Editing Lamniformes

{{Short description|Order of sharks}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Cretaceous|present|earliest=Bathonian}}Possible [[Late Jurassic]] record if ''[[Palaeocarcharias]]'' is a lamniform
| image = White shark.jpg
| image_caption = [[Great white shark]], ''Carcharodon carcharias''
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Lamniformes
| authority = [[Leo S. Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1958
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = See text
}}

The '''Lamniformes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|l|ae|m|n|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}, from Greek ''lamna'' "fish of prey") are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[shark]]s commonly known as '''mackerel sharks''' (which may also refer specifically to the family [[Lamnidae]]). It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the [[great white shark|great white]]<ref name=":3" />  as well as less familiar ones, such as the [[goblin shark]] and [[megamouth shark]].

Members of the order are distinguished by possessing two [[dorsal fin]]s, an [[anal fin]], five [[gill|gill slits]], eyes without [[nictitating membrane]]s, and a mouth extending behind the eyes. Species in two families of Lamniformes – Lamnidae and Alopiidae – are distinguished for maintaining a higher body temperature than the surrounding waters.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Donley|first1=Jeanine M.|last2=Sepulveda|first2=Chugey A.|last3=Aalbers|first3=Scott A.|last4=McGillivray|first4=David G.|last5=Syme|first5=Douglas A.|last6=Bernal|first6=Diego|date=2012-04-13|title=Effects of temperature on power output and contraction kinetics in the locomotor muscle of the regionally endothermic common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus)|journal=Fish Physiology and Biochemistry|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1507–1519|doi=10.1007/s10695-012-9641-1|pmid=22527612|bibcode=2012FPBio..38.1507D |s2cid=1100494|issn=0920-1742}}</ref>

Members of the group include [[Macro-predator|macropredators]], generally of medium-large size, including the largest macropredatory shark ever, the extinct ''[[Otodus megalodon]],'' as well as large [[planktivore]]s.<ref name=":1" />

Although some authors have argued that the Late Jurassic ''[[Palaeocarcharias]]'' should be considered the oldest known lamniform, this is disputed. The earliest unambiguous records of lamniformes are from the Early Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Villalobos-Segura |first1=Eduardo |last2=Stumpf |first2=Sebastian |last3=Türtscher |first3=Julia |last4=Jambura |first4=Patrick L. |last5=Begat |first5=Arnaud |last6=López-Romero |first6=Faviel A. |last7=Fischer |first7=Jan |last8=Kriwet |first8=Jürgen |date=March 2023 |title=A Synoptic Review of the Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätten of Southern Germany: Taxonomy, Diversity, and Faunal Relationships |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=386 |doi=10.3390/d15030386 |doi-access=free |pmid=36950327 |pmc=7614348 |bibcode=2023Diver..15..386V |issn=1424-2818}}</ref> Lamniformes underwent a major [[adaptive radiation]] during the [[Cretaceous]] and became prominent elements of oceanic ecosystems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Jambura |first1=Patrick L. |last2=Stumpf |first2=Sebastian |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=2021-09-01 |title=Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon |url= |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |pages=104842 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842 |issn=0195-6671 |pmc=7611798 |doi-access=free|pmid=34642522 |bibcode=2021CrRes.12504842J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underwood |first=Charlie J. |date=March 2006 |title=Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/04069.1 |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=215–235 |doi=10.1666/04069.1 |bibcode=2006Pbio...32..215U |s2cid=86232401 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Shimada |first1=Kenshu |last2=Becker |first2=Martin A. |last3=Griffiths |first3=Michael L. |date=2021-11-02 |title=Body, jaw, and dentition lengths of macrophagous lamniform sharks, and body size evolution in Lamniformes with special reference to 'off-the-scale' gigantism of the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon |url=|journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=2543–2559 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1812598 |bibcode=2021HBio...33.2543S |s2cid=224935604 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guinot |first1=Guillaume |last2=Adnet |first2=Sylvain |last3=Cappetta |first3=Henri |date=2012-09-05 |editor-last=MacKenzie |editor-first=Brian R. |title=An Analytical Approach for Estimating Fossil Record and Diversification Events in Sharks, Skates and Rays |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e44632 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044632 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3434181 |pmid=22957091|bibcode=2012PLoSO...744632G |doi-access=free }}</ref> They reached their highest diversity during the Late Cretaceous, but severely declined during the [[K-Pg Extinction|K-Pg extinction]], before rebounding to a high but lower diversity peak during the [[Paleogene]]. Lamniformes have severely declined over the last 20 million years, with only 15 species alive today, compared to over 290 extant species in the [[Carcharhiniformes]], which have evolved into medium and large body sizes during the same timeframe. The causes of the decline are uncertain, but are likely to have involved both [[Biological interaction|biotic]] factors like competition and non-biotic factors like temperature and sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bazzi |first1=Mohamad |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Kear |first3=Benjamin P. |last4=Pimiento |first4=Catalina |last5=Ahlberg |first5=Per E. |date=2021-12-06 |title=Feeding ecology has shaped the evolution of modern sharks |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=5138–5148.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.028 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=34614390|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021CBio...31E5138B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Condamine |first1=Fabien L. |last2=Romieu |first2=Jules |last3=Guinot |first3=Guillaume |date=2019-10-08 |title=Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=41 |pages=20584–20590 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1902693116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6789557 |pmid=31548392|bibcode=2019PNAS..11620584C |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Species==
The order Lamniformes includes 10 families with 22 species, with a total of seven living families and 15 living species:<ref name = ECoF>{{cite web |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |access-date=24 October 2024 |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref><ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=58 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref>

Order '''Lamniformes'''
* Family [[Thresher shark|Alopiidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1838</small> (thresher sharks)
** Genus ''[[Thresher shark|Alopias]]'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]], 1810</small>
*** ''[[Pelagic thresher|Alopias pelagicus]]'' <small>[[Hiroshi Nakamura (ichthyologist)|Nakamura]], 1935</small> (pelagic thresher) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=5891&genusname=Alopias&speciesname=pelagicus]
*** ''[[Bigeye thresher|Alopias superciliosus]]'' <small>[[Richard Thomas Lowe|R. T. Lowe]], 1841</small> (bigeye thresher) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=2534&genusname=Alopias&speciesname=superciliosus]
*** ''[[Common thresher|Alopias vulpinus]]'' <small>([[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1788)</small> (common thresher) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=2535&genusname=Alopias&speciesname=vulpinus]
* Family †[[Anacoracidae]] <small>[[Henri Cappetta|Capetta]], 1987</small> (extinct, [[Cretaceous]] period)
** Genus †''[[Squalicorax]]'' (crow sharks)
<!-- ** Genus †''[[Telodontaspis]]'' reassigned to Cretoxyrhinidae -->
<!-- ** Genus †''[[Pseudocorax]]'' reassigned to Pseudocoracidae -->
<!-- ** Genus †''[[Galeocorax]]'' reassigned to Pseudocoracidae -->
** Genus †''[[Scindocorax]]''
** Genus †''[[Nanocorax]]''
** Genus †''[[Ptychocorax]]''
*Family †[[Aquilolamnidae]] <small>Vullo ''et al.'', 2021</small>? (eagle sharks) (extinct, [[Late Cretaceous]] period)
**Genus †''[[Aquilolamna]]'' <small>Vullo ''et al.'', 2021</small>
***†''[[Aquilolamna milarcae]]'' <small>Vullo ''et al.'', 2021</small>
* Family [[Carchariidae]] <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1838</small><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Shimada |first2=Kenshu |date=2019-11-14 |title=Skeletal Anatomy of the Bigeye Sand Tiger Shark, Odontaspis noronhai (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), and Its Implications for Lamniform Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Conservation Biology |url=https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-107/issue-4/CG-18-160/Skeletal-Anatomy-of-the-Bigeye-Sand-Tiger-Shark-Odontaspis-noronhai/10.1643/CG-18-160.full |journal=Copeia |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=632 |doi=10.1643/CG-18-160 |issn=0045-8511|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
** Genus ''[[Carcharias]]'' <small>Rafinesque, 1810</small>
*** ''[[Sand tiger shark|Carcharias taurus]]'' <small>Rafinesque, 1810</small> (sand tiger shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=747&genusname=Carcharias&speciesname=taurus]
* Family [[Basking shark|Cetorhinidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1862</small>
** Genus ''[[Basking shark|Cetorhinus]]'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1816</small>
*** ''[[Basking shark|Cetorhinus maximus]]'' <small>([[Johann Ernst Gunnerus|Gunnerus]], 1765)</small> (basking shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=90&genusname=Cetorhinus&speciesname=maximus]
***†''[[Cetorhinus huddlestoni]]'' <small>(Welton, 2014)</small>
***†''[[Cetorhinus piersoni]]'' <small>(Welton, 2015)</small>
** Genus †''[[Keasius]]'' <small>(Welton, 2013)</small>
*Family †[[Pseudoscapanorhynchidae|Eoptolamnidae]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kriwet|first1=Jürgen|last2=Klug|first2=Stefanie|last3=Canudo|first3=José I.|last4=Cuenca-Bescos|first4=Gloria|date=October 2008|title=A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=154|issue=2|pages=278–290|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00410.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
**Genus †''[[Eoptolamna]]''<ref name=":0" />
***†''[[Eoptolamna|Eoptolamna eccentrolopha]]''
** Genus †''[[Leptostyrax]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Gigantic Shark from the Lower Cretaceous Duck Creek Formation of Texas|first1=Joseph A.|last1=Frederickson|first2=Scott N.|last2=Schaefer|first3=Janessa A.|last3=Doucette-Frederickson|date=3 June 2015|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e0127162|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127162|url=https://shareok.org/bitstream/11244/14669/1/journal.pone.0127162.pdf|pmid=26039066|pmc=4454486|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027162F |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/51072-giant-cretaceous-shark-uncovered.html|title=20-Foot Monster Shark Once Trolled Mesozoic Seas|website=livescience.com|date=3 June 2015|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>
***†''[[Leptostyrax|Leptostyrax macrorhiza]]''
** Genus †''[[Protolamna]]''<ref name=":0" />
***†''[[Protolamna|Protolamna sokolovi]]''
***†''[[Protolamna|Protolamna borodini]]''
***†''[[Protolamna|Protolamna carteri]]''
***†''[[Protolamna|Protolamna compressidens]]''
***†''[[Protolamna|Protolamna gigantea]]''
***†''[[Protolamna|Protolamna roanokeensis]]''
* Family [[Lamnidae]] <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|J. P. Müller]] and [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1838</small> (mackerel sharks or white sharks)
** Genus ''[[Carcharodon]]'' <small>[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1838</small>
*** ''[[Great white shark|Carcharodon carcharias]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (great white shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=751&genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias]
*** †''[[Carcharodon hubbelli]]'' <small>Ehret, Macfadden, Jones, Devries, Foster & Salas-Gismondi, 2012</small> (Hubbell's white shark)
*** †''[[Carcharodon caifassii]]'' <small>Lawley, 1876</small>
*** †''[[Carcharodon|Carcharodon carcharias-f]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
** Genus ''[[Isurus]]'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810</small>
*** ''[[Shortfin mako shark|Isurus oxyrinchus]]'' <small>Rafinesque, 1810</small> (shortfin mako) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=752&genusname=Isurus&speciesname=oxyrinchus]
*** ''[[Longfin mako shark|Isurus paucus]]'' <small>[[Darío Guitart-Manday|Guitart-Manday]], 1966</small> (longfin mako) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=753&genusname=Isurus&speciesname=paucus]
** Genus ''[[Lamna]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1816</small>
*** ''[[Salmon shark|Lamna ditropis]]'' <small>[[Carl Leavitt Hubbs|Hubbs]] & [[William Irving Follett|Follett]], 1947</small> (salmon shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=755&genusname=Lamna&speciesname=ditropis]
*** ''[[Porbeagle|Lamna nasus]]'' <small>(Bonnaterre, 1788)</small> (porbeagle) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=88&genusname=Lamna&speciesname=nasus]
* Family †[[Otodontidae]] <small>Gluckman, 1964</small> (extinct, Late Cretaceous to [[Pliocene]]) (megatoothed sharks)
** Genus †''[[Cretalamna]]'' <small>Gluckman, 1958</small>
** Genus †''[[Otodus]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1843)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus obliquus]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1838)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus angustidens]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1843)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus chubutensis]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1843)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus megalodon]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1843)</small> (megalodon)
*** †''[[Otodus auriculatus]]'' <small>(Jordan, 1923)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus sokolovi]]'' <small>(Zhelezko and Kozlov, 1999)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus poseidoni]]'' <small>(Zhelezko and Kozlov, 1999)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus minor]]'' <small>(Giebel, 1943)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus hastalis]]'' <small>(Lawley, 876)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus|Otodus limhamnensis]]'' <small>(Davis, 1890)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus debrayi]]'' <small>(Leriche, 1906)</small>
*** †''[[Otodus|Otodus naidini]]'' <small>(Zhelezko in Zhelezko & Kozlov)</small>
** Genus †''[[Megaselachus]]''
*** †''[[Megaselachus|Megaselachus subauriculatus]]''? <small>(Glickman, 1964)</small>
** Genus †''[[Megalolamna]]'' <small>Shimada et al., 2016</small>
** Genus †''[[Palaeocarcharodon]]'' <small>Casieer, 1960</small>
** Genus †''[[Kenolamna]]'' <small>Siversson, 2017</small>
* Family [[Megamouth shark|Megachasmidae]] <small>[[Leighton R. Taylor|Taylor]], [[Leonard Joseph Victor Compagno|Compagno]] & [[Paul J. Struhsaker|Struhsaker]], 1983</small>
** Genus ''[[Megamouth shark|Megachasma]]'' <small>Taylor, Compagno & Struhsaker, 1983</small>
*** ''[[Megamouth shark|Megachasma pelagios]]'' <small>Taylor, Compagno & Struhsaker, 1983</small> (megamouth shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=5909&genusname=Megachasma&speciesname=pelagios]
* Family [[Mitsukurinidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]], 1898</small>
** Genus ''[[Mitsukurina]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1898</small>
*** ''[[Goblin shark|Mitsukurina owstoni]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1898</small> (goblin shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=5910&genusname=Mitsukurina&speciesname=owstoni]
* Family [[Sand shark|Odontaspididae]] <small>Müller & Henle, 1839</small>
** Genus ''[[Odontaspis]]'' <small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1838</small>
*** ''[[Smalltooth sand tiger|Odontaspis ferox]]'' <small>([[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1810)</small> (smalltooth sand tiger) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=749&genusname=Odontaspis&speciesname=ferox]
*** ''[[Bigeye sand tiger|Odontaspis noronhai]]'' <small>([[Günther Maul|Maul]], 1955)</small> (bigeye sand tiger) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=750&genusname=Odontaspis&speciesname=noronhai]
* Family [[Crocodile shark|Pseudocarchariidae]] <small>Compagno, 1973</small>
** Genus ''[[Crocodile shark|Pseudocarcharias]]'' <small>[[Jean Cadenat|Cadenat]], 1963</small>
*** ''[[Crocodile shark|Pseudocarcharias kamoharai]]'' <small>([[Kiymatsu Matsubara|Matsubara]], 1936)</small> (crocodile shark) [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=5923&genusname=Pseudocarcharias&speciesname=kamoharai]
* Family †[[Cardabiodontidae]] (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
** Genus †[[Cardabiodon]] <small>Siverson, 1999</small>
*** †''[[Cardabiodon|Cardabiodon ricki]]'' <small>Siverson, 1999</small> 
*** †''[[Cardabiodon|Cardabiodon venator]]'' <small>Siverson and Lindgren, 2005</small> 
** Genus †[[Dwardius]] <small>Siverson, 1999</small>
** Genus †[[Parotodus]]? <small>Cappetta, 1980</small>
* Family †[[Cretoxyrhinidae]] (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
** Genus †''[[Cretoxyrhina]]'' <small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843</small>
*** †''[[Cretoxyrhina|Cretoxyrhina vraconensis]]'' <small>Zhelezko, 2000</small> 
*** †''[[Cretoxyrhina|Cretoxyrhina denticulata]]'' <small>Glückman, 1957</small> 
*** †''[[Cretoxyrhina|Cretoxyrhina agassizensis]]'' <small>Underwood and Cumbaa, 2010</small> 
*** †''[[Cretoxyrhina|Cretoxyrhina mantelli]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1843</small> (ginsu shark) 
*Family †[[Serratolamna|Serratolamnidae]]
**Genus †''[[Serratolamna]]''
*Family †[[Ptychodontidae]] (extinct, Cretaceous period)
** Genus †''[[Ptychodus]]'' (16+ species)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Family
! Image
! Common name
! Genera
! Species
! Description
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Alopiidae|<span style="color:white;">Alopiidae</span>]]
| <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Thresher shark (Duane Raver).png|140px]]</span>
| align=center | [[Thresher shark]]s
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 3<ref>{{FishBase family| family= Alopiidae | year=2013 | month=October}}</ref>
| valign=top | [[Thresher shark]]s are large sharks found in temperate and tropical oceans around the world. The common name refers to its distinctive, [[scythe|thresher]]-like tail or [[caudal fin]] which can be as long as the body of the shark itself.
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Carchariidae|<span style="color:white;">Carchariidae</span>]]
|[[File:Sandtiger shark (Duane Raver).png|140px]]
| align="center" |[[Sand tiger shark]]s
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1-2
| valign="top" | The second-most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] members of the Lamniformes, the Carchariidae were formerly placed within the Odontaspididae due to their close morphological similarities to them. However, phylogenetic studies have revealed them to be a distinct, more basal group. It contains only one to two species, which are widespread but highly endangered.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Cetorhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Cetorhinidae</span>]]
|[[File:Cetorhinus maximus Gervais.jpg|140px]]
| align="center" |[[Basking shark]]s
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1
| valign="top" | The [[basking shark]] is the second largest living [[fish]], after the [[whale shark]], and the second of three plankton-eating sharks, the other two being the whale shark and [[megamouth shark]]. It is a [[Cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]] [[Fish migration|migratory]] [[species]], found in all the world's temperate oceans. It is generally a harmless [[filter feeder]] with a greatly enlarged mouth, which cruises leisurely over huge distances covering three miles every hour. During each of those hours, it strains about 1.5 million L of water through more than 5,000 [[gill raker]]s for [[plankton]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Basking_shark Basking shark] ''BBC Nature'', 13 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</ref> Basking sharks have long been a [[Commercial fishing|commercially important]] fish, as a source of food, [[Shark finning|shark fin]], animal feed, and [[shark liver oil]]. [[Overexploitation]] has reduced its populations to the point where some have disappeared and others need protection.
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Lamnidae|<span style="color:white;">Lamnidae</span>]]
|<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:White shark (Duane Raver).png|140px]]</span>
| align="center" |[[Lamnidae|Mackerel shark]]s
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 5
| valign="top" |[[Mackerel shark]]s, also called ''white sharks'', are large, fast-swimming sharks, found in oceans worldwide. They include the [[great white shark|great white]], the [[Isurus|mako]], [[porbeagle shark]], and [[salmon shark]]. Mackerel sharks have pointed snouts, spindle-shaped bodies, and gigantic gill openings. The first dorsal fin is large, high, stiff and angular or somewhat rounded.  The second dorsal and anal fins are minute.  The [[caudal peduncle]] has a few or less distinct keels.  The teeth are gigantic.  The fifth gill opening is in front of the pectoral fin and spiracles are sometimes absent. They are heavily built sharks, sometimes weighing nearly twice as much as sharks of comparable length from other families. Many in the family are among the fastest-swimming fish.
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Megachasmidae|<span style="color:white;">Megachasmidae</span>]]
|<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Megachasma pelagios.jpg|140px]]</span>
| align="center" |[[Megamouth shark]]s
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1
| valign="top" | The [[megamouth shark]] is an extremely rare species of deepwater shark, and the smallest of the three [[Filter feeder|filter-feeding]] sharks. Since its discovery in 1976, only a few megamouth sharks have been seen, with [[List of megamouth shark specimens and sightings|55 specimens]] known to have been caught or sighted as of 2012, including three recordings on film. Like the basking shark and whale shark, it is a filter feeder, and swims with its enormous mouth wide open, filtering water for [[plankton]] and [[jellyfish]]. It is distinctive for its large head with rubbery lips. It is so unlike any other type of shark that it is classified in its own family, though it may belong in the family Cetorhinidae of which the basking shark is currently the sole member.
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Mitsukurinidae|<span style="color:white;">Mitsukurinidae</span>]]
|<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Goblin Shark.gif|140px]]</span>
| align="center" |[[Goblin shark]]s
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1
| valign="top" |[[Goblin shark]]s have a distinctive long, [[trowel]]-shaped, beak-like snout, much longer than those of other sharks. The snout contains sensory organs to detect the electrical signals given off by the shark's prey.<ref name="EoF">{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Stevens, J.  |author2=Last, P.R. |year=1998 |title=Encyclopedia of Fishes |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |page=63 |isbn=0-12-547665-5}}</ref> They also possess long, [[wiktionary:protrusible|protrusible]] jaws.<ref name="FishbaseMowstoni">{{FishBase|genus=Mitsukurina|species=owstoni|year=2005|month=10}}</ref> When the jaws are retracted, the shark resembles a [[grey nurse shark]] with an unusually long nose. Goblin sharks include one living genus and three extinct genera.<ref name="Mikkos">{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/chondrichthyes/elasmobranchii/lamniformes/mitsukurinidae.html|title=Mitsukurinidae|website=www.helsinki.fi|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> The only known living species is ''[[Mitsukurina owstoni]]''.
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Odontaspididae|<span style="color:white;">Odontaspididae</span>]]
|<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Odontaspis ferox (Smalltooth sand tiger).gif|140px]]</span>
| align="center" |[[Sand shark]]s
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 2
| valign="top" |[[Sand shark]]s are so-called because they inhabit sandy shorelines, and are often seen trolling the ocean floor in the [[surf zone]]. They are found in warm or temperate waters throughout the world's oceans, except the eastern [[Pacific]].<ref name="NG">{{cite web |last1=National Geographic |title=Sand Tiger Sharks |date=10 September 2010 |publisher= National Geographic |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sandtiger-shark.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015356/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sandtiger-shark.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 7, 2007 | access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> Sand sharks have a large second [[dorsal fin]]. They grow up to 10 feet in adult length.<ref>{{FishBase family|family=Odontaspididae|year=2009|month=January}}</ref> The body tends to be brown in color with dark markings in the upper half. These markings disappear as they mature. Their needle-like teeth are highly adapted for impaling fish, their main prey. Their teeth are long, narrow, and very sharp with smooth edges, with one and on occasion two smaller cusplets on either side.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bigelow |first1=Henry B. |last2=Schroeder |first2=William C. |year=1953 |title=Fishes of the Gulf of Maine |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |url=http://www.gma.org/fogm/Carcharias_taurus.htm | access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" |[[Pseudocarchariidae|<span style="color:white;">Pseudocarchariidae</span>]]
|<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Fishes of Australia.jpg|140px]]</span>
| align="center" |[[Crocodile shark]]s
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1
| valign="top" | Only one species is in the [[crocodile shark]] family. It is a specialized inhabitant of the [[mesopelagic zone]], found worldwide in [[tropical]] waters from the surface to a depth of {{convert|590|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It performs a [[diel vertical migration]], staying below a depth of {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} during the day and ascending into shallower water at night to feed. Typically measuring only {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, the crocodile shark is the smallest living mackerel shark. It can be distinguished by its elongated, cigar-shaped body, extremely large eyes, and relatively small fins. Substantial numbers are caught as [[bycatch]], leading it to be assessed as [[near threatened]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" |<span style="color:white;">†</span>[[Anacoracidae|<span style="color:white;">Anacoracidae</span>]]
!<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Squalicorax2DB.jpg|140px]]</span>
| align=center | [[Anacoracidae]]
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 39
|Contains 4 genera of shark from the mid-Late Cretaceous, most notably ''[[Squalicorax]],'' found worldwide.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)"| <span style="color:white;">†[[Ptychodontidae|<span style="color:white;">Ptychodontidae</span>]]</span>
!
| align=center |  [[Ptychodontidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 16
|Only a single genus, ''[[Ptychodus]]'', which contains at least 16 species of large (up to {{Convert|10|m|ft}} in length) sharks with a specialised crushing dentition, known from the late Early to Late Cretaceous found worldwide.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" |<span style="color:white;">†</span>[[Archaeolamnidae|<span style="color:white;">Archaeolamnidae</span>]]
!
| align=center | [[Archaeolamnidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 3
| valign=top | Contains a single Late Cretaceous genus, ''Archaeolamna'', with 3 species.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Aquilolamnidae|<span style="color:white;">†Aquilolamnidae (?)</span>]] 
![[File:Aquilolamna milarcae restoration.jpg|frameless|185x185px]]
| align=center | [[Aquilolamnidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
|Tentatively assigned to Lamniformes; an extremely unusual, likely [[Planktivore|planktivorous]] shark with incredibly long, winglike pectoral fins, giving it a superficial resemblance to a [[manta ray]], which it likely had a similar ecological niche to.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Cardabiodontidae|<span style="color:white;">†Cardabiodontidae</span>]]
| <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Cardabiodon ricki.png|140px]]</span>
| align=center | [[Cardabiodontidae]]
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 5
| valign=top | Extinct, the [[Cardabiodontidae]] include ''[[Cardabiodon]]'' and ''[[Dwardius]]'', both genera from the [[Cretaceous]] which have existed in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], and Europe.<ref name=SiversonandMachalski>{{cite journal|author1=Mikael Siverson|author2=Marcin Machalski|title=Late late Albian (Early Cretaceous) shark teeth from Annopol, Poland|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|volume=41|issue=4|year=2017|pages=433–463|doi=10.1080/03115518.2017.1282981|bibcode=2017Alch...41..433S |s2cid=133123002}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Cretoxyrhinidae|<span style="color:white;">†Cretoxyrhinidae</span>]]
| <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Cretoxyrhina mantelli.png|140px]]</span>
| align=center | [[Cretoxyrhinidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 4
| valign=top | Extinct, the [[Cretoxyrhinidae]] includes the sole member ''[[Cretoxyrhina]] (pictured)'', a genus from the mid-Late [[Cretaceous]].<ref name=Siverson1999>{{cite journal|author=Mikael Siverson|title=A new large lamniform shark from the uppermost Gearle Siltstone (Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous) of Western Australia|year=1999|volume=90|issue=1|pages=49–66|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences|doi=10.1017/S0263593300002509|s2cid=131195702 }}</ref>
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Eoptolamnidae|<span style="color:white;">†Eoptolamnidae</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Eoptolamnidae]] 
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 8
| valign=top | An extinct family of [[Late Cretaceous]] lamniforms.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Haimirichiidae|<span style="color:white;">†Haimirichiidae</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Haimirichiidae]] 
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
| valign=top | Represented only by the Cretaceous ''[[Haimirichia]]'' from [[Morocco]].
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Otodontidae|<span style="color:white;">†Otodontidae</span>]]
| [[File:Megalodon restoration.png|140px]]
| align=center | [[Otodontidae|Megatoothed sharks]]
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 27
| valign=top   | Extinct, the [[Otodontidae]] lived from the early-mid [[Cretaceous]] to the [[Pliocene]], and reached huge sizes. The species [[megalodon]] (pictured), the largest shark ever, belongs to this group.<ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph S. Nelson |year=2006 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=4th |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-471-25031-9 |chapter=Order Lamniformes |pages=57–60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bO-2unzU-8C&pg=PA57}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Palaeocarchariidae|<span style="color:white;">†Palaeocarchariidae (?)</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Palaeocarchariidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
| valign=top |  A Late Jurassic shark considered one of the closest relatives to the Lamniformes, alternately placed in its own order.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Pseudocoracidae|<span style="color:white;">†Pseudocoracidae</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Pseudocoracidae]]
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 7
| valign=top   |5 species in two genera from the [[Late Cretaceous]], previously classified in [[Anacoracidae]].
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Pseudoscapanorhynchidae|<span style="color:white;">†Pseudoscapanorhynchidae</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Pseudoscapanorhynchidae]]
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 18
| valign=top | Known throughout the Cretaceous, possible Paleogene occurrence.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Serratolamnidae|<span style="color:white;">†Serratolamnidae</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Serratolamnidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 7
|  valign=top  |7 species worldwide, known from the Late Cretaceous.
|-
! style="background:rgb(150,80,150)" | [[Truyolsodontidae|<span style="color:white;">†Truyolsodontidae</span>]]
|
| align=center | [[Truyolsodontidae]]
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
| valign=top   | Represented only by the Cretaceous ''[[Truyolsodontos]]'' from [[Spain]].
|}

== Phylogeny ==
Below is a [[cladogram]] showing relationships within Lamniformes. The topology of extant families is based on Vella & Vella (2020) and the placements of Cretoxyrhinidae and Otodontidae are based on Ferrón (2017), Cooper (2020), and Greenfield (2022).<ref name="Ferrón 2017">{{cite journal |last=Ferrón |first=H.G. |date=2017 |title=Regional endothermy as a trigger for gigantism in some extinct macropredatory sharks |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=9 |page= e0185185 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185185 |pmid=28938002 |pmc=5609766 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285185F |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Cooper 2020">{{cite journal |last=Cooper |first=J.A. |date=2020 |title=Scaling a giant |journal=Geoscientist |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=10–15 |doi=10.1144/geosci2020-115 |doi-broken-date=26 May 2025 |s2cid=242895754 |url=https://geoscientist.online/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Geo_NOV2020_WR.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Greenfield 2022">{{cite journal |last=Greenfield |first=T. |date=2022 |title=List of skeletal material from megatooth sharks (Lamniformes, Otodontidae) |journal=Paleoichthys |volume=4 |pages=1–9 |url=https://usercontent.one/wp/pecescriollos.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/PI-04-Greenfield-2022-List-of-skeletal-material-from-megatooth-sharks.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Vella & Vella 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Vella |first1=N. |last2=Vella |first2=A. |date=2020 |title=The complete mitogenome of the Critically Endangered smalltooth sand tiger shark, ''Odontaspis ferox'' (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae) |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part B |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=3301–3304 |doi=10.1080/23802359.2020.1814886 |pmid=33458146 |pmc=7782878 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:120%
  |label1='''Lamniformes'''
  |1={{clade
    |1=[[Mitsukurinidae]] [[File:Mitsukurina owstoni Fishes of Australia.jpg|80 px]]
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Thresher shark|Alopiidae]] [[File:Alopias vulpinus.png|80 px]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Sand shark|Odontaspididae]] [[File:Odontaspis ferox (Smalltooth sand tiger).gif|80 px]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Crocodile shark|Pseudocarchariidae]] [[File:Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Fishes of Australia.jpg|80 px]]
          |2=[[Megachasma|Megachasmidae]] [[File:Megachasma pelagios.jpg|80 px]] }} }} }}
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Sand tiger shark|Carchariidae]] <span style="{{mirrorH}}">[[File:Carcharias taurus in UShaka Sea World WB.png|80 px]]</span> 
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Basking shark|Cetorhinidae]] [[File:The Basking Shark, or Bone Shark.jpg|80 px]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=†[[Cretoxyrhina|Cretoxyrhinidae]]? [[File:Cretoxyrhina mantelli.png|80px]]
          |label2=[[Lamnoidea]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=†[[Otodontidae]] <span style="{{mirrorH}}">[[File:Megalodon restoration.png|80 px]]</span>
            |2=[[Lamnidae]] [[File:Lamna nasus.jpg|80 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Sustainable consumption==
In 2010, [[Greenpeace International]] added the [[shortfin mako shark]] (''Isurus oxyrinchus'') to its seafood red list.<!-- "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries." --><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species Greenpeace International Seafood Red list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410205501/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species |date=2010-04-10 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
* Compagno, Leonard (2002) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x9293e/x9293e00.htm ''Sharks of the World: Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks''] Volume 2, FAO Species Catalogue, Rome. {{ISBN|92-5-104543-7}}.
* {{cite book |author=Joseph S. Nelson |year=2006 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=4th |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-471-25031-9 |chapter=Order Lamniformes |pages=57–60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bO-2unzU-8C&pg=PA57|title-link=Fishes of the World }}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/d_checklist.htm elasmo-research]

{{Chondrichthyes}}
{{Lamniformes}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q224470}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lamniformes| ]]
[[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Cartilaginous fish orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lev Berg]]