Editing Labrador duck

{{Short description|Extinct species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = NMNH-USNM77126-01-plain.jpg
| image_caption = Female specimen, [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] 
| image2 =  Camptorhynchus labradorius (Labrador duck) (8365390008).jpg
| image2_caption = Male, [[Field Museum of Natural History]]
| status = EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Camptorhynchus labradorius'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22680418A92862623 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = GX
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=''Camptorhynchus labradorius''. NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101134/Camptorhynchus_labradorius|website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>
| extinct = ~1878
| genus = Camptorhynchus
| parent_authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1838
| species = labradorius
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789)
| display_parents  = 2
| range_map = Camptorhynchus labradorius map.svg
}}

The '''Labrador duck''' ('''''Camptorhynchus labradorius''''') is an [[extinct]] North American [[duck]] species. It has the distinction of being the first known [[endemic]] North American bird species to become extinct after the [[Columbian Exchange]], with the last reported sighting occurring in 1878 in [[Elmira, New York]],<ref name="Renko">{{cite web|last1=Renko|first1=Amanda|title=EXTINCT: Seeking a bird last seen in 1878|url=http://www.stargazette.com/story/news/local/2016/09/09/searching-last-labrador-duck/90118798/|website=Star Gazette|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> and the last preserved specimen was shot in the fall of 1875 in [[Long Island|Long Island, New York]] by J.G. Bell.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labrador duck {{!}} Endangered List |url=https://endangeredlist.org/animal/labrador-duck/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=endangeredlist.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutcher |first=William |date=1894 |title=The Labrador Duck: Another Specimen, with Additional Data Respecting Extant Specimens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4067622 |journal=The Auk |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4–12 |doi=10.2307/4067622 |jstor=4067622 |issn=0004-8038}}</ref> It was already a rare duck before European settlers arrived, and as a result of its rarity, information on the Labrador duck is not abundant, although some, such as its habitat, characteristics, dietary habits and reasons behind its extinction, are known. There are 55 specimens of the Labrador duck preserved in museum collections worldwide.<ref>Chilton, Glen. ''The Curse of the Labrador Duck: My Obsessive Quest to the Edge of Extinction''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009. Print.</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Camptorhynchus labradoriusSmithMiscCollecV135N7P0304AA.jpg|upright|thumb|Diagram of the male]]

The Labrador duck was also known as the pied duck and skunk duck, the former being a vernacular name that it shared with the [[surf scoter]] and the [[common goldeneye]] (and even the [[American oystercatcher]]), a fact that has led to difficulties in interpreting old records of these species. Both names refer to the male's striking white/black piebald colouration. Yet another common name was sand shoal duck, referring to its habit of feeding in shallow water. 

The Labrador duck is considered a sea duck. A basic difference in the shape of the process of [[metacarpal]] I divides the sea ducks into two groups:
#''[[Goldeneye (duck)|Bucephala]]'' and the [[merganser]]s
#The [[eider]]s, [[scoter]]s, ''[[Histrionicus]]'', ''[[Clangula]]'', and ''Camptorhynchus''
The position of the nutrient foramen of the [[tarsometatarsus]] also separates the two groups of sea ducks. In the first group, the foramen is lateral to the long axis of the lateral groove of the hypotarsus; in the second, the foramen is on or medial to the axis of that groove.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zusi|first1=Richard|title=The Appendicular Myology of the Labrador Duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius)|issue=4|pages=407–418|jstor=1367191|journal=The Condor|volume=80|year=1978|doi=10.2307/1367191}}</ref>

The closest [[evolution]]ary relatives of the Labrador duck were thought to be the scoters (''Melanitta'').<ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey, Bradley C. |year=1995|title=Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology of Modern Seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini)|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=97|issue=1|pages=233–255|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v097n01/p0233-p0255.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368999|jstor=1368999}}</ref> However a mitogenomic study of the placement of the Labrador duck found the species to be closely related to the [[Steller's eider]] as shown below.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Janet C. Buckner |author2=Ryan Ellingson |author3=David A. Gold |author4=Terry L. Jones |author5=David K. Jacobs |year=2018 |title=Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck ''Chendytes lawi'' and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 122|pages= 102–109|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008 |pmid=29247849 |bibcode=2018MolPE.122..102B |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/ssci_fac/99 }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;
|label1=[[Mergini]]
|1={{Clade
   |1={{Clade
   |label1=
   |1={{Clade
      |1=''[[Long-tailed duck|Clangula hyemalis]]''
      |2={{Clade
         |1=''[[Harlequin duck|Histrionicus histrionicus]]''
         |2={{Clade
            |1={{Clade
            |label1=
            |1={{Clade
               |1=''[[Steller's eider|Polysticta stelleri]]''
               |2=†''Camptorhynchus labradorius'' }} }}
            |2={{Clade
               |1=''[[Spectacled eider|Somateria fischeri]]''
               |2={{Clade
                  |1=''[[Common eider|Somateria mollissima]]''
                  |2=''[[King eider|Somateria spectabilis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
            |2={{Clade
               |1={{Clade
               |label1=
               |1={{Clade
                  |1=''[[Common scoter|Melanitta nigra]]''
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=''[[White-winged scoter|Melanitta deglandi]]''
                     |2=''[[Surf scoter|Melanitta perspicillata]]''}} }} }}            
               |label2=
               |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                  |label1=
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=''[[Bufflehead|Bucephala albeola]]''
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Common goldeneye|Bucephala clangula]]''
                        |2=''[[Barrow's goldeneye|Bucephala islandica]]''}} }} }} 
                  |2={{Clade
                  |label2=
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=''[[Smew|Mergellus albellus]]''
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Red-breasted merganser|Mergus serrator]]''
                        |2=''[[Hooded merganser|Lophodytes cucullatus]]''
                        |3={{Clade 
                           |1=''[[Common merganser|Mergus merganser]]''
                           |2={{Clade 
                              |1=''[[Brazilian merganser|Mergus octosetaceus]]''
                              |2=''[[Scaly-sided merganser|Mergus squamatus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Description==
[[File:Extinctbirds1907 P36 Camptolaemus labradorius0363AA.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]] of a female and male]]
The female plumage was grey. Although weakly patterned, the pattern was scoter-like. The male's plumage was black and white in an eider-like pattern, but the wings were entirely white except for the primaries. The [[trachea]] of the male was scoter-like. An expansion of the tracheal tube occurred at the anterior end, and two enlargements (as opposed to one enlargement as seen in scoters) were near the middle of the tube. The bulla was bony and round, puffing out from the left side. This asymmetrical and osseus bulla was unlike that of scoters; this bulla was similar to eiders and harlequin duck's bullae. The Labrador duck has been considered the most enigmatic of all North American birds.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnsgard|first1=Paul|title=Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior: Tribe Mergini (Sea Ducks)|url=http://works.bepress.com/paul_johnsgard/1|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133806/https://works.bepress.com/paul_johnsgard/1/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Labrador duck had an oblong head with small, beady eyes. Its bill was almost as long as its head. The body was short and depressed with short, strong feet that were far behind the body. The feathers were small and the tail was short and rounded. The Labrador duck belongs to a monotypic genus.<ref>"Recently Extinct Animals - Species Info - Labrador Duck." Recently Extinct Animals - Species Info - Labrador Duck. N.p., 4 June 2008. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. {{cite web |url=http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/labradorduck.htm |title=Recently Extinct Animals - Species Info - Labrador Duck |access-date=2014-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215071011/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/labradorduck.htm |archive-date=2015-02-15 }}.</ref>

==Habitat==
The Labrador duck migrated annually, wintering off the coasts of [[New Jersey]] and [[New England]] in the eastern [[United States]], where it favored southern sandy coasts, sheltered bays, harbors, and inlets, and breeding in [[Labrador]] and northern [[Quebec]] in the summer.<ref name="gap">{{cite book|title=A Gap in Nature|last=Flannery|first=Tim|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2001|isbn=0871137976|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gapinnature00timf/page/60 60–61]|url=https://archive.org/details/gapinnature00timf/page/60}} 
</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chilton |first1=Glen |last2=Sorenson |first2=Michael D. |date=2007 |editor-last=Winker |editor-first=K. |title=Genetic Identification of Eggs Purportedly From the Extinct Labrador Duck (''Camptorhynchus labradorius'') |url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/124/3/962/5562812 |journal=The Auk |language=en |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=962–968 |doi=10.1093/auk/124.3.962 |issn=1938-4254}}</ref> [[John James Audubon]]'s son reported seeing a nest belonging to the species in Labrador. Some believe that it may have laid its eggs on the islands in the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]]. The breeding biology of the Labrador duck is largely unknown.

==Diet==
[[File:Camptorhynchus labradoriusAWP332AA.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[John James Audubon]]]]
The Labrador duck fed on small [[molluscs]], and some fishermen reported catching it on fishing lines baited with mussels.<ref name=gap/> The structure of the bill was highly modified from that of most ducks, having a wide, flattened tip with numerous [[Lamellae (zoology)|lamellae]] inside. In this way, it is considered an ecological counterpart of the North [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]/North [[Asia]]n Steller's eider. The beak was also particularly soft and may have been used to probe through sediment for food.<ref name=gap/>

Another, completely unrelated, duck with similar (but even more specialized) bill morphology is the Australian [[pink-eared duck]], which feeds largely on plankton, but also mollusks; the condition in the Labrador duck probably resembled that of the [[blue duck]] most in outward appearance.
Its peculiar bill suggests it ate shellfish and crustaceans from silt and shallow water. The Labrador duck may have survived by eating snails.

==Extinction==
[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.110083 - Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gmelin, 1789) - Labrador Duck - specimen - video.webm|thumb|Turnaround video of a male specimen, [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]]]]
The Labrador duck is thought to have been always rare, but between 1850 and 1870, populations waned further.<ref name=gap/> The exact reasons for its extinction is still not fully known.<ref>Sibley and Monroe (Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, 1990, p. 40)</ref> The IUCN recognized the last year the species was seen as 1875.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=International) |first=BirdLife International (BirdLife |date=2022-09-16 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Camptorhynchus labradorius |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680418/221212367 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240606151609/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680418/221212367 |archive-date=2024-06-06}}</ref> It was last seen in Canada, in 1874 on [[Grand Manan]].<ref>The Canadian Field Naturalist, 1919, https://archive.org/details/canadianfieldnat113otta</ref>

Although hunted for food, this duck was considered to taste bad, rotted quickly, and fetched a low price. Consequently, it was not sought much by hunters. However, the eggs may have been [[Overexploitation|overharvested]], and it may have been subject to depredations by the feather trade in its breeding area, as well. Another possible factor in the bird's extinction was the decline in [[mussel]]s and other shellfish on which they are believed to have fed in their winter quarters, due to growth of population and industry on the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]]. Although all sea ducks readily feed on shallow-water molluscs, no Western Atlantic bird species seems to have been as dependent on such food as the Labrador duck.<ref>Phillips, John C. (1922–1926): ''A Natural History of Ducks''. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, volume 4, pp.&nbsp;57–63.</ref>

[[File:Labrador Ducks AMNH.jpg|thumb|Stuffed specimens, [[American Museum of Natural History]]]]
Another theory that was said to lead to their extinction was a huge increase of human influence on the coastal ecosystems in North America, causing the birds to flee their niches and find another habitat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amadon |first=Dean |date=1953 |title=Migratory Birds of Relict Distribution: Some Inferences |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4081357 |journal=The Auk |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=461–469 |doi=10.2307/4081357 |jstor=4081357 |issn=0004-8038|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reaka-Kudla |first1=Marjorie L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5OAgAAQBAJ&dq=labrador+duck+extinction&pg=PA139 |title=Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources |last2=Wilson |first2=Don E. |last3=Wilson |first3=Edward O. |date=1996-09-30 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |isbn=978-0-309-52075-1 |language=en}}</ref> These ducks were the only birds whose range was limited to the American coast of the North Atlantic, so changing niches was a difficult task.<ref>"All About Birds".  Labrador Duck. Cornell University, 2007. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/conservation/extinctions/labrador_duck/document_view.</ref> Whatever the causes may be, the Labrador duck became extinct in the late 19th century.

==See also==
{{Commons|Camptorhynchus labradorius}}
* [[List of extinct birds]]
* [[List of extinct animals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Glen Chilton|Chilton, Glen]] (2009): ''The Curse of the Labrador Duck: My Obsessive Quest to the Edge of Extinction''. Simon and Schuster, {{ISBN|1-43910247-3}}.
* Cokinos, Christopher (2000):  ''Hope is the Thing with Feathers''. New York: Putnam, pp.&nbsp;281–304. {{ISBN|1-58542-006-9}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ducher | first1 = William | year = 1894 | title = The Labrador Duck&nbsp;– another specimen, with additional data respecting extant specimens | url = http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v011n01/p0004-p0012.pdf | journal = [[Auk (journal)|Auk]] | volume = 11 | issue = 1| pages = 4–12 | doi = 10.2307/4067622 | jstor = 4067622 }}
* Forbush, Edward Howe (1912): ''A History of the Game Birds, Wild-Fowl and Shore Birds of Massachusetts and Adjacent States.''  Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, pp.&nbsp;411–416.
* Fuller, Errol (2001): ''Extinct Birds'', Comstock Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8014-3954-X}}, pp.&nbsp;85–87.
* Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1988): ''Waterfowl. An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world.'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp.&nbsp;265–266. {{ISBN|0-395-46727-6}}
* Dutcher, William. The Labrador Duck:- A Revised List of the Extant Specimens in North America, with Some Historical Notes. 1891.
==External links==
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=488&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
* [http://www.abirdshome.com/Audubon/VolVI/00665.html The Labrador Duck from John James Audubon's ''Birds of America'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071124165848/http://www.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/oiseaux_menaces/html/eider_labrador_e.html Environment Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007182539/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Birds/MSS/Anglais/elabrado.htm Swans, Geese, and Ducks of Canada]
* [http://www.uea.ac.uk/bio/people/faculty/reynoldslab/extinction_tableB.htm Marine Extinction Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423191556/http://www.uea.ac.uk/bio/people/faculty/reynoldslab/extinction_tableB.htm |date=2006-04-23 }} University of East Anglia, UK

{{Odontoanserae|B.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q578813}}

[[Category:Ducks]]
[[Category:Merginae]]
[[Category:Bird extinctions since 1500]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of the United States]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1789]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin]]
[[Category:Extinct birds of North America]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of Canada]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]