Editing Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959

{{Short description|United States labor law}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle        = Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
| othershorttitles  =
| longtitle         = An act to provide for the reporting and disclosure of certain financial transactions and administrative practices of labor organizations and employers, to prevent abuses in the administration of trusteeships by labor organizations, to provide standards with respect to the election of officers of labor organizations, and for other purposes. 
| colloquialacronym = LMRDA
| nickname          = Landrum–Griffin Act
| enacted by        = 86th
| effective date    = 
| public law url    = 
| cite public law   = {{USPL|86|257}}
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|73|519}}
| acts amended    = 
| acts repealed   = 
| title amended = [[Title 29 of the United States Code|29 U.S.C.: Labor]]
| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|29|11}} §§ 401-531
| sections amended = 
| leghisturl      = 
| introducedin    = Senate
| introducedbill  = S. 1555
| introducedby    = 
| introduceddate  = March 25, 1959
| committees      = [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Labor and Public Welfare]]
| passedbody1     = Senate
| passeddate1     = April 25, 1959
| passedvote1     = 90-1
| passedbody2     = 
| passedas2       = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
| passeddate2     = 
| passedvote2     = 
| conferencedate  = 
| passedbody3     = 
| passeddate3     = 
| passedvote3     = 
| agreedbody3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreeddate3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedvote3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedbody4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreeddate4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreedvote4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| passedbody4     = 
| passeddate4     = 
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| signedpresident = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| signeddate      = September 14, 1959
| SCOTUS cases    = 
}}

The '''Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959''' (also "LMRDA" or the '''Landrum–Griffin Act'''), is a [[US labor law]] that regulates labor unions' internal affairs and their officials' relationships with employers.<ref>Bellace and Berkowitz (1979).</ref>

==Background==
After enactment of the [[Taft–Hartley Act]] in 1947, the number of union victories in National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)-conducted elections declined.<ref name=nm>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlrb.gov/75th/1959landrumgriffinact.html |title=National Labor Relations Board, 75 Years, 1935 - 2010 |accessdate=2011-01-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127001825/http://www.nlrb.gov/75th/1959landrumgriffinact.html |archivedate=2011-01-27 }}</ref> During the 12-year administration of the [[Wagner Act]], which was enacted in 1935, unions won victories in over 80 percent of elections.<ref name=nm /> But in that first year after passage of the Taft–Hartley Act in 1947, unions won only around 70 percent of the representation elections conducted by the agency.<ref name=nm />

During the mid-to-late 1950s, the labor movement was under intense Congressional scrutiny for corruption, racketeering, and other misconduct.<ref name=nm /> Enacted in 1959 after revelations of corruption and undemocratic practices in the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]], [[International Longshoremen's Association]], [[United Mine Workers]] and other unions received widespread attention,<ref name=nm /> the Act requires unions to hold secret elections for local union offices on a regular basis and provides for review by the [[United States Department of Labor]] of union members' claims of improper election activity.  Organized labor opposed the act because it strengthened the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947.<ref>Lee (1990).</ref>

It was sponsored by Democrat [[Phil Landrum]] and Republican [[Robert P. Griffin]]. The drafting was assisted by [[Clyde Summers]].

==Content==
Important provisions of the law were as follows:
* Unions had to hold secret elections, reviewable by the [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]].
* Union members are protected against abuses by a bill of rights including guarantees of freedom of speech and periodic secret elections of officers.
* Members of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] and convicted felons were barred from holding union office. The bar on Communist Party members was ruled unconstitutional in 1965 in the case ''[[United States v. Brown]]''.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=[[United States v. Brown (1965)|U.S. v. Brown]] |vol=381 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=437 |pinpoint= |court= |date=1965 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_v._Brown_(381_U.S._437)/Opinion_of_the_Court}}</ref>
* Unions had to submit annual financial reports to the DOL.
* Every union officer must act as a [[fiduciary]] in handling the assets and conducting the affairs of the union.
* Unions' power to put subordinate bodies in [[trusteeship]], a temporary suspension of democratic processes within a union, was limited.
* Minimum standards were made before a union could expel or take other disciplinary action against a member of the union.

The LMRDA covers both workers and unions covered by the [[National Labor Relations Act]] ("Wagner Act") and workers and unions in the railroad and airline industries, who are covered by the [[Railway Labor Act]]. The LMRDA does not, as a general rule, cover public sector employees, who are not covered by either the NLRA or the RLA. The LMRDA likewise does not displace state laws governing unions' relations with their members except to the extent that those state laws would conflict with federal law.

Congress also amended the [[National Labor Relations Act]], as part of the same piece of legislation that created the LMRDA, by tightening the [[Taft–Hartley Act]]'s prohibitions against [[secondary boycott]]s and prohibiting certain types of "hot cargo" agreements, under which an employer agreed to cease doing business with other employers, and empowered the General Counsel of the [[National Labor Relations Board]] to seek an [[injunction]] against a union that engages in [[recognitional picketing]] of an employer for more than thirty days without filing a petition for representation with the NLRB.

Union members may enforce their LMRDA rights through private lawsuit or, in some cases, through [https://web.archive.org/web/20051204230256/http://www.dol.gov/esa/olms_org.htm the US Department of Labor].

==Subsequent operation==
Twenty years after the passage of the Act, co-sponsor Senator [[Robert P. Griffin|Robert Griffin]] wrote,

<blockquote>Today, nearly two decades after enactment, it is undeniable that the Landrum–Griffin Act has played a significant role in enabling union members to participate more freely in the affairs of their unions. On the other hand, it cannot be said that union corruption and abuses of union power have disappeared. But such conduct in the union movement is not as common as it was twenty years ago; and, in large measure, that can be credited to the existence of the Landrum–Griffin Act.<ref>Bellace and Berkowitz, iii.</ref></blockquote>

Griffin acknowledged the shortcomings, particularly with regard to the [[Teamsters]]. However, Griffin argued that the violations were contrary to the Act, placing the blame instead on the [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] for failing to pursue action against the Teamsters for its corruption.<ref>Bellace and Berkowitz, v.</ref>

===Voting===
The Act stressed for union members to be guaranteed, as part of a Bill of Rights, the right to a secret ballot on certain issues facing the union at large.<ref name="29 U.S.C. §411 1959">29 U.S.C. §411 (1959).</ref> However, in naming certain aspects of union function, such as dues, constitution, bylaws, membership,<ref name="29 U.S.C. §411 1959"/> and not others, the Act opened the door for abuses. For instance, a vote on the union constitution would require that each member have the right to see the proposed changes, distribute information in support or opposition thereof, and have their union bound by the result of the election. However, if a ratification vote was not under one of these named clauses, the protections did not apply under the Act, and union officials could act as they saw fit, regardless of the sentiment of general membership.<ref>Alan Hyde, Democracy in Collective Bargaining, 93 Yale Law Journal 793, 795 (1984).</ref>

===Collective bargaining===
Likewise, the Act addressed the issue of collective bargaining but only in externalities such as reporting thereof. It did not address the question of whether such agreements required any consent from the union members or locals.<ref>Hyde, 807.</ref> Furthermore, in allowing for trusteeship in such instances, the Act allowed for union officials to exert greater control over the will of their members. In one court case on the matter, an [[Oklahoma City]] local attempted to leave one union body to affiliate with another. The original union put it under [[trusteeship]] to block the transfer, and the court upheld the move as legal under the Act.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Gordon v. Laborers' Int'l Union of North America |vol=490 |reporter=F.2d |opinion=133 |pinpoint= |court=10th Cir. |date=1973 |url=http://www.casetext.com/case/gordon-v-laborers39international-union-of-no-amer/ |accessdate=9 September 2013}} See also Hyde, 826.</ref> As law professor Alan Hyde put it, "the courts advance democratic bargaining only when assured that such democracy will not disadvantage more fundamental policy interests, such as harmony between employers and 'unions' (read union elites) or control of inflation."<ref>Hyde, 795.</ref>

===Pensions===
With regard to retiree pensions, among other secondary issues, the Act did nothing to close the loophole created by the [[National Labor Relations Act]] to allow such 'permissive' or 'not mandatory' items from being dealt with by a union employer unilaterally,<ref>Katherine Van Wezel Stone, The Postwar Paradigm in American Labor Law, 93 Yale Law Journal 1509.</ref> a right which was upheld by the Supreme Court as late as 1971 in ''Allied Chemical Workers Local 1 v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company''.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Allied Chemical Workers Local 1 v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company |vol=404 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=157 |pinpoint=187-88 |court= |date=1971 |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/404/157 |accessdate=9 September 2013 |quote= }}</ref> Likewise, in 1980, the Supreme Court affirmed the right of union international offices to negotiate a pension plan in conflict with that supported by the members when union bylaws allowed for approval by international.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Vincent v. IBEW |vol=622 |reporter=F.2d |opinion=140 |pinpoint=143 |court=5th Cir. |date=1980 |url= |accessdate= |quote=}} See also Hyde, 39.</ref>

===Persuader Rule===
President [[Barack Obama]] used the Act as authority to issue the "Persuader Rule", which required an employer's attorney to publicly disclose advice provided to persuade against unionization.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cassens Weiss|first1=Debra|title=Judge blocks new 'persuader rule' requiring disclosure of lawyer advice to employers on union issues|url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/judge_blocks_new_labor_rule_requiring_disclosure_of_lawyer_advice_to_employ/|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=[[ABA Journal]]|date=28 June 2016}}</ref>  The [[National Federation of Independent Business]] sued and, on November 16, 2016, U.S. District Judge [[Samuel Ray Cummings]] issued a permanent [[nationwide injunction]] blocking the Persuader Rule, finding it was not authorized by the Act, and that it violated the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dubé|first1=Lawrence E.|title=DOL Persuader Rule Blocked by Federal Judge|url=http://www.bna.com/dol-persuader-rule-n57982082867/|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=[[Bloomberg BNA]] Daily Labor Report}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
* [[US labor law]]
* [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935]], the "Wagner Act"
* [[Taft–Hartley Act]] (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947)
* [[List of United States federal legislation]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*JR Bellace and AD Berkowitz, ''The Landrum–Griffin Act: Twenty Years of Federal Protection of Union Members' Rights'' (1979). 363 pp.
*H Benson, 'The Fight for Union Democracy' in [[SM Lipset]], ed. ''Unions in Transition: Entering the Second Century'' (1986), pp 323–370
*[[A Cox]], 'The Role of Law in Preserving Union Democracy' (1959) 72(4) Harvard Law Review 609
*[[A Cox]], 'Internal Affairs of Labor Unions under the Labor Reform Act of 1959' (1960) 58(6) Michigan Law Review 819-854
*AR Lee, ''Eisenhower and Landrum–Griffin: A Study in Labor-Management Politics'' (1990) 202 pp.
*[[SM Lipset]], 'The Law and Trade Union Democracy' (1961) 47(1) Virginia Law Review 1-50
*E McGaughey, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017) [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2995297 ssrn.com]
*[[CW Summers]], 'American Legislation for Union Democracy' (1962) 25 MLR 273

==External links==
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1511/uslm/COMPS-1511.xml Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1511/pdf/COMPS-1511.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-1511/ details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
* [https://www.dol.gov/agencies/olms/laws Amended text, regulations and interpretations] from the Department of Labor
* [https://uniondemocracy.org/ Website of] the [[Association for Union Democracy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Labor Management Reporting And Disclosure Act}}
[[Category:86th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Labor relations in the United States]]
[[Category:History of labor relations in the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal labor legislation]]
[[Category:1959 in economic history]]
[[Category:1959 in labor relations]]
[[Category:Union democracy]]