Editing Laplacian vector field

In [[vector calculus]], a '''Laplacian vector field''' is a [[vector field]] which is both [[irrotational field|irrotational]] and [[incompressible fluid|incompressible]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arfken |first1=George B |title=Mathematical Methods for Physicists: A Comprehensive Guide |last2=Weber |first2=Hans J |last3=Harris |first3=Frank E |publisher=Elsevier Inc |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-12-384654-9 |edition=7th |location=Waltham, MA |pages=154–5 |chapter=Vector Analysis}}</ref> If the field is denoted as '''v''', then it is described by the following [[differential equations]]:
:<math>\begin{align}
  \nabla \times \mathbf{v} &= \mathbf{0}, \\
   \nabla \cdot \mathbf{v} &= 0.
\end{align}</math>

== Laplace's equation ==
From the [[Vector calculus identities#Second derivatives|vector calculus identity]] <math>\nabla^2 \mathbf{v} \equiv \nabla (\nabla\cdot \mathbf{v}) - \nabla\times (\nabla\times \mathbf{v})</math> it follows that
:<math>\nabla^2 \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{0}</math>

that is, that the field '''v''' satisfies [[Laplace's equation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Claycomb |first=J. R. |title=Mathematical Methods for Physics: Using MATLAB and Maple |publisher=Mercury Learning and Information |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-68392-098-4 |location=Dulles, VA |pages=199 |chapter=Vector Calculus}}</ref>

However, the converse is not true; not every vector field that satisfies Laplace's equation is a Laplacian vector field, which can be a point of confusion. For example, the vector field <math>{\bf v} = (xy, yz, zx)</math> satisfies Laplace's equation, but it has both nonzero divergence and nonzero curl and is not a Laplacian vector field.

== Cauchy-Riemann equations ==
A Laplacian vector field in the plane satisfies the [[Cauchy–Riemann equations]]: it is [[holomorph (mathematics)|holomorphic]].

== Potential of Laplacian field ==
Suppose the [[Curl (mathematics)|curl]] of <math>\mathbf{u}</math> is zero, it follows that (when the domain of definition is simply connected) <math>\mathbf{u}</math> can be expressed as the [[gradient]] of a [[scalar potential]] (see [[irrotational field]]) which we define as <math>\phi</math>:
:<math> \mathbf{u} = \nabla \phi \qquad \qquad (1) </math>
since it is always true that <math> \nabla \times \nabla \phi = 0 </math>.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brennen |first=Christopher E |date=2004 |title=Incompressible, Inviscid, Irrotational Flow |url=http://www.brennen.caltech.edu/FLUIDBOOK/basicfluiddynamics/potentialflow.htm |access-date=December 9, 2024 |website=Internet Book on Fluid Dynamics}}</ref>

Other forms of <math> \mathbf{u} = \nabla \phi  </math> can be expressed as

<math> u_{i} = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x _{1}} \quad ; \quad u = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}, v = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial y}, w = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial z} </math>.<ref name=":0" />

When the field is incompressible, then

<math>\nabla \cdot u = 0 \quad \textrm{or} \quad \frac{\partial u_{j}}{\partial x_{j}} = 0 \quad \textrm{or} \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial y} +\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} = 0</math>.<ref name=":0" />

And substituting equation 1 into the equation above yields 
:<math> \nabla^2 \phi = 0.</math><ref name=":0" />

Therefore, the potential of a Laplacian field satisfies [[Laplace's equation]].<ref name=":0" />

== Potential flow theory ==
The Laplacian vector field has an impactful application in [[fluid dynamics]]. Consider the Laplacian vector field to be the velocity potential'' <math>\phi</math> ''which is both irrotational and incompressible.

Irrotational flow is a flow where the [[vorticity]], <math>\omega</math>, is zero, and since <math>\omega = \nabla \times u </math>, it follows that the condition <math>\omega = 0</math> is satisfied by defining a quantity called the velocity potential <math>\phi</math>, such that <math>u = \nabla \phi</math>, since <math>\nabla \times \nabla \phi = 0</math> always holds true.<ref name=":0" />

Irrotational flow is also called potential flow.<ref name=":0" />

If the fluid is incompressible, then [[conservation of mass]] requires that 

<math display="inline">\nabla \cdot u = 0 \quad \textrm{or} \quad \frac{\partial u_{j}}{\partial x_{j}} = 0 \quad \textrm{or} \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial z} = 0</math>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Techet |first=Alexandra |date=2005 |title=Hydrodynamics (13.012): 2005reading4 |url=https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/2-016-hydrodynamics-13-012-fall-2005/resources/2005reading4/ |access-date=December 9, 2024 |website=MIT OpenCourseWare}}</ref>

And substituting the previous equation into the above equation yields <math>\nabla ^2 \phi = 0</math> which satisfies the Laplace equation.<ref name=":1" />

In planar flow, the stream function <math>\psi</math> can be defined with the following equations for incompressible planar flow in the xy-plane:

<math>u = \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y} \quad \textrm{and} \quad v = -\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}</math>.<ref name=":0" />

When we also take into consideration <math>u = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} \quad \textrm{and} \quad v = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial y}</math>, we are looking at the Cauchy-Reimann equations.<ref name=":0" />

These equations imply several characteristics of an incompressible planar potential flow. The lines of constant [[velocity potential]] are perpendicular to the streamlines (lines of constant <math>\psi</math>) everywhere.<ref name=":1" />

== Further reading ==
The Laplacian vector field theory is being used in research in mathematics and medicine. Math researchers study the boundary values for Laplacian vector fields and investigate an innovative approach where they assume the surface is fractal and then must utilize methods for calculating a well-defined integration over the boundary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abreu-Blaya |first1=R |last2=Bory-Reyes |first2=J |last3=Moreno-Garcia |first3=T |last4=Peña-Peña |first4=D |date=May 10, 2008 |title=Laplacian decomposition of vector fields on fractal surfaces |journal=Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=849–857 |doi=10.1002/mma.952 |bibcode=2008MMAS...31..849A }}</ref> Medical researchers proposed a method to obtain high resolution in vivo measurements of fascicle arrangements in skeletal muscle, where the Laplacian vector field behavior reflects observed characteristics of fascicle trajectories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Hon Fai |last2=Blemker |first2=Silvia S |date=October 25, 2013 |editor-last=Sampaolesi |editor-first=Maurilio |title=Skeletal muscle fascicle arrangements can be reconstructed using a Laplacian vector field simulation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e77576 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077576 |doi-access=free|pmid=24204878 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...877576C }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Potential flow]]
* [[Harmonic function]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vector calculus]]


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