notes on Kwadi grammar and implications for the morphological reconstruction of proto Khoe-Kwadi |publisher=Berlin Colloquium on African Linguistics |date=24 November 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Personal Pronouns !colspan=2| !! singular !! dual !! plural |- !colspan=2| 1st | ta || ʔamu ~ hamu || ʔala ([[clusivity|EXCL]])<br>ʔuhina, hina (INCL?) |- !colspan=2| 2nd | sá || uwa ~ huwa || ʔu ~ hu |- !rowspan=2| 3rd ! masc | háde || rowspan=2|hawa || hau |- ! fem | hɛɛ (< ha-e) || haʔe |} The known possessive pronouns are ''tʃi'' 'my' and ''ha'' 'his'. From the Khoe languages, it's not expected that all pronouns have distinctive possessive forms. ===Nouns=== Kwadi nouns distinguished three genders (masculine, feminine, and common), as well as three numbers (singular, dual, and plural).<ref>Westphal 1971: 395</ref> Some nouns form their plural with [[suppletion]]. For example: ''tçe'' "woman" vs. ''tala kwaʼe'' "women". The attested paradigm of nominal suffixes for masculine and feminine nouns is given below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! !! singular !! dual !! plural |- ! Masculine | -dɛ || rowspan=3| -wa || -u |- ! Feminine | -e || -ʔɛ |- ! Common | -(n)dɛ || -ʔV |} ==See also== *[[Kwisi people]] ==References== <references/> ==External links== *[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ckh\kwd&limit=-1 Kwadi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Khoisan}} {{Languages of Angola}} [[Category:Khoe–Kwadi languages]] [[Category:Languages of Angola]] [[Category:Extinct languages of Africa]] [[Category:Languages extinct in the 1950s]] [[Category:Unclassified languages of Africa]]
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