Editing Lantern

{{short description|Portable lighting device}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:CNW brakeman's kerosene lantern.JPG|thumb|upright|175px|A railroad [[brakeman]]'s signal lantern, fueled by [[kerosene]].]]
{{wiktionary|lantern}}

A '''lantern''' is a source of lighting, often portable. It typically features a protective enclosure for the [[light source]]{{snd}}historically usually a [[candle]], a [[oil lamp|wick in oil]], or a [[thermoluminescence|thermoluminescent]] [[Gas mantle|mesh]], and often a battery-powered light in modern times{{snd}}to make it easier to carry and hang up, and make it more reliable outdoors or in drafty interiors. Lanterns may also be used for signaling, as [[flashlight|torches]], or as general light-sources outdoors.

==Uses==
The lantern enclosure was primarily used to prevent a burning candle or wick being extinguished from wind, rain or other causes. Some antique lanterns have only a metal grid, indicating their function was to protect the candle or wick during transportation and avoid the excess heat from the top to avoid unexpected fires.

Another important function was to reduce the risk of fire should a spark leap from the flame or the light be dropped. This was especially important below deck on ships: a fire on a wooden ship was a major catastrophe. Use of unguarded lights was taken so seriously that obligatory use of lanterns, rather than unprotected flames, below decks was written into one of the few known remaining examples of a [[pirate code]], on pain of severe punishment.<ref>Article VI of [[Pirate code#Captain John Phillips's articles|Captain John Phillips's articles]].</ref>

Lanterns may also be used for signaling.  In naval operations, ships used lights to communicate at least as far back as the [[Middle Ages]];<ref>{{cite book | editor-first = Christopher H. | editor-last = Sterling | title = Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century | year = 2008 | location = Santa Barbara, California | publisher = ABC-CLIO, Inc. | isbn = 978-1-85109-732-6| page = 287 | quote = Medieval ships, like the carrack and smaller caravel, used flag and lantern communication.}}</ref> the use of a [[Signal lamp|lantern that blinks code]] to transmit a message dates to the mid-1800s.<ref>Sterling 2008, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&pg=PA209 209].</ref> In railroad operations, lanterns have multiple uses. Permanent lanterns on poles are used to signal trains about the operational status of the track ahead, sometimes with [[color gel]]s in front of the light to signify stop, etc.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Weissenbruch Three-Position Signal System as Used in Belgium: Four Indications Given, Clear, Caution, Attention or Stop | first = T. S. | last = Lascelles | journal = Railway Signal Engineer | volume = 15 | number = 2 | date = 1922 | publisher = Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company | pages = 55–58}}</ref>  Historically, a [[Flagman (rail)|flagman]] at a [[level crossing]] used a lantern to stop cars and other vehicular traffic before a train arrived.<ref>{{citation | title = Railway Signal Engineer: Fifteenth Volume, from January, 1922, to December, 1922 | date = 1922 | publisher = Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company | page = 178 | quote = The News of the Month.... Sixteen persons were killed and nine injured at Painesville, Ohio, on the night of March 3, [1922,] when a New York Central express train, eastbound, crashed into a crowded motor bus at St. Clair street in that city.  The railroad company issued a statement that the crossing watchman was on duty at the time and signaled the driver of the bus with his lantern to stop.  The flagman states that he began to five the bus driver this warning signal when the latter was still from 300 to 500 ft. from the tracks, and the train had its electric headlight burning bright and clear; its whistle was sounded twice and the bell was ringing automatically.  The bus driver was among the fatally injured. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O4BCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA178}}</ref> Lanterns also provided a means to signal from train-to-train or from station-to-train.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collectorsweekly.com/railroadiana/lanterns | title = Antique Railroad Lanterns and Lamps | date = n.d. | work = Collectors Weekly | publisher = Auctions Online USA Ltd | access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref>

A "dark lantern" was a candle lantern with a sliding shutter so that a space could be conveniently made dark without extinguishing the candle. For example, in the Sherlock Holmes story "[[The Red-Headed League]]", the detective and police make their way down to a bank vault by lantern light but then put a 'screen over that dark lantern' in order to wait in the dark for thieves to finish tunneling.<ref>{{citation | title = The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes | chapter = The Red-Headed League | chapter-url = https://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Arthur_Conan_Doyle/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes/ADVENTURE_II_THE_RED_HEADED_LEAGUE_p14.html | first = Arthur Conan | last = Doyle | year = 1861}}</ref> This type of lantern could also preserve the light source for sudden use when needed.

[[File:Arabic lanterns.jpg|thumb|Arabic style lanterns ([[fanous]]), symbolic in the Islamic month of Ramadan]]
Lanterns may be used in religious observances. In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], lanterns are used in religious [[processions]] and [[Entrance (liturgical)|liturgical entrances]], usually coming before the [[processional cross]]. Lanterns are also used to transport the [[Holy Fire]] from the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] on [[Great Saturday]] during [[Holy Week]].

Lanterns are used in many Asian festivals. During the [[Ghost Festival]], lotus shaped lanterns are set afloat in rivers and seas to symbolically guide the lost souls of forgotten ancestors to the afterlife. During the [[Lantern Festival]], the displaying of many lanterns is still a common sight on the 15th day of the first lunar month throughout China. During other Chinese festivities, [[kongming lantern]]s (sky lanterns) can be seen floating high into the air. However, some jurisdictions, such as in Canada, some states in the U.S., and parts of India, as well as some organizations, ban the use of sky lanterns because of concerns about fire and safety.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/while-their-popularity-soars-illuminated-paper-lanterns-increasingly-banned-across-canada-as-serious-fire-hazards | title = While their popularity soars, illuminated paper lanterns increasingly banned across Canada as 'serious fire hazards' | first = Sarah | last = Boesveld | date = 23 July 2013 | work = National Post | publisher = Postmedia Network Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://wildfiretoday.com/2015/12/31/update-on-the-legality-of-sky-lanterns-banned-in-28-states/ | title = Update on the legality of sky lanterns – banned in 29 states | first = Bill | last = Gabbert | date = 31 December 2015 | work = Wildfire Today | access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Public-Education/Resources/Safety-tip-sheets/SkyLaterns.ashx?la=en | format = PDF| title = Sky Lanterns Safety | publisher = National Fire Protection Association | location = Quincy, Massachusetts, USA | date = 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = https://environmentjournal.online/articles/feature-sky-lanterns-safe-or-scourge/ | title = Feature: sky lanterns – safe or scourge? | date = 21 March 2018 | first = Thomas | last = Barrett | work = Environment Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sky-lantern-ban-extended-to-six-ps-area/articleshow/66441576.cms | title = Sky lantern ban extended to six PS area | first = Tamaghna | last = Banerjee | date = 31 October 2018 | location = Kolkata, India | work = The Times of India | publisher = Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.scouting.org/health-and-safety/alerts/sky-lanterns/ | title = Sky Lantern Dangers | work = Scouting.org | publisher = Boy Scouts of America | access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref>

The term "lantern" can be used more generically to mean a light source, or the enclosure for a light source, even if it is not portable. Decorative lanterns exist in a wide range of designs. Some hang from buildings, such as [[street light]]s enclosed in glass panes. Others are placed on or just above the ground; low-light varieties can function as decoration or [[landscape lighting]] and can be a variety of colors and sizes. The housing for the top [[Lamp (electrical component)|lamp]] and lens section of a [[lighthouse]] may be called a lantern.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/index.htm | first = Terry | last = Pepper | work = Seeing the Light | title = Great Lakes Lighthouse Illumination | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090123055321/http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/index.htm | archive-date = 23 January 2009 | access-date = 21 September 2008 }}</ref>

==Etymology==

The word ''lantern'' comes via French<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wedgwood|first=Hensleigh|author-link=Hensleigh Wedgwood|title=On False Etymologies|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=76|year=1855|issue=6|pages=66}}</ref> from Latin {{lang|la|lanterna}} meaning "lamp, torch,"<ref>{{cite web |title=lantern |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=lantern |website=www.etymonline.com |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> possibly itself derived from Greek.<ref name=etym>{{OED|lantern|id=105662}}</ref>

An alternate historical spelling was "[[wikt:lanthorn|lanthorn]]", possibly derived from the ancient use of animal [[horn (anatomy)|horn]] to cover window apertures, but allow in light. A lanthorn might have been significantly larger and brighter than a lantern.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Basdeo |first1=Stephen |title=The Difference between Lantern and Lanthorn |url=https://victorianweb.org/technology/domestic/2.html |website=The Victorian Web |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

==Construction==

Lanterns were usually made from a metal frame with several sides (usually four, but up to eight) or round, commonly with a hook or a hoop of metal on top. Windows of some translucent material may be fitted in the sides; these are now usually [[glass]] or [[plastic]] but formerly were thin sheets of [[Horn (anatomy)|animal horn]], or tinplate punched with holes or decorative patterns.

[[Paper lantern]]s are made in societies around the world.

A lantern generally contains a burning light source: a [[candle]], [[oil lamp|liquid oil]] with a wick,<ref name=RomanLantern /> or gas with a [[Gas mantle|mantle]]. The ancient Chinese sometimes captured [[firefly|fireflies]] in transparent or semi-transparent containers and used them as (short-term) lanterns, and use of [[fireflies]] in transparent containers was also a widespread practice in ancient India; however, since these were short-term solutions, the use of fire torches was more prevalent.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

Modern varieties often place an electric light in a decorative glass case.

==History==
[[File:OHM - Geburt Christi 1e.jpg|thumb|right|upright|15th-century candle lantern from [[Germany]], perforated metal]]

In 1417, the Mayor of London ordered that all homes must hang lanterns outdoors after nightfall during the winter months. This marked the first organized public street lighting. <ref> https://www.eaton.com/mx/en-us/company/news-insights/lighting-resource/trends/a-brief-history-of-street-lighting.html</ref>

Lanterns have been used functionally, for light rather than decoration, since antiquity.<ref name=RomanLantern>{{cite web |url=https://cimuseums.org.uk/project/a-rare-roman-lantern/ |title=A rare Roman lantern (Ipswich) |website= Colchester and Ipswich Museums |access-date= 30 March 2018 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170516153734/https://cimuseums.org.uk/project/a-rare-roman-lantern/ | archive-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref><!-- Same object as refname=RomanLantern <ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-11161686 | title = Rare Roman lantern found in field near Sudbury | date = 2 September 2010 | work = BBC News | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation | access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref> --> Some used a wick in oil,<ref name=RomanLantern /> while others were essentially protected candle-holders. Before the development of glass sheets, animal horns were scraped thin and flattened to create a translucent window.

Beginning in the [[Middle Ages]], middle eastern towns hired [[Watchman (law enforcement)|watchmen]] to patrol the streets at night, as a crime deterrent. Each watchman carried a lantern or [[oil lamp]] against the darkness.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/craftscultureofm0000jovi | url-access = registration | title = The Crafts and Culture of a Medieval Town | first1 = Joann | last1 = Jovinelly | first2 = Jason | last2 = Netelkos | year = 2007 | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-1-4042-0761-5}} <!-- WRONG PAGE: page = [https://archive.org/details/craftscultureofm0000jovi/page/33 33] --></ref>{{Page needed|reason=Page 33 given is incorrect, see commented link; source is kind of cruddy to begin with.|date=November 2021}} The practice continued up through at least the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Policing and Punishment in London, 1660–1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror |last=Beattie|first=J.M. |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-820867-7|location=Great Britain|page=181}}</ref>

In March 1764 and twice in October 1764, [[George Allsopp (Canadian merchant)|George Allsopp]], a British-born Canadian, was arrested in Quebec for violating an order to carry lanterns during the night.<ref name="Biographi">{{Cite DCB |last=Roberts |first=David |title=Allsopp, George |volume=5|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/allsopp_george_5E.html |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> There was violence every time he was arrested and Allsopp would denounce the military. In October he prosecuted the soldiers involved in his arrests.<ref name="Biographi" />

On April 18, 1775, [[Paul Revere's midnight ride]] took place after two lanterns were held up in the [[Old North Church]] to signal to patriots in [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] that the British troops were crossing the [[Charles River]] to disarm the rebel colonial militias. The [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] occurred the day after, on April 19, starting the [[American Revolution]].

Public spaces became increasingly lit with lanterns in the 1500s,<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Policing of Street Lighting | first = Wolfgang | last = Schivelbusch | journal = Yale French Studies| number = 73 | year = 1987 | pages = 61–74 | doi = 10.2307/2930197 | jstor = 2930197 }}</ref> especially following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588 the Parisian [[Parlement]] decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=835-836}} Beginning in 1667 during the reign of King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], thousands of street lights were installed in Parisian streets and intersections.<ref name=Tucker>{{citation | url = https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/how-paris-became-city-light | title = How Paris Became the City of Light: Louis XIV hires the city's first police chief | first = Holly | last = Tucker | date = 22 March 2017 | work = Lapham's Quarterly | access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref> Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended {{convert|20|yd|m}} apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of {{convert|20|ft|m}}; as an English visitor described in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!'{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=837}} In London, a [[Diary|diarist]] wrote in 1712 that ‘All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen's Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.’<ref name=Millar>{{cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oz08AQAAMAAJ&pg=185 | title = Historical Sketch of Street Lighting | first = Preston S. | last = Millar | pages = 185–202 | journal = Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society | publisher = Illuminating Engineering Society | location = New York, New York | volume = XV | number = 3 | date = 30 April 1920}}</ref>

==Modern lanterns==

===Fueled lanterns===

All fueled lanterns are somewhat hazardous owing to the danger of handling flammable and toxic fuel, danger of fire or burns from the high temperatures involved, and potential dangers from [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] if used in an enclosed environment.

Simple wick lanterns remain available. They are cheap and durable and usually can provide enough light for reading. They require periodic trimming of the wick and regular cleaning of soot from the inside of the glass chimney.

Mantle lanterns use a woven ceramic impregnated [[gas mantle]] to accept and re-radiate heat as visible light from a flame. The mantle does not burn (but the cloth matrix carrying the ceramic must be "burned out" with a match prior to its first use). When heated by the operating flame the mantle becomes [[Incandescence|incandescent]] and glows brightly. The heat may be provided by a gas, by kerosene, or by a pressurized liquid such as "white gas", which is essentially [[naphtha]]. For protection from the high temperatures produced and to stabilize the airflow, a cylindrical glass shield called the globe or chimney is placed around the mantle.

Manually pressurized lanterns using [[white gas]] (also marketed as [[Coleman fuel]] or "Camp Fuel") are manufactured by the [[Coleman Company]] in one and two-mantle models. Some models are dual fuel and can also use [[gasoline]]. These are being supplanted by a [[Battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered [[fluorescent lamp]] and [[LED]] models, which are safer in the hands of young people and inside tents. Liquid fuel lanterns remain popular where the fuel is easily obtained and in common use.

Many portable mantle-type fuel lanterns now use fuel gases that become liquid when compressed, such as [[propane]], either alone or combined with [[butane]]. Such lamps usually use a small disposable steel container to provide the fuel. The ability to refuel without liquid fuel handling increases safety. Additional fuel supplies for such lamps have an indefinite shelf life if the containers are protected from moisture (which can cause corrosion of the container) and excess heat.

===Electric lanterns===
[[File:Fuenteplazaalta.JPG|thumb|upright|Street lanterns in [[Algeciras]], [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]]]]

Lanterns designed as permanently mounted [[light fixture|electric lighting fixture]]s are used in interior, [[landscape lighting|landscape]], and civic lighting applications. Styles can evoke former eras, unify [[street furniture]] themes, or enhance aesthetic considerations. They are manufactured for use with various wired voltage supplies.

Various [[battery types]] are used in portable light sources.  They are more convenient, safer, and produce less heat than combustion lights. Solar-powered lanterns have become popular in developing countries, where they provide a safer and cheaper alternative to [[kerosene lamps]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/nest | title = Affordable solar lanterns to replace kerosene lamps | first = Anne | last = Wheldon | date = March 2006 | work = Ashden Awards for sustainable energy | publisher = The Ashden Awards | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060715053557/http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/nest | archive-date = 15 July 2006}}</ref>

Lanterns utilizing [[LED]]s are popular as they are more energy-efficient and rugged than other types, and prices of LEDs suitable for lighting have dropped.

Some rechargeable fluorescent lanterns may be plugged in at all times and may be set up to illuminate upon a power failure, a useful feature in some applications. During extensive power failures (or for remote use), supplemental recharging may be provided from an automobile's 12-volt electrical system or from a modest [[Solar cell|solar-powered]] charger.

==Gallery==

===Hand-held lanterns===
<gallery>
File:Lantern Susa Louvre MAO S778.jpg|Terracotta lantern, early Islamic Era (8th-9th century), excavated c. 1931 in [[Susa]] ([[Shush, Iran|Shush]]), Iran
File:Openwork lantern MET39-40-87.jpg|Openwork lantern for a lamp, 9th-10th century unglazed earthenware, excavated in [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]])
File:MaryRose-lantern1.jpg|Iron ship lantern recovered from English carrack ''[[Mary Rose]]'' (16th century)
File:Lampião- lado d- Museu da Capitania de Ilhéus.jpg | Lantern of metal and glass (Brazil, 19th century)
File:Lamparina em miniatura- lado e-Museu da Capitania de Ilhéus.jpg|Miniature glass lamp (Brazil, 19th century)
File:MHS Candle Lantern.jpeg|Tin lantern, candle for light, with horn windows ([[Minnesota]], USA, c. 1863)
File:Railway Lamp.jpg|Lamp on the [[Weka Pass Railway]], [[New Zealand]]
File:Lamparina- lado a- Museu da Capitania de Ilhéus.jpg|Metal and glass lantern, (Brazil, 20th century)
File:Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railway) Lantern c1942.jpg|Brass [[carbide lamp|carbide burner trainman's lantern]], ([[Deutsche Reichsbahn|German Reich Railway]], c. 1942)
File:Kerosene lantern.jpg|Modern Chinese-made RE Dietz "Little Wizard No. 1" kerosene lantern
File:Mischluft-Frischluft-Laterne.JPG|Two kerosene lanterns: mixed air on right and fresh air on left ([[Germany]], 2010)
File:Coleman 220F Lantern.JPG|A fuel-burning [[Coleman lantern]] ([[England]], 2012)
File:Lanterns in Rishikesh.jpg|Lanterns in [[Rishikesh]], [[India]] (2017)
File:BLF LT1 Lantern.jpg|High-end [[LED]] lantern, powered by [[lithium-ion batteries]], with modern features like a [[USB-C]] charging port and variable [[color temperature]] (2020)
</gallery>

===Paper lanterns===
<gallery>
File:SkyLanternRichy01.jpg|A modern Kǒngmíng lantern (Chinese)
File:Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art sky lantern.jpg|Sky lanterns, [[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Loire Valley]], [[France]]
File:Yi peng sky lantern festival San Sai Thailand.jpg|Yi Peng (Loi Krathong) festival in Tudongkasatan Lanna (Lanna Meditation Retreat Centre), Mae Jo [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand
File:GLFjf1446 09.JPG|Barangay Del Pilar (2012 Grand Champion), [[Giant Lantern Festival]], [[San Fernando, Pampanga|City of San Fernando]], [[Philippines]] 
</gallery>

===Exterior lighting===
<gallery>
File:Lantern in Rural Chhattisgarh, India.jpg|An electrically retrofitted lantern in use in rural [[Chhattisgarh]], India
File:Chinese lantern night sky lijiang yunnan china.jpg|[[Palace lantern]] in the night sky of Lijiang, [[Yunnan]], China
File:Talinn-Aare Piiroja -Vintage series.jpg|Traditional street lantern in the Old Town of [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
File:Wuppertal, Luisenstraße westl. Einmündung Untergrünewalder Straße, Straßenlaterne.jpg|Lantern in [[Wuppertal]], Germany
File:Street kerosene lamp.jpg | Station kerosene lamp at [[Moscow Rizhsky railway station|Rizhsky station]] railway museum, [[Moscow]], Russia, 19th c.
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
{{in popular culture|date=August 2024}}
The derived term "lantern jaw[ed]" is used in two quite different still current ways, comparing faces with different types of lantern. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], it refers to "long thin jaws, giving a hollow appearance to the cheek";<ref>{{OED|lantern jaw|id=105665}}</ref> this use was recorded in 1361, referring to a lantern with concave horn sides before glass was in use. Another meaning of "lantern jaw" compares a lantern with a jutting base – such as the 15th-century example above – to the face of a person with the extended chin of [[prognathism#Mandibular prognathism (progenism)|mandibular prognathism]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lantern-jaw |title=Lantern jaw|website=Collins English Dictionary|access-date= 16 March 2018}}</ref> this condition was also known as Habsburg jaw or Habsburg lip, as it was a [[Heredity|hereditary feature]] of the [[House of Habsburg]] (see, for example, portraits of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor#Health|{{Nowrap|Charles V}}]]).

''[[Raise the Red Lantern]]'', a 1991 Chinese film, prominently features lanterns as a [[motif (art)|motif]].

"[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]", a short story by [[Edgar Allan Poe]], features the use of a dark lantern by the protagonist to shine a single ray of light on his victim's eye.

==See also==
*[[Flashlight]]
*[[Lantern battery]]
*[[List of light sources]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Lanterns}}
*{{cite book |last=Fierro |first=Alfred |title=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris |language=fr |publisher=Lafont |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-7859-9300-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Paper and Printing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC&pg=PA122 |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 }}

{{Artificial light sources}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Light fixtures]]