Editing Lapis Satricanus

{{Short description|Latin inscription that dates to the late 6th to early 5th centuries BC}}
{{Infobox artefact
| image              = Lapis Satricanus 01.JPG
| created            = late 6th or early 5th century BC
| material           = [[Stone]]
| discovered_date    = 1977
| discovered_place   = [[Lazio]], [[Italy]]
| language           = [[Old Latin]]
}}

The '''Lapis Satricanus''' ("Stone of Satricum"), is a yellow stone found in the ruins of the ancient town of [[Satricum]], near Borgo Montello ({{coord|41|31|N|12|47|E|}}), a village of southern [[Lazio]], dated late 6th to early 5th centuries BC.<ref name="Stibbe1980">{{cite book |author=Stibbe |first=C. M. |title=Lapis Satricanus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvseAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Ministerie van Cultuur, Recreatie en Maatschappelijk Werk |isbn=978-90-12-02951-3}}</ref> It was found in 1977 during excavations by C.M. Stibbe.<ref name="Stibbe1980"/>

== Historical context ==
The ''Lapis Satricanus'' is an ancient Latin inscription found in Satricum, a settlement in the region of Latium, dating back to the early 5th century BCE. This period in Roman history is critical for understanding the transition from the Roman monarchy to the early Republic. Satricum was one of several Latin settlements that played a significant role in the early territorial expansion of Rome and its interactions with neighboring tribes and cities, including the Volsci and the Aequi. The inscription provides evidence for early Latin language use and the sociopolitical structure of the region during this period .

Discovered in the 1970s, the ''Lapis Satricanus'' is notable for mentioning a "Publius Valerius", which some scholars believe refers to Publius Valerius Publicola, an important figure during the establishment of the Roman Republic. However, there is ongoing debate among historians regarding whether this is the same person or another individual bearing the same name .

Linguistically, the inscription sheds light on the development of early Latin epigraphy. It follows forms and structures common to the archaic period, helping linguists trace the evolution of the Latin language. The text also indicates the influence of Roman political power over nearby Latin towns, showing the growing dominance of Rome in the region.

=== ''References'' ===
[https://romaarcheologiaerestauroarchitettura.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/idoc.pub_l-richardson-jr-editor-a-new-topographical-dictionary-of-ancient-rome-johns-hopkins-university-press-1992pdf-1.pdf '''Richardson, L.''' (1992). ''A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome''. Johns Hopkins University Press.]
(Available at Google Books).

==== [https://search.worldcat.org/title/502279897 Nash, Ernest (1968). ''Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome''. Thames & Hudson.] ====
[https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Beginnings_of_Rome/NmkIEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cornell,+T.J.+(1995).+The+Beginnings+of+Rome:+Italy+and+Rome+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Punic+Wars+(c.1000%E2%80%93264+BC).+Routledge.&printsec=frontcover '''Cornell, T.J.''' (1995). ''The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)''. Routledge.]

== Content ==
It reads:

: ''(?)IEI STETERAI POPLIOSIO VALESIOSIO''
: ''SVODALES MAMARTEI''<ref>[http://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD001651 ''CIL'' I2 2832a]</ref>

("The (?) dedicated this, as companions of Publius Valerius, to [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]")

== Points of interest ==

=== Old Latin origins ===
This inscription has attracted attention for several reasons. Its language has been identified as [[Old Latin]] or a closely related dialect.<ref name="Baldi2002">{{cite book|last=Baldi |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Baldi|title=The Foundations of Latin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afsDrP9K3pQC&pg=PA204|date=January 2002|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017208-9|pages=204 et seq}}</ref> It is important for comparative Indo-European grammar, as it is the only Latin inscription to show the ending ''-osio'' for the genitive singular of the thematic noun declension. Latin later has ''-ī'' as the ending for this case, but by comparison with [[Sanskrit]], [[Mycenaean Greek|Mycenaean]] and [[Homeric Greek]] and other languages, it becomes clear that ''-osio'' is a far earlier form.<ref name="Beekes2011">{{cite book |last=Beekes |first=Robert Stephen Paul  |title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_JwBsKzgeAC|year=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-1185-X}}</ref>

=== Usage of word ''suodales'' ===
[[File:Lapis Satricanus 02.JPG|thumb|Detail of the Lapis Satricanus]]
Another point of interest is the presence of the word ''suodales'' ([[Classical Latin]] ''[[sodales]]''). In historic times, this word referred to a member of a ''sodalitas'', a religious fraternity or brotherhood who met for ritual meals or as a burial organization. "Since the ''suod-'' element in ''suodales'' is cognate with the English word 'swear'", writes Gary Forsythe, "the term suggests that some kind of oath was taken, binding the members of the group together in a common purpose." Forsythe uses this and that this was a dedication to Mars to suggest this indicates the existence of an armed group of sworn followers, similar to "the war bands led by Homeric heroes, the warlike aristocratic companions of the Macedonian kings during the classical period, and the war bands surrounding the Celtic and Germanic chieftains described by Caesar and Tacitus".<ref>Forsythe, ''A Critical History of Early Rome'' (Berkeley: University of California, 2005), p. 199</ref> Forsythe notes this puts a new light on the account of the [[Battle of the Cremera]], an event where the entire [[Fabia gens|gens Fabia]] fought as a group the armed men of the rival town of [[Veii]] only to be tragically defeated.<ref>Forsythe, ''A Critical History'', p. 198</ref>

=== Inscribed names ===
A third point of interest to historians and archaeologists of early [[Latium]] is the name preserved on the inscription.<ref name="Armstrong2016">{{cite book|author=Armstrong |first=Jeremy |title=War and Society in Early Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRa8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|date=8 April 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09357-7|pages=144 et seq}}</ref> The archaic name of Poplios Valesios is rendered in Classical Latin as "Publius Valerius". That has led to speculation that the inscription refers to [[Publius Valerius Publicola]], the [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] ally of [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] who dominates the list of early [[consuls]] recorded by the ''[[Fasti Capitolini]]'' and is credited, in traditional accounts, as one of the primary founders of the [[Roman Republic]]. Positive identification is at least somewhat problematic because the town of Satricum was not part of Roman territory during the Publius Valerius tenure. However, the "lapis" itself may not have been dedicated in Satricum in the first place since it was found as part of a collection of recycled material used in the construction of a temple in the town, and it could well have been imported from elsewhere.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050424144459/http://www.telemaco.unibo.it/rombo/iscriz/satricum.htm Il Lapis Satricanus] (in [[Italian language|Italian]])
*[https://www.livius.org/va-vh/valerius/publicola.html Publius Valerius Publicola]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Latin inscriptions]]
[[Category:History of Rome]]
[[Category:Latin epigraphy]]
[[Category:1977 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Italy]]
[[Category:5th-century BC inscriptions]]