Editing Lancer

{{Short description|Type of light or heavy cavalry armed with a lance}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Vistula Lancer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Polish Lancer (left) and Austrian Cuirassier (right) in a mêlée]]
A '''lancer''' was a type of [[cavalry]]man who fought with a [[lance]]. Lances were used for mounted warfare in Assyria as early as {{Nowrap|700 BC}} and subsequently by India, Egypt, China, [[Aswaran|Persia]], [[Hippeus|Greece]], and [[Roman horsemen|Rome]].<ref>Niels M. Saxtorph: "Warriors & Weapons of Early Times" {{ISBN|0-7137-0575-2}}.</ref> The weapon was widely used throughout [[Eurasia]] during the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]] by [[heavy cavalry]], but fell out of general use by the late 16th century,  before its revival by [[light cavalry]] in the early 19th century.

{{anchor|17th-19th century}}

==17th-, 18th-, and 19th-century lancers==
{{See also|Uhlan}}
[[File:Charge of Poznań Cavalery during November Uprising.JPG|thumb|Charge of the Polish uhlans at the city of [[Poznań]] during the [[November uprising]] in 1831]]

The lancer ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''ułan'', German: ''Ulan'', French: ''uhlan'') had become a common sight in the majority of European, Ottoman, and Indian cavalry forces during this time, but, with the exception of the Ottoman troops, they increasingly discarded the heavy armour to give greater freedom of movement in combat. The Polish "winged" lancers were amongst the last European units to abandon their armour. There was debate over the value of the lance in mounted combat during the 17th and 18th centuries, with most armies having very few lancer units by the beginning of the 19th century.

However, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], lancers were to be seen in many of the combatant nations as their value in [[shock tactics]] became clear. During the wars, the Poles became a ready source of recruitment for several armies, willingly or unwillingly. Polish lancers served with distinction in the Austrian, Prussian, Russian, and French armies, most famously in Napoleon's [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|French Imperial Guard]] as the [[1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard|''1er Regiment de Chevau-Legers-Lanciers de la Garde Impériale'']].

[[File:Bataille d'Aliwal 1.jpg|thumb|left|The charge of the British 16th Lancers at [[Battle of Aliwal|Aliwal]] on {{Nowrap|28 January}} 1846, during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|Anglo-Sikh]] war]]

At the [[Battle of Waterloo]], French lances were "nearly {{convert|3|m|ft}} long, weighed around {{convert|3|kg|lbs}}, and had a steel point on a wooden staff," according to historian [[Alessandro Barbero]]. He adds that they were "terrifyingly efficient." Commander of the French 1st Corps, 4th Division General [[Pierre François Joseph Durutte|Durutte]], who saw the battle from the high ground in front of [[Papelotte]], would write later, "I had never before realized the great superiority of the lance over the sword."<ref>Barbero, pp. 161, 163.</ref>

Although having substantial impact in the [[Charge (warfare)|charge]], lancers could be more vulnerable to other cavalry units in [[close quarters combat]], where the lance proved to be a clumsy and easily deflected weapon when employed against [[sabre]]s in a mêlée.<ref>p150, Volume 16, Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition</ref> By the late 19th century, many cavalry regiments in [[Eurasian]] armies were composed of troopers with lances, as primary weapons, in the front rank and horsemen with sabres only in the second: the lances for the initial shock and sabres for the ensuing [[mêlée]].

==Lancer equipment==
[[File:Chevau-léger lancier du 2e régiment by Bellange.jpg|thumb|upright|Imperial French lancer from 1812]]
Lancers typically wore a double-breasted jacket (''[[kurtka]]'') with a coloured panel at the front (''[[plastron]]''), a coloured band of cloth (''[[sash]]''), and a square-topped cap (''[[czapka]]''). Their lance usually had a small swallow-tailed flag (''[[pennon]]''), just below the lance head. The pennons were normally removed or wrapped in a canvas cover during active service {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}. With the improved range and accuracy of infantry muskets and rifles, the high profile presented by lancers with their conspicuous weapons became a problem. Lancers were trained to lower their lances when [[Reconnaissance|scouting]] on [[hill]]tops, to help avoid detection by enemy [[combatant]]s {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}.

[[File:LancerosEER2.JPG|thumb|left|Lancers of the [[Spanish Royal Guard]]]]

==20th-century lancers==
[[File:German lancers take down a border marker 1914.jpg|thumb|upright|German [[dragoons]] armed with lances take down a border marker in 1914]]
[[File:Stanley Wood CossackCourage.jpg|right|thumb|1915 drawing from ''[[The War Illustrated]]'' portraying a charging Don Cossack using a lance as a shock weapon.]]

In 1914, lances were still being carried by regiments in the [[British Army|British]], [[Indian Army|Indian]], [[French Army|French]], [[German Army (German Empire)|Prussian]], [[Italian Army|Italian]],<ref>Rodolfo Puletti, page 54, "I Lancieri di Milano 1859–1985", published by Editrice Militare Italiana 1985</ref> [[Chilean Army|Chilean]], [[Portuguese Army|Portuguese]], [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]], [[Spanish Army|Spanish]], [[Ottoman Army|Ottoman]], [[Belgian Army|Belgian]], [[Argentine Army|Argentine]], [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian]], and [[Royal Thai Army|Siamese]] armies, among others. Almost all German cavalry branches (cuirassiers, hussars, dragoons, and uhlans) retained steel tube lances (''[[stahlrohrlanze]]'') {{convert|3.2|m|ft|sp=us}} in length, as their primary weapon.<ref>John Terraine, page 68, "Mons. Retreat to Victory", 1960, {{ISBN|978-0713411638}}</ref> As late as 1914, half of the troopers in each Russian regular cavalry regiment (hussars, uhlans, and dragoons) carried lances on active service, as did all [[cossack]]s.<ref>Nick Cornish, page 5 "The Russian Army 1914–18, {{ISBN|1-84176-303-9}}</ref>

The British cavalry lost the lance for all but ceremonial use in 1903, following the [[Second Boer War]]; but a conservative revaluation led to its reintroduction as an active service weapon from 1909 to 1928.<ref>Alan Larsen & Henry Yallop, ''The Cavalry Lance'', p. 16 and p.56, {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1618-4}}</ref><ref group="Note">For an illustration of a fully armed lancer, see [[Michael Chappell]]'s "Men at Arms Series British Cavalry Equipment 1800–1941" illustration G 1.</ref>

The French army did not have lancer regiments as such, but steel lances {{convert|2.97|m|ft|sp=us}} in length were carried by the twenty-six dragoon regiments and some light cavalry units in 1914. The French had earlier tested the Indian bamboo lances used by the British cavalry, but had rated them as being too fragile for the shock of encounter.<ref>Christian Tollet "Les Dragons 1914" Histoire & Collections 2009</ref> The six Italian ''lancieri'' regiments<ref>Ronald Strom, page 154, "Great Regiments", SBN 297.17647.3, published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1969</ref> still in existence until 1920 carried the 1870 model of ashwood lance, noted for its balance and manageability.<ref>Rodolfo Puletti, pages 54–55, "I Lancieri di Milano 1859–1985", published by Editrice Militare Italiana 1985</ref>

[[File:Coat of Arms of the 1st-11 Light Armored Cavalry Group Bourbon Lancers.svg|thumb|left|upright|Coat of arms of the [[Structure of the Spanish Army#Other Units of the Land Forces|Cavalry Group "Lancers of Bourbon"]]<br>(11th Cavalry Regiment "Spain")]]

Prior to the outbreak of [[World War I]], there had been controversy as to whether lances or sabres were the more effective ''armes blanche'' (i.e. mêlée weapons) for cavalry, but neither proved a match for modern [[firearm]]s and/or [[artillery]]. Some armies continued to use lances throughout the war, but they seldom saw use on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] after initial clashes in France and Belgium in 1914. On the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], mounted cavalry still had a role and lances saw limited use by the Russian, German, and Austrian armies.<ref>Vladimir Littauer, pages 115–116, "Russian Hussar", {{ISBN|1-59048-256-5}}</ref>

During the 1920s and 1930s, the use of lances ceased for active service in most armies. The German cavalry retained the lance as a service weapon until 1927, as did the British cavalry until 1928. Some other armies retained lance-armed cavalry units for ceremonial purposes only. The [[Polish cavalry]] did not discard the lance as a weapon until 1934<ref>Steven J. Zaloga, page 5 "The Polish Army 1939–45" {{ISBN|0-85045-417-4}}</ref> or 1937<ref>Alan Larsen & Henry Yallop, ''The Cavalry Lance'', p. 76, {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1618-4}}</ref> and continued to use it for training and ceremonial purposes until the outbreak of [[World War II]].

==Current lancer units==
[[File:The Black Rats arrive in Catterick MOD 45148986.jpg|thumb|British lancers taking part in a homecoming parade in 2008]]
[[File:Italian Army - A mounted troop of the "Lancieri di Montebello" Regiment (8th) in Rome 2019.jpg|thumb|Italian [[Regiment "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th)|regiment "Lancieri di Montebello"]] on public duties in Rome in 2019]]
Some modern armored cavalry units are still designated as lancer regiments for historical and ceremonial reasons. There are examples in the armies of [[Spanish Army|Spain]] (the King's Lancers Troop of the [[Spanish Royal Guard|Royal Guard]]'s Escort Squadron and the Bourbon's Lancers Group of the 11th Cavalry Regiment), [[British Army|United Kingdom]] ([[Royal Lancers]]), [[Indian Army|India]] ([[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] and [[20 Lancers (India)|20th Lancers]]), [[Belgian Army|Belgium]] ([[1/3rd Lancers Battalion]]), [[Portuguese Army|Portugal]] ([[2nd Lancers Regiment (Portugal)|2nd Lancers Regiment]]), [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan]], [[Italian Army|Italy]] ([[List of units of the Italian Army|5th Lancieri di Novara, 6th Lancieri di Aosta, 8th Lancieri di Montebello]]), [[Australian Army|Australia]] ([[12th/16th Hunter River Lancers]], [[1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers]]), [[Argentine Army|Argentina]] (2nd Tank Cavalry Regiment "General Paz's Lancers"), [[Canadian Army|Canada]] ([[Lord Strathcona's Horse]]), [[Chilean Army|Chile]] (5th Cavalry Regiment "Lancers"), and the United States ([[National_Lancers|National Lancers, Massachusetts Organized Militia]])

Although not classified as lancers, the [[Brazilian Army]]'s ''Dragões da Independência'' (1st Guards Regiment) and the elite soldiers of the [[Colombian National Army]] are called [[Lancero]]s.

The [[Portuguese National Republican Guard]] horse squadrons carry lances on mounted parades, as do many cavalry regiments in South America such as Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.

The modern Italian [[Regiment "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th)]] parade detachments armed with the lances carried as combat weapons until 1920.

==See also==
* [[Demi-lancer]]
* [[Chevau-léger]]
* [[Polish cavalry]]
* [[Cataphract]]
* [[Companion cavalry]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Barbero, Alessandro, ''The Battle; A New History of Waterloo,'' Walker & Co., New York 2005,
* {{cite book|title=Men at Arms Series British Cavalry Equipment 1800–1941
|last=Chappell |first=Mike |year=2002 |edition=revised |series=Men–at–arms No. 138
|publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford| oclc= 48783714}}

==External links==
* [http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/cavalry_tactics_2.htm Cavalry Tactics and Combat in the Napoleonic Wars: Lancers !]

[[Category:1st-millennium BC introductions]]
[[Category:Cavalry]]
[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:Combat occupations of the late modern period]]
[[Category:Lance]]
[[Category:Polish cavalry]]