Editing Lateral sulcus

{{Short description|Crevice in the brain separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal}}
{{Infobox brain
| Name            = Lateral sulcus
| Latin           = fissura lateralis cerebri<br />sulcus lateralis cerebri<br />fissura Sylvii
| Image           = Lateral sulcus2.png
| Caption         = Lateral sulcus
| IsPartOf        =
| Components      =
| Artery          =
| Vein            =
| Acronym         =
|System=|Function=|Location=}}

The '''lateral sulcus''' (or '''lateral fissure''', also called '''Sylvian fissure''', after [[Franciscus Sylvius]]) is the most prominent [[sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]] of each [[cerebral hemisphere]] in the [[human brain]]. The lateral [[sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]] is a deep [[fissure (anatomy)|fissure]] in each hemisphere that separates the [[frontal lobe|frontal]] and [[parietal lobe]]s from the [[temporal lobe]]. The [[insular cortex]] lies deep within the lateral sulcus.

==Anatomy==
The lateral sulcus divides both the [[frontal lobe]] and [[parietal lobe]] above from the [[temporal lobe]] below. It is in both [[Cerebral hemisphere|hemispheres of the brain]]. The lateral [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]] is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain, appearing around the fourteenth week of [[gestational age]].<ref>{{Cite journal
|author1=Jee G. Chi |author2=Elizabeth C. Dooling |author3=Floyd H. Gilles | date    = January 1977
| title   = Gyral development of the human brain
| journal = [[Annals of Neurology]]
| volume  = 1
| issue   = 1
| pages   = 86–93
| doi  = 10.1002/ana.410010109
| url  = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109672031/ABSTRACT
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121216135508/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109672031/ABSTRACT
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2012-12-16
| pmid = 560818
| url-access= subscription
}}</ref>

The [[insular cortex]] lies deep within the lateral sulcus.<ref name="Carpenter">{{cite book |last1=Carpenter |first1=Malcolm |title=Core text of neuroanatomy |year=1985 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |isbn=0683014552 |page=22 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

The lateral sulcus has a number of side branches. Two of the most prominent and most regularly found are the ascending (also called vertical) ramus and the horizontal ramus of the lateral fissure, which subdivide the [[inferior frontal gyrus]]. The lateral sulcus also contains the [[transverse temporal gyri]], which are part of the primary and below the surface [[auditory cortex]].

Due to a phenomenon called the [[Yakovlevian torque]], the lateral sulcus is often longer and less curved on the left hemisphere than on the right.

It is also located near the [[Sylvian point]].

The area lying around the Sylvian fissure is often referred to as the '''perisylvian cortex'''<!--Per MOS:BOLD due to redirect-->.<ref>Courten Norbury: ''Understanding Developmental Language Disorders: From Theory to Practice'' 2008, p. 63</ref>

The human [[secondary somatosensory cortex]] (S2, SII) is a functionally-defined region of cortex in the parietal operculum on the ceiling of the lateral sulcus.

==Discovery==
[[File:Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente Tabulae Picae 1600.png|thumb|left|The first depiction of the lateral sulcus (in its top right side) in 1600 in the Tabulae Pictae 112.10 by [[Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente]].]]
The cerebral cortex was not depicted in a realistic manner until the 17th century with the Sylvian fissure being first accurately painted by [[Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente]] in 1600 to provide plates for his ''Tabulae Pictae''.<ref name="Collice ">{{cite journal | last1 = Collice | first1 = M | last2 = Collice | first2 = R | last3 = Riva | first3 = A. | year = 2008 | title = Who discovered the sylvian fissure? | journal = Neurosurgery | volume = 63 | issue = 4| pages = 623–8 | doi = 10.1227/01.NEU.0000327693.86093.3F | pmid = 18981875 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17058037">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zanchin | first1 = G. | last2 = De Caro | first2 = R. | title = The nervous system in colours: the tabulae pictae of G.F. d'Acquapendente (ca. 1533-1619). | journal = J Headache Pain | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 360–6 |date=Oct 2006 | doi = 10.1007/s10194-006-0340-0 | pmid = 17058037 | pmc=3468184}}</ref><ref name="Riva-2007">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Riva | first1 = A. | title = G.F. d'Acquapendente tabulae pictae on the nervous system. | journal = J Headache Pain | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–4; author reply 255–6 |date=Sep 2007 | doi = 10.1007/s10194-007-0408-5 | pmid = 17906833 | pmc=3451669}}</ref>

[[File:J. Voort Kamp in Caspar Bartholin Institutiones Anatomicae.png|thumb|right|The engraving by J. Voort Kamp published in 1641 that led to the lateral sulcus being named after [[Franciscus Sylvius]] ]]Its first description is traditionally taken to be in 1641, possibly by [[Caspar Bartholin the Elder|Caspar Bartholin]], where its discovery was attributed to [[Franciscus Sylvius]] (1614–1672), professor of medicine at [[Leiden University]] in the book ''Casp. Bartolini Institutiones Anatomicae'' where it is noted that "F.S. [F.S. probably refers to Franciscus Sylvius] If you examine the indentations which are represented in Figure 5 quite attentively, you will notice that they are very deep and that the brain is divided from one side to the other by the 'anfractuosa fissura,' which starts in the front part near the ocular roots, and from there moves backwards above the base of the spinal cord, following the temporal bones, and it divides the upper part of the brain from the lower."<ref name="Collice "/>

It seems likely, however, that, since Caspar Bartholin died in 1629 and Franciscus Sylvius only started medicine in 1632, these words are by either Caspar's son [[Thomas Bartholin]] or Franciscus Sylvius himself. In 1663 in his ''Disputationem Medicarum'', Sylvius described the lateral fissure: "Particularly noticeable is the deep fissure or hiatus which begins at the roots of the eyes (oculorum radices) . . . it runs posteriorly above the temples as far as the roots of the brain stem (medulla radices). . . . It divides the cerebrum into an upper, larger part and a lower, smaller part".<ref name="Collice "/>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Creación de Adám.jpg|thumb|Right: Red cloak as lateral view of the human brain]] 
Pop musician [[David Bowie]] referred to psychologist [[Carl Jung]] as "...crashing out with Sylvian" in his lyrics to "[[Drive-In Saturday]]" released on his 1973 album ''Aladdin Sane''. In 2015,<ref>Stark, Tanja (2015) “Crashing Out with Sylvian: David Bowie, Carl Jung and the Unconscious” in Eoin Devereux, Martin Power and Aileen Dillane (Eds.) David Bowie: Critical Perspectives.Routledge.</ref> artist Tanja Stark suggested Bowie had drawn a cryptic link between Jung's waking hallucinatory visions (see ''[[The Red Book (Jung)|The Red Book]]'') and the Sylvian fissure, a region discovered by that time to produce hallucinogenic visions and ‘paranormal’ perceptions when electrically stimulated and, presciently in 2006, to generate what neurologists called an ‘illusory shadow person’ or [[doppelgänger]] phenomenon; themselves highly charged and recurring Bowie archetypes (Penfield <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Penfield | first1 = Wilder | last2 = Faulk Jr | first2 = Marshall | year = 1955 | title = The insula. Further observations on its function', Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery | journal = Brain | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 445–471 | doi = 10.1093/brain/78.4.445 | pmid = 13293263 }}</ref> 1955; Arzy et al., 2006<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shahar | first1 = Arzy | last2 = Seeck | first2 = Margitta | last3 = Ortigue | first3 = Stephanie | last4 = Laurent Spinelli | first4 = L | last5 = Blanke | first5 = Olaf | year = 2006 | title = Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person | journal = Nature | volume = 443 | issue = 7109 | page = 287 | doi = 10.1038/443287a | pmid = 16988702 | doi-access = free }}</ref>). Stark notes another song on that album "[[Oh! You Pretty Things]]" sings of the hallucinatory spectre of .."a crack in the sky and a hand reaching down to me", evoking the iconic imagery of Michelangelo's painting [[The Creation of Adam]]. 
Stark observes that the American Medical Journal reported that [[Michelangelo]]'s ''The Creation of Adam'' appears to conform deliberately to the neuroanatomical shape of the brain, its Sylvian fissure clearly evident, suggesting Michelangelo may have intentionally conflated theology with neurology (<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Meshberger | first1 = Frank Lynn | year = 1990 | title = An Interpretation of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam Based on Neuroanatomy | journal = JAMA | volume = 264 | issue = 14| pages = 1837–41 | doi = 10.1001/jama.1990.03450140059034 | pmid = 2205727 }}</ref> Meshberger 1990: 1837). Others though, have likened the cloak to the [[uterus]] and [[umbilical cord]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|title=The "Delivery" of Adam: A Medical Interpretation of Michelangelo|url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2815%2900153-6/fulltext?mobileUi=0|journal=[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]]|date=2015|issue=4|pages=505–508|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.007|pmid=25841253|volume=90|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Additional images==
<gallery>
File:Lateral sulcus.gif|Lateral sulcus shown in red (animation)

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lateral sulcus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031151458/http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/neuro/review/cc.html The peri-sylvian aphasias]
* [http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/s/sylvian_fissure.php sylvian fissure]
* http://www.uams.edu/radiology/education/residency/diagnostic/pdf/sylvian_cistern_RSNA2003.pdf

{{Prosencephalon}}
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[[Category:Sulci (neuroanatomy)]]