Editing Lactococcus

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Lactococcus_lactis.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]''
| taxon = Lactococcus
| authority = Schleifer ''et al.'' 1986
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Lactococcus allomyrinae|L. allomyrinae]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus carnosus|L. carnosus]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus chungangensis|L. chungangensis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus cremoris|L. cremoris]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus formosensis|L. formosensis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus fujiensis|L. fujiensis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus garvieae|L. garvieae]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus hircilactis|L. hircilactis]]''<ref name=Lactococcus>{{cite journal|last1=Parte|first1=A.C.|title=Lactococcus|website=[[LPSN]]|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/lactococcus}}</ref><br />
''[[Lactococcus hodotermopsidis|L. hodotermopsidis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus insecticola|L. insecticola]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus kimchii|L. kimchii]]''<br /> 
''[[Lactococcus lactis|L. lactis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus laudensis|L. laudensis]]''<ref name=Lactococcus/><br />
''[[Lactococcus nasutitermitis|L. nasutitermitis]]''<ref name=Lactococcus/><br />
''[[Lactococcus paracarnosus|L. paracarnosus]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus petauri|L. petauri]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus piscium|L. piscium]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus plantarum|L. plantarum]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus protaetiae|L. protaetiae]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus raffinolactis|L. raffinolactis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus reticulitermitis|L. reticulitermitis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus taiwanensis|L. taiwanensis]]''<br />
''[[Lactococcus termiticola|L. termiticola]]''
}}

'''''Lactococcus''''', from Latin 'lac', meaning "milk", and [[Ancient Greek]] κόκκος (''kókkos''), meaning "sphere", is a [[genus]] of [[lactic acid bacteria]] that were formerly included in the genus ''Streptococcus'' Group N1.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schleifer KH, Kraus J, Dvorak C, Kilpper-Balz R, Collins MD, Fischer W | title = Transfer of ''Streptococcus lactis'' and related streptococci to the genus ''Lactococcus'' gen. nov | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol.| year = 1985 | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 183&ndash;195 | issn = 0723-2020 | doi=10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80052-7| bibcode = 1985SyApM...6..183S }}</ref> They are known as homofermenters meaning that they produce a single product, [[lactic acid]] in this case, as the major or only product of [[glucose]] [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]]. Their homofermentative character can be altered by adjusting environmental conditions such as [[pH]], glucose concentration, and nutrient limitation. They are [[gram-positive]], [[catalase]]-negative, non-[[Motility|motile]] [[cocci]] that are found singly, in pairs, or in chains. The genus contains strains known to grow at or below 7˚C.<ref>James M. Modern Food Microbiology, 4th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992</ref>

Twelve species of ''Lactococcus'' are currently recognized.<ref>[https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/lactococcus LPSN entry for ''Lactococcus'']</ref> They are:
*''[[Lactococcus allomyrinae]]''
*''[[Lactococcus carnosus]]''
*''[[Lactococcus chungangensis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus cremoris]]''
**''L. cremoris'' subsp. ''cremoris''
**''L. cremoris'' subsp. ''tructae''
*''[[Lactococcus formosensis]]''
**''L. formosensis'' subsp. ''bovis''
**''L. formosensis'' subsp. ''formosensis''
*''[[Lactococcus fujiensis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus garvieae]]''
**''L. garvieae'' subsp. ''garvieae''
**''L. garvieae'' subsp. ''bovis''
*''[[Lactococcus hircilactis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus hodotermopsidis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus insecticola]]''
*''[[Lactococcus kimchii]]''
*''[[Lactococcus lactis]]''
**''L. lactis'' subsp. ''hordniae''
**''L. lactis'' subsp. ''lactis''
*''[[Lactococcus laudensis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus nasutitermitis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus paracarnosus]]''
*''[[Lactococcus petauri]]''
*''[[Lactococcus piscium]]''
*''[[Lactococcus plantarum]]''
*''[[Lactococcus protaetiae]]''
*''[[Lactococcus raffinolactis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus reticulitermitis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus taiwanensis]]''
*''[[Lactococcus termiticola]]''

These organisms are commonly used in the [[dairy industry]] in the manufacture of fermented dairy products such as cheeses. They can be used in single-strain starter cultures, or in mixed-strain cultures with other lactic acid bacteria such as ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus]]''. Special interest is placed on the study of ''L. lactis'' subsp. ''lactis'' and ''L. lactis'' subsp. ''cremoris'', as they are the strains used as starter cultures in industrial dairy fermentations.<ref>de Vos, W.M. Simons, GFM. Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria. eds. Gasson, M.J. de Vos, W.M. Gene Cloning and Expression Systems in Lactococci. Blackie Academic & Professional, 1994. pg. 52 – 53.</ref> Their main purpose in dairy production is the rapid acidification of milk; this causes a drop in the pH of the fermented product, which prevents the growth of spoilage bacteria. The bacteria also play a role in the flavor of the final product.<ref>Kok, Jan. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Streptococci, Lactococci, and Enterococci.. eds Dunny, Gary M. Cleary, P. Patrick. McKay, Larry L. Special Purpose Vectors for Lactococci. American Society for Microbiology, 1991. pg. 97</ref>
Lactococci are currently being used in the [[biotechnology]] industry. They are easily grown at industrial scale on whey-based media. As food-grade bacteria, they are used in the production of foreign [[proteins]] that are applied to the food industry.

==Diseases==
Lactococcosis refers to a group of disorders caused by the bacterium [[L. garvieae]]. Most "Lacto" species dwell on the bodies of humans and animals, and while they do not cause serious problems in higher animals, they do cause chronic illnesses in lower animals, particularly fish.<ref>Rao, S, Pham, TH, Poudyal, S, et al. First report on genetic characterization, cell-surface properties and pathogenicity of Lactococcus garvieae, emerging pathogen isolated from cage-cultured cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022; 69: 1197– 1211. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14083</ref><ref>Rao, S, Chen, M-Y, Sudpraseart, C, et al. Genotyping and phenotyping of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from fish by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and electron microscopy indicate geographical and capsular variations. J Fish Dis. 2022; 45: 771– 781. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13601</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q134274}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bacteria used in dairy products]]
[[Category:Streptococcaceae]]
[[Category:Cheese]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]