Editing Lambic

{{Short description|Style of spontaneously fermented beer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox beer style
| name             = Lambic
| bgcolour         = 
| image            = Bieren uit de streek rond brussel.jpg
| caption          = Bottled lambic beers
| origin           = [[Belgium]]
| yeast            = [[Spontaneous fermentation]]
| alcohol          = 2–8%
| color            = Yellow or pale to deep gold or dark red (when made with certain fruits, see below)
| bitterness       = 
| originalgravity  = 
| finalgravity     = 
| maltpercentage   = 66%
| examples         = 
}}

'''Lambic''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|'|l|æ|m|b|ɪ|k}} {{respell|LAM|bik}}, {{IPA|fr|lɑ̃bik|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-lambic.wav}}; {{langx|nl|lambiek}} {{IPA|nl|lɑmˈbik||nl-lambiek.ogg}}) is a type of beer brewed in the [[Pajottenland]] region of [[Belgium]] southwest of [[Brussels]] since the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lambiek |website=Hoge Raad voor Ambachtelijke Lambiekbieren |url=https://www.horal.be/lambiek-geuze-kriek/lambiek|access-date=2 January 2023 |lang=nl}}</ref> Types of lambic beer include [[gueuze]], [[kriek lambic]], and [[framboise]].<ref name="autogenerated1991">{{cite book| last= Jackson| first= Michael | year= 1991| title= Michael Jackson's Great Beers of Belgium}}</ref> Lambic differs from most other beers in that it is [[Brewing#Fermenting|fermented]] through exposure to [[Yeast#Ecology|wild yeast]]s and bacteria native to the [[Zenne]] valley, as opposed to exposure to carefully cultivated strains of [[Saccharomyces|brewer's yeast]]. This process gives the beer its distinctive flavour: dry, [[wiktionary:vinous|vinous]], and cidery, often with a tart aftertaste.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Drinkers|first=Thinking|date=18 April 2014|title=What on earth is lambic beer?|journal=The Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/10767661/What-on-earth-is-lambic-beer.html|access-date=12 August 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
This beverage is first mentioned in 1794 as ''allambique''. The initial 'a' was dropped early on so that in an 1811 advertisement it was called ''lambicq'', though it was sometimes referred to as ''alambic'' as late as 1829. The name may stem from [[alembic]], a type of [[still]] used for producing local spirits such as [[cognac]] and [[jenever]] (but not used in the production of lambic).<ref>Thierry Delplancq, 'Les brasseurs de lambic. Données historiques et géographiques (XVIIIe S. – XXe S.) (1)', in: ''Archives et bibliothèques de Belgique'', part 67 (1996), nr. 1–4, p. 257–320; ''Gazette d'Amsterdam'' 29 August 1811.</ref> Breweries in and around [[Lembeek]], a village near [[Halle, Belgium]], have attempted to associate lambic with that name,<ref name="autogenerated1991"/> including through the legend of local saint [[Veronus of Lembeek]].

== Brewing ==
[[File:Bockorkoelschip.jpg|thumb|A [[coolship]] at {{Ill|Brouwerij Omer Vander Ghinste|nl}}]]
[[File:Kriek Beer 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kriek lambic|Kriek]] is a variety of lambic aged with cherries.]]

Lambic is generally brewed from a [[grist]] containing about 60–70% [[barley]] [[malt]] and 30–40% unmalted wheat. The [[wort (brewing)|wort]] is cooled overnight in a shallow, flat, metal pan (generally copper or [[stainless steel]]) called a [[coolship]], where it is left exposed to the open air so more than 120 different types of microorganisms may [[Inoculated yeast|inoculate]] the wort.<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite news|last1=Risen|first1=Clay|title=American Beer the Belgian Way| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2009/12/american-beer-the-belgian-way/31694/|access-date=12 December 2014|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=14 December 2009}}</ref> This cooling process requires night-time temperatures between {{Convert|-8 and 8|C|F}}.<ref name=":1" /> While this cooling method of open-air exposure is a critical feature of the style, the key yeasts and bacteria that perform the fermentation reside within the breweries' timber fermenting vessels.<ref>Spitaels, Freek, et al. "The Microbial Diversity of Traditional Spontaneously Fermented Lambic Beer." ''PLoS ONE'' 9.4 (2014): e95384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095384</ref> Over 80 microorganisms have been identified in lambic beer, the most significant being ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', ''[[Saccharomyces pastorianus]]'', and ''[[Brettanomyces bruxellensis]]''. The process is generally only possible between October and May as in the summer, too many unfavourable organisms that are in the air could spoil the beer.<ref>{{cite web| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070911200315/http://www.lindemans.be/start/lambik/en| archive-date= 11 September 2007 |url-status= dead| url= http://www.lindemans.be/start/lambik/en |title=The birth of lambic |website=lindemans.be |access-date=9 June 2010}}</ref> In Brussels dialect, lambic produced after this traditional brewing season is referred to as ''bezomerd'', meaning that it has had "too much summer".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/10/belgium-sour-lambic-beer-climate-change-risk|title=One of world's oldest beer varieties 'at risk from climate change'|last=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=10 September 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> [[Climate change]] is further shortening this limited brewing window; in the early 1900s, lambic brewers enjoyed roughly 165 days a year in the ideal temperature range, whereas by 2018, that number has shrunk to 140.<ref name=":1" />

[[Image:Crushed hop.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Aged, dried hops]]

Since at least the 11th century, and probably earlier, [[hops]] have been used in beer for their natural [[preservative]] qualities and for the pleasant bitterness, flavour, and aroma they impart. Since the method of inoculation and long fermentation time of lambic beers increases the risk of [[Food spoilage|spoilage]], lambic brewers use large amounts of hops for their antibacterial properties. Lambic in the early 19th century was a highly hopped beer, using 8–9 g/L of the locally grown [[Aalst, Belgium|'Aalst']] or '[[Poperinge]]' varieties.<ref>Lacambre, G. ''Traité de la Fabrication des Bières et de la Distillation des Grains, etc.'', Vol. 1. 1851.</ref> Modern lambic brewers, however, try to avoid making the beer extremely hop-forward and use aged, dry hops, which have lost much of their bitterness, aroma, and flavour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lambic and the spontaneous fermentation|url=http://www.cantillon.be/br/3_11|website=Cantillon.be|publisher=Brasserie Cantillon|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106200618/http://www.cantillon.be/br/3_11|archive-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> Consequently, lambics often have a strong, cheese-like, "old hop" aroma, in contrast to the resiny, herbal, earthy hop bitterness found in other styles.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fletcher|first=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvyyB5LexioC&q=lambics++cheese+old+hop+aroma&pg=PA57|title=Cheese & Beer|date=16 April 2013|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=978-1-4494-3141-9|pages=57|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assess Your Ingredients (II:Hops and Yeast)|url=https://beerandwinejournal.com/assess-hops-yeast/|access-date=24 June 2020|website=beerandwinejournal.com|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626214521/https://beerandwinejournal.com/assess-hops-yeast/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The favourite hop used for lambic in the nineteenth century was a variety called [[Coigneau]] which was cultivated in the Aalst-Asse area in Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Kat|title=Why You Should Drink Lambics, One of Belgium's Best and Wildest Beers|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/what-is-lambic-beer-the-fermented-sour-belgian-beer-you-need-to-try|access-date=3 September 2020|website=Thrillist|date=10 June 2019 }}</ref>

After the fermentation process starts, the lambic is siphoned into barrels, mostly old [[port wine]] or [[sherry]] barrels (of [[chestnut]] or [[oak]]) from [[Portugal]] or Spain. Some brewers prefer used wine barrels. The lambic is left to ferment and mature for one or several years. It forms a ''[[flor|velo de flor]]'' of yeast that gives some protection from oxidation, in a similar way to ''[[vin jaune]]'' and sherry; the barrels are not topped up.

== Types of lambic and derived beers ==
Lambic is usually a blend of at least two different beers; many producers are blenders who buy beer from other brewers and blend them together to create the desired result. A [[gueuze]] may have occupied space in several different cellars over six years or more. While those outside Belgium are likely to find bottled gueuze and fruited versions, a wider variety of styles is available to local drinkers. Beers are often blended again or sweetened with sugar or flavoured [[syrups]] before drinking, as some can be extremely tart.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Glaser |first=Gregg |date=1 July 2001 |title=In Search of Lambic |language=en-US |work=All About Beer |url=http://allaboutbeer.com/article/in-search-of-lambic/ |access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> Most, if not all, of the varieties listed below, have [[Traditional specialty guaranteed|Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG)]] status. This status does not specify that a product has a link to a specific geographical area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eddings |first=Bryce |date=16 April 2020 |title=Lambic Beers: The Tart Brews You Need for Dinner |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/lambic-beer-profile-352848 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref>
=== Unblended lambic ===
Unblended lambic is a cloudy, uncarbonated, bracingly sour beverage that is rarely available on tap. Draught releases are generally regarded as either ''jonge'' (young) or ''oude'' (old), depending on the age and discretion of the brewer. Bottled offerings from [[Cantillon Brewery|Cantillon]] and De Cam can be found outside Belgium.

=== Gueuze ===
{{main|Gueuze}}
A mixture of young (one-year-old) and old (two- and three-year-old) lambics have been bottled. Because the young lambics are not yet fully fermented, they undergo secondary fermentation in the bottle and produce carbon dioxide. A gueuze is given at least a year to carbonate in the bottle, but can be kept for 10–20 years.

=== Mars ===
Mars traditionally referred to a weaker beer made from the second runnings of a lambic brewing.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Oliver|first=Garrett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga4MYyZq-RMC&q=mars+lambic+beer+no+longer+produced&pg=PA128|title=The Oxford Companion to Beer|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-536713-3|pages=128|language=en}}</ref> It is no longer commercially produced. In the 1990s, [[Boon Brewery]] made a modern Mars beer called Lembeek's 2% (the 2% referring to the alcohol content),<ref name=":2" /> but it is now only produced for use of [[Tilquin]] as a component of their keg beers.

=== Faro ===
[[File:Lindemans - Faro + bottle.png|thumb|A glass and bottle of Lindemans Faro]]

Historically, {{Ill|Faro (beer)|lt=faro|wa|Faro (bire)}} is a low-alcohol, sweetened beer made from a blend of lambic and a much lighter, freshly brewed beer to which [[brown sugar]] (or sometimes [[caramel]] or [[molasses]]) was added. The fresh beer was referred to as ''meertsbier'', and was not necessarily a lambic.<ref>{{cite book| title= Michael Jackson's Beer Companion| first= Michael |last= Jackson| publisher= Mitchell Beazley|year=1993 |isbn= 9781857321814}}</ref> Sometimes herbs were added as well. The use of ''meertsbier'' (or water) and of substandard lambic in the blend made this a cheap, light, sweet drink for everyday consumption. The 19th-century French poet [[Charles Baudelaire]] commented on faro's disagreeable aftertaste in saying, "It's beer that you drink twice", believing that the faro in [[Brussels]] was brewed from the waters of a river (the [[Senne River|Senne]] or [[Zenne]]) that was also used as a [[sanitary sewer|sewer]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8i33BpBn0oC&q=Charles+Baudelaire+faro&pg=PA382|title=The Flowers of Evil |page=382 |first= Charles| last= Baudelaire |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-283545-1}}</ref>

The sugar was originally added shortly before serving, so does not add carbonation or alcohol to the beverage, as the sugar did not have the time to ferment. Modern faro beer is still characterized by the use of brown sugar and lambic, but is not always a light beer. The use of'' meertsbier'' has disappeared, and modern faro is not viewed as cheap or light. Today, faro is bottled, sweetened, and pasteurized to prevent refermentation in the bottle. Examples are produced by [[Cantillon Brewery|Cantillon]], [[Boon Brewery|Boon]], [[Oud Beersel]], [[Lindemans Brewery|Lindemans]] or [[Mort Subite]].

=== Kriek ===
{{main|Kriek lambic}}
Lambic refermented in the presence of [[sour cherry|sour cherries]] (usually the ''morello'' variety, or a bitter variety known as the Schaarbeek cherry) and with secondary fermentation in the bottle results in [[Kriek lambic|kriek]].<ref name="autogenerated1991"/><ref name=":0" /> Traditional versions of kriek are dry and sour, just as with traditional [[gueuze]].

=== Fruit ===
[[File:Lindemans Framboise Lambic.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A bottle of Belgian raspberry lambic as sold in the United States]]
[[File:Raspberry and peach lambic.jpg|thumb|Raspberry and peach lambic]]

Lambic may be made with the addition of [[raspberry]] ([[framboise]]), [[peach]] ([[Pêcheresse|pêche]]), [[blackcurrant]] (cassis), grape (druif), or [[strawberry]] (aardbei), as either whole fruit or syrup. Other, rarer fruit lambic flavorings include apple (pomme), banana (banane), [[pineapple]] (ananas), [[apricot]] (abricot), [[plum]] (prune), [[cloudberry]] (plaquebière), lemon (citron), and [[blueberry]] (myrtille). Fruit lambics are usually bottled with secondary fermentation. Although fruit lambics are among the most famous Belgian fruit beers, the use of names such as kriek, framboise or frambozen, cassis, etc. does not necessarily imply that the beer is made from lambic. The fruit beers produced by the [[Liefmans Brewery]], for example, use an [[oud bruin]], rather than a lambic, as a base.

Many of the non-traditional fruit beers derived from lambic that was commercialized in the last decades are considered to be low-quality products by many beer enthusiasts.<ref name="autogenerated1991"/> These products are typically artificially sweetened, artificially carbonated, sterilized, and based on the juice of the fruit instead of the whole fruit.

== Belgian producers ==
[[Image:Barrels.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wooden lambic barrels at Hanssens]] 

Lambic beers are only produced near Brussels due to that region's natural [[Microbiota|microflora]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Keersmaecker|first=Jacques|year=1996|title=The Mystery of Lambic Beer|journal=Scientific American|volume=275|issue=2|pages=74–80|jstor=24993314|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0896-74|bibcode=1996SciAm.275b..74K}}</ref> The number of producers, which numbered more than 300 in 1900, shrank drastically throughout the 20th century.<ref name=":0" /> Lambic production is generally sanctioned and promoted by [[HORAL]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Breweries ===
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* [[3 Fonteinen]] (traditional), Beersel
* [[Brewery Angerik|Angerik]] (traditional), [[Dilbeek]]
* [[Belle-Vue Brewery|Belle-Vue]], owned by [[AB InBev]] (sweetened, except Sélection lambic), [[Sint-Pieters-Leeuw]]
* [[Boon (brewery)|Boon]] (traditional + sweetened), [[Lembeek]]
* [https://www.beerproject.be/ Brussels Beer Project] (traditional), Brussels
* [[Cantillon Brewery|Cantillon]] (traditional), Brussels
* [https://www.detroch.be/ De Troch] (sweetened + traditional), [[Wambeek]] ([[Ternat]])
* [[Girardin Brewery|Girardin]] (traditional), [[Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle]]
* [https://www.brouwerijkestemont.be/en/ Kestemont] (traditional), [[Sint-Gertrudis-Pede]]
* [[Lindemans Brewery|Lindemans]] (traditional + sweetened), [[Vlezenbeek]]
* [[Mort Subite]], owned by [[Heineken N.V.|Heineken]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Looveren |first=Yoni |date=15 December 2017 |title=Heineken will sell Mort Subite internationally |url=https://www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/food/heineken-will-sell-mort-subite-internationally |website=Retail Detail}}</ref> (sweetened, except Gueuze Fond), [[Kobbegem]]
* [[Timmermans Brewery|Timmermans]] (sweetened, except "Traditional" line), [[Itterbeek]]
* [[Van Honsebrouck]] produce St. Louis beers (sweetened, except Gueuze Fond Tradition) located outside of the Zenne valley, in [[Ingelmunster]]

=== Blenders ===
* [[De Cam]] (traditional), [[Gooik]]
* [https://www.eylenboschbeer.be/ Eylenbosch], brewed at De Troch, (traditional), [[Zellik]]
* [[Hanssens Artisanaal]] (traditional), [[Dworp]]
* [[Oud Beersel]], brewed by Boon, (traditional), Beersel
* [[Tilquin]] (traditional), [[Rebecq]]

==See also==
* [[Barrel-aged beer]]
* [[HORAL]] (High Council for Artisanal Lambic Beers)
* [[Sour beer]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Dirk Van Oevelen, Microbiology and biochemistry of the natural wort fermentation in the production of Lambic and gueuze, PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium (1979)
* H. Verachtert, Lambic and gueuze brewing: mixed cultures in action, Foundation Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation research, Vol. 7 Finland pp.&nbsp;243–263.
* Jean-Xavier Guinard, Classic Beerstyle Series nr. 3, Lambic, Brewers Publications, a division of the Association of Brewers (1990).
* Jeff Sparrow, Wildbrews: Beer Beyond the Influence of Brewer's yeast, Brewers Publications, a division of the Association of Brewers (2005).
* Tim Webb, Chris Pollard, and Joris Pattyn. ''LambicLand/LambikLand''. {{ISBN|0-9547789-0-1}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Lambic beers}}
* [http://www.beerplanet.eu/index.php?cnt=10&paramID=1&typeID=4 Belgian lambic beer listing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227013435/http://beerplanet.eu/index.php?cnt=10&paramID=1&typeID=4 |date=27 February 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070009/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/qual/en/tsg_08en.htm EU Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) status of lambic]
* [http://www.horal.be/?language=en Official website] of [[HORAL]]

{{Beer Styles}}
{{Lambic}}

[[Category:Beer styles]]
[[Category:Types of beer]]
[[Category:Beer in Belgium]]
[[Category:Traditional Speciality Guaranteed products from Belgium]]