Editing Landscape engineering

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   | image1    = Brays Bayou.jpg
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   | caption1  = A river with functional (flood preventing) engineering (in [[Houston]], Texas)
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   | caption2  = A canal design focused on esthetical [[landscape architecture]] (in [[Stockholm]], Sweden) for comparison.}}
'''Landscape engineering''' is the application of [[mathematics]] and [[science]] to shape land and waterscapes. It can also be described as [[Sustainable engineering|green engineering]], but the design professionals best known for landscape engineering are [[landscape architecture|landscape architects]]. Landscape engineering is the interdisciplinary application of [[engineering]] and other [[applied science]]s to the design and creation of [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] landscapes. It differs from, but embraces traditional [[land reclamation|reclamation]]. It includes scientific disciplines: [[agronomy]], [[botany]], [[ecology]], [[forestry]], [[geology]], [[geochemistry]], [[hydrogeology]], and [[Wildlife biologist|wildlife biology]]. It also draws upon applied sciences: agricultural & horticultural sciences, engineering [[geomorphology]], landscape architecture, and [[mining]], [[geotechnical]], and civil, agricultural & [[irrigation]] engineering.

Landscape engineering builds on the engineering strengths of declaring goals, determining initial conditions, iteratively designing, predicting performance based on knowledge of the design, monitoring performance, and adjusting designs to meet the declared goals. It builds on the strengths and history of reclamation practice. Its distinguishing feature is the marriage of landforms, substrates, and vegetation throughout all phases of design and construction, which previously have been kept as separate disciplines.

Though landscape engineering embodies all elements of traditional engineering (planning, investigation, design, construction, operation, assessment, research, management, and training), it is focused on three main areas. The first is closure planning – which includes goal setting and design of the landscape as a whole. The second division is landscape design more focused on the design of individual landforms to reliably meet the goals as set out in the closure planning process. Landscape performance assessment is critical to both of these, and is also important for estimating liability and levels of financial assurance. The iterative process of planning, design, and performance assessment by a multidisciplinary team is the basis of landscape engineering.

Source: McKenna, G.T., 2002. ''Sustainable [[mine reclamation]] and landscape engineering''. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 661p.

==Example==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
An example of contemporary landscape engineering and [[natural resources management]] related to the [[Biosphere 2]] and [[seawater farming]] projects, is the [[IBTS Greenhouse]], formerly the Forest City designed for the Emirate of [[Ras al Khaimah]]. The IBTS rests on a thoroughly integrated design with more than 340 different engineering, science and technology disciplines. It was created for [[desert greening]] of hot, arid deserts and optimized for fresh water production from saline, or brackish water. The Integrated Biotectural System is based on a wetland, more specifically a [[mangrove]] eco-system designed for food and fodder production of 80tons per hectare and year, also called [[mariculture]]. 
The atmosphere inside the IBTS is turned into a potent water source and harvested with a combination of condensation utilities which makes it a more energy efficient desalination facility than industrial plants. It can produce 500.000m3 of distilled water per day while reclaiming 1000ha of hot arid desert lands. The electricity for the desalination is produced by an on-site forest of [[micro wind turbine]]s located on the same footprint. These numbers are important because the performance data of for-profit engineered landscapes like wetlands for wastewater treatment or [[agro-ecological]] farming sites distinguishes technically feasible from financially and ecologically beneficial projects.

The IBTS is an example for [[sustainable landscape design]] that reclaims and recreates productive ecosystems including seawater farming, aquaculture, farming, forestry and residence for a human population. It has become feasible because of the design of a Bedouin Greenhouse-shape, automatic construction and maintenance of the vast membrane Sky-roof. The up-front and operational cost could thus be reduced so far that entire landscapes can be covered permanently, not in a common greenhouse fashion, but with an architectural structure that allows for a real-size forest and urban development below the Sky-roof.

The inherent concepts of the IBTS can be used to engineer, terra-form and activate deserts and other landscapes with harsh conditions. In 2015 the governor of Alaska received an offer for a fully self-sufficient multi-residence housing project based on the concepts developed for the IBTS project and adopted for arctic climate by the developer TS Prototype-Creation.

==Irrigation engineering degree founder==
{{Main|Louis George Carpenter}}
The father of the first [[irrigation engineering]] degree in the Americas was [[Louis George Carpenter]] (March 28, 1861 – September 12, 1935) He was a [[college]] [[professor]] and later the Dean of [[engineering]] & [[physics]] at [[Colorado State University]] formerly known as the Colorado Agricultural College.<ref name="Guide to Papers">[http://lib.colostate.edu/archives/findingaids/water/wlgc.html Guide to the papers of Louis G. Carpenter, Colorado State University]</ref> He was also an [[engineer]], [[mathematician]] and an [[irrigation]] and [[consulting engineer]].<ref name=Lamb>{{cite book| title=Lamb's biographical dictionary of the United States, Volume 1 - Page 575 by John Howard Brown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPoUAAAAYAAJ&q=louis+george+carpenter+1861&pg=PA575| publisher=James H. Lamb Company |year=1900 | accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=Twentieth>{{cite web| title=Carpenter, Louis George, educator| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlEDAAAAYAAJ&q=Carpenter%2C+louis| publisher=The twentieth century biographical dictionary of notable Americans ... Volume 2 of The twentieth century biographical dictionary of notable Americans by Rossiter Johnson, John Howard Brown - published by the Biographical Society|date=1904| accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref>

It was there where Carpenter began the first organized and systematic college program for irrigation engineering starting in 1888. Those completing such instruction were awarded a bachelor of science degree in irrigation engineering.<ref name=World-wide>{{cite web| title=Carpenter, Louis George, engineer| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-VTAAAAYAAJ&q=louis+george+carpenter+1861&pg=PA720| publisher=The world-wide encyclopedia and gazetteer: Compiled and revised to Date from the leading encyclopedias of the world. A dictionary of Arts, sciences and literature, to which is added biographies of living subjects, One hundred colored Maps and numerous illustrations, William Harrison De Puy - Volume 9 - Page 720 - published by The Christian Herald |author=De Puy, William Harrison|date=1908 | accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=New>{{cite web| title=Carpenter, Louis George, engineer| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwRQAAAAMAAJ&q=louis+george+carpenter+1861&pg=PA69| publisher=New American supplement to the New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ... Illustrated with Hundreds of Portraits and Other Engravings, Volume 2 New American Supplement to the New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ... Illustrated with Hundreds of Portraits and Other Engravings - published by the Werner Company |date=1905| accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=Papers>{{cite web| title=Papers of Louis G. Carpenter, 1892-1910 - Carpenter, L. G. (Louis George), 1861-1935| url=http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/61266733| publisher=[[Colorado State University]]|date=1935| accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref>

Carpenter was one of the foremost leading experts on irrigation systems. During his life he investigated irrigation systems not only in North America but also in Canada and Europe. This led to his engineering consulting and water law. He became Colorado's state engineer which he held for several years while still teaching.<ref name=Papers/> Carpenter was involved in not only in irrigation engineering but consulting on hydraulic construction projects and the problems associated with such projects.<ref name=Papers/><ref name=Lange>{{cite web| title=Guide to the papers of Louis G. Carpenter - Prepared by Holley R. Lange; updated by Patricia J. Rettig |url=http://lib.colostate.edu/archives/findingaids/water/wlgc.html| publisher=Colorado State University Water Resources Archive - A joint effort of the University Libraries and the Colorado Water Institute|date=2013| accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Geotextile]]
*[[Hard landscape materials]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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[[Category:Landscape]]
[[Category:Landscape architecture]]