Editing Latin declension

{{short description|Part of Latin grammar}}
{{Latin grammar}}

'''Latin declension''' is the set of patterns according to which [[Latin language|Latin]] words are [[Declension|declined]]—that is, have their endings altered to show [[grammatical case]], [[Grammatical number|number]] and [[Grammatical gender|gender]]. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]]), and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and [[grammatical gender]]. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.

Adjectives are of two kinds: those like {{wikt-lang|la|bonus|bonus, bona, bonum}} 'good' use first-declension endings for the feminine, and second-declension for masculine and neuter. Other adjectives such as {{wikt-lang|la|celer|celer, celeris, celere}} belong to the third declension. There are no fourth- or fifth-declension adjectives.

Pronouns are also of two kinds, the personal pronouns such as {{wikt-lang|la|ego}} 'I' and {{wikt-lang|la|tū}} 'you ({{abbr|sg.|singular}})', which have their own irregular declension, and the third-person pronouns such as {{wikt-lang|la|hic}} 'this' and {{wikt-lang|la|ille}} 'that' which can generally be used either as pronouns or adjectivally. These latter decline in a similar way to the first and second noun declensions, but there are differences; for example the genitive singular ends in ''-īus'' or ''-ius'' instead of ''-ī'' or ''-ae'' and the dative singular ends in ''-ī''..

The cardinal numbers {{wikt-lang|la|ūnus}} 'one', {{wikt-lang|la|duo}} 'two', and {{wikt-lang|la|trēs}} 'three' also have their own declensions (''ūnus'' has genitive ''-īus'' and dative ''-ī'' like a pronoun). However, numeral adjectives such as {{wikt-lang|la|bīnī}} 'a pair, two each' decline like ordinary adjectives.

== Grammatical cases ==
A complete Latin noun declension consists of up to seven [[grammatical cases]]: [[nominative]], [[vocative]], [[accusative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], [[ablative]] and [[locative]]. However, the locative is limited to a few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words.

===Order of cases===
The Roman grammarian [[Aelius Donatus]] (4th century AD), whose work was used as standard throughout the Middle Ages, placed the cases in this order:

:{{lang|la|casus sunt sex: nominativus, genetivus, dativus, accusativus, vocativus, ablativus.}}<ref>[https://archive.org/details/corpusgrammatico01linduoft/page/n28/mode/1up Aelius Donatus, ''Ars Major'', 2.8.]</ref>
:"there are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative and ablative."

This order was based on the order used by earlier Greek grammarians, with the addition of the ablative, which does not exist in Greek. The names of the cases also were mostly translated from the Greek terms, such as {{lang|la|[[wikt:accusativus#Latin|accusativus]]}} from the Greek {{lang|grc|[[wikt:αἰτιατικός|αἰτῐᾱτῐκή]]}}.

This traditional order was formerly used in England, such as in ''The School and University Eton Latin Grammar'' (1861).<ref>Mongan, James Roscoe (1861). ''The School and University Eton Latin Grammar, Explanatory and Critical''. London 1861.</ref> That order is still followed in most other European countries. Gildersleeve and Lodge's ''Latin Grammar'' (1895) also follow this order. More recent Latin grammars published in the United States, such as Allen and Greenough's ''New Latin Grammar'' (1903) and ''[[Wheelock's Latin]]'' (first published in 1956) follow this order except they list the vocative last.

However, in Britain and countries influenced by Britain other than the United States, the Latin cases are usually given in the following order: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. This order was introduced in [[Benjamin Hall Kennedy]]'s ''Latin Primer'' (1866), with the aim of making tables of declensions easier to recite and memorise (the first three and the last two cases having identical forms in several declensions).{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}} It is also used in [[France]]<ref>Paul Crouzet (1902), ''Grammaire Latine, simple et complète'', p. 7.</ref> and [[Belgium]]. In [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6rLLE48RL0 ''Rosa''] (1962), a song in French by the Belgian singer [[Jacques Brel]], Brel sings the declension of "rosa" as {{lang|la|rosa, rosa, rosam}}, following the British order of cases.{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Syncretism===
<!--is there a better way to logically organize this section, or at least add a (small!) color-coded chart as a visual aid?-->
[[Syncretism (linguistics)|Syncretism]], where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism:

====Gender-specific====
* For neuter nouns, the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases are identical. The nominative, vocative, and accusative plural almost always ends in ''-a''. (Both of these features are inherited from [[Proto-Indo-European]], and so no actual syncretism is known to have happened in the historical sense, since these cases of these nouns are not known to have ever been different in the first place.)

====Case-specific====
* The vocative form is always the same as the nominative in the plural, and usually the same as the nominative in the singular except for second-declension nouns ending in ''-us'' and a few nouns of Greek origin. For example, the vocative of the first-declension {{wikt-lang|la|Aenēās}} is {{lang|la|Aenēā}}.
* The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-, and fourth-declension non-neuter Latin nouns.
* The dative singular is the same as the genitive singular in first- and fifth-declension pure Latin nouns.
* The dative is always the same as the ablative in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full ''i''-stems (i.e. neuter ''i''-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters.
* The dative, ablative, and locative are always identical in the plural.
* The locative singular is identical to the genitive in the 1st and 2nd declensions; to the dative or ablative in the 3rd declension; to the ablative in the 5th declension.
* The nominative and accusative plurals are identical for all nouns of the 4th declension (in ''-ūs'') and 5th declension (in ''-ēs''), and for many nouns of the 3rd declension (in ''-ēs''; but a distinct accusative plural in ''-īs'' can be used in Classical Latin for some i-stem nouns).

=== History of cases ===
[[Old Latin]] had essentially two patterns of endings. One pattern was shared by the first and second declensions, which derived from the Proto-Indo-European [[Thematic vowel|thematic]] declension. The other pattern was used by the third, fourth and fifth declensions, and derived from the athematic PIE declension.

== Nouns ==
There are two principal parts for Latin nouns: the nominative singular and the genitive singular. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (-''ae'', -''i'', -''is'', -''ūs'', -''ei''). The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well.

There are five declensions for Latin nouns:

=== {{anchor|d1}}{{anchor|First declension}} First declension (''a'' stems) ===
Nouns of this declension usually end in ''-a'' in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, e.g. {{wikt-lang|la|via|via, viae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('road') and {{wikt-lang|la|aqua|aqua, aquae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('water'). There is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. {{wikt-lang|la|poeta|poēta, poētae}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('poet'), {{wikt-lang|la|agricola|agricola, agricolae}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('farmer'), {{wikt-lang|la|auriga|auriga, aurigae}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('auriga, charioteer'), {{wikt-lang|la|pirata|pīrāta, pīrātae}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('pirate') and {{wikt-lang|la|nauta|nauta, nautae}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('sailor').

The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''. The nominative singular form consists of the [[stem (linguistics)|stem]] and the [[Suffix#Inflectional suffixes|ending]] ''-a'', and the genitive singular form is the stem plus ''-ae''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ First declension paradigm
|-
!
! Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
| -a || -ae
|-
! Accusative
| -am || -ās
|-
! Genitive
| rowspan="2" |  -ae || -ārum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | -īs
|-
! Ablative
| -ā
|-
! Locative
| ''Gen.'' || ''Dat.''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|mensa|mensa, mensae}}<br />table {{abbr|(f.)|feminine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|poeta|poēta, poētae}}<br />poet {{abbr|(m.)|masculine}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
| mensa || mensae || poēta || poētae
|-
! Accusative
| mensam || mensās || poētam || poētās
|-
! Genitive
| rowspan="2" | mensae{{efn-lr|The archaic genitive ending in ''-ai'' (as in ''aquai'') occurs occasionally in [[Virgil]] and [[Lucretius]], to evoke the style of older writers. Plus, the archaic genitive ending in -ās is used in expressions like ''pater familiās'' (also possible in conjunction with ''māter'', ''fīlius'' and ''fīlia'').}} || mensārum || rowspan="2" | poētae || poētārum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | mensīs || rowspan="2" | poētīs
|-
! Ablative
| mensā || poētā
|}
{{notelist-lr}}
The locative endings for the first declension are ''-ae'' (singular) and ''-īs'' (plural), similar to the genitive singular and ablative plural, as in ''{{wikt-lang|la|mīlitia|mīlitiae}}'' 'in war' and ''{{wikt-lang|la|Athēnae|Athēnīs}}'' 'at Athens'.<ref>Allen and Greenough. §43 c.</ref>

==== {{anchor|d1g}} First declension Greek nouns ====

{{Main|Declension of Greek nouns in Latin}}

The first declension also includes three types of [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's [[Ancient Greek nouns#First declension|alpha declension]]. They are declined irregularly in the singular, but sometimes treated as native Latin nouns, e.g. nominative {{wikt-lang|la|athleta|athlēt'''a'''}} ('athlete') instead of the original ''athlēt'''ēs'''''. Archaic ([[Homer]]ic) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: ''nephelēgerét'''a''' Zeus'' ('[[Zeus]] the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become ''nephelēgerét'''ēs'''''.

For full paradigm tables and more detailed information, see the Wiktionary appendix [[wiktionary:Appendix:Latin first declension|First declension]].

=== {{anchor|d2}}{{anchor|Second declension}} Second declension (''o'' stems) ===
The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like {{wikt-lang|la|equus|equus, equī}} ('horse') and {{wikt-lang|la|puer|puer, puerī}} ('boy') and neuter nouns like {{wikt-lang|la|castellum|castellum, castellī}} ('fort'). There are several small groups of feminine exceptions, including names of [[gemstone]]s, plants, trees, and some towns and cities.

In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the [[Stem (linguistics)|stem]] and the [[Suffix#Inflectional suffixes|ending]] ''-us'', although some end in ''-er'', which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending ''-um''. However, every second-declension noun has the ending ''-ī'' attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''o''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Second declension paradigm
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Masculine || Neuter
! Masculine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| -us  ||   rowspan="3"| -um || rowspan="2"| -ī ||rowspan="3"| -a
|-
! Vocative
| -e
|-
! Accusative
| -um || -ōs
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|-ī ||colspan="2"| -ōrum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="2" | -ō  || colspan="2" | -īs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2"| ''Gen.'' || colspan="2"| ''Dat.''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Masculine
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|dominus|dominus, dominī}}<br />master {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| dominus || rowspan="2" | dominī
|-
! Vocative
| domine
|-
! Accusative
| dominum || dominōs
|-
! Genitive
| dominī || dominōrum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| dominō || dominīs
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Neuter
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|bellum|bellum, bellī}}<br />war {{abbr|n.|neuter}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative, Accusative
| bellum || bella
|-
! Genitive
| rowspan="2" | bellī || bellōrum
|-
! Locative
| rowspan="2" | bellīs
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| bellō
|}

The locative endings for the second declension are ''-ī'' (singular) and ''-īs'' (plural); {{wikt-lang|la|Corinthus|Corinthī}} "at Corinth", {{wikt-lang|la|Mediolanum|Mediolānī}} "at Milan", and {{wikt-lang|la|Philippi|Philippīs}} "at Philippi".<ref>Allen and Greenough. §49 a.</ref>

==== {{anchor|d2r}} Second-declension ''-ius'' and ''-ium'' nouns ====
Nouns ending in ''-ius'' and ''-ium'' have a genitive singular in ''-ī'' in earlier Latin, which was regularized to ''-iī'' in the later language. Masculine nouns in ''-ius'' have a vocative singular in ''-ī'' at all stages. These forms in ''-ī'' are stressed on the same syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule. For example, the genitive and vocative singular ''Vergilī'' (from {{wikt-lang|la|Vergilius}}) is pronounced ''Vergílī'', with stress on the penult, even though it is short.<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge §15, Allen & Greenough §12, §49c</ref> In Old Latin, however, the vocative was declined regularly, using ''-ie'' instead, e.g. ''fīlie'' "[O] son", archaic vocative of {{Lang|la|fīlius}}.

There is no contraction of ''-iī(s)'' in plural forms and in the locative.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|filius|fīlius, filiī}}<br />son {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|auxilium|auxilium, auxiliī}}<br />aid, help {{abbr|n.|neuter}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{Lang|la|fīlius}} || rowspan="2" | {{Lang|la|fīliī}}  || rowspan="3" | {{Lang|la|auxilium}}  || rowspan="3" | {{Lang|la|auxilia}}
|-
! Vocative
| {{Lang|la|fīlī}}
|-
! Accusative
| {{Lang|la|fīlium}} || {{Lang|la|fīliōs}}
|-
! Genitive
| {{Lang|la|fīliī}}  || {{Lang|la|fīliōrum}}  || {{Lang|la|auxiliī}}  || {{Lang|la|auxiliōrum}}
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| {{Lang|la|fīliō}}  || {{Lang|la|fīliīs}}  || {{Lang|la|auxiliō}}  || {{Lang|la|auxiliīs}}
|}

In the older language, nouns ending with ''-vus'', ''-quus'' and ''-vum'' take ''o'' rather than ''u'' in the nominative and accusative singular. For example, {{wikt-lang|la|servis|servus, servī}} ('slave') could be ''servos'', accusative ''servom''.

==== {{anchor|d2r}} Second-declension ''-r'' nouns ====
Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in ''-er'' or ''-ir'' in the nominative singular. The declension of these nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, except for the lack of suffix in the nominative and vocative singular.

Some (but not all) nouns in ''-er'' drop the ''e'' in the genitive and other cases. For example, {{wikt-lang|la|socer|socer, socerī}} ('father-in-law') keeps its ''e''. However, the noun {{wikt-lang|la|magister|magister, magistrī}} ('(school)master') drops its ''e'' in the genitive singular.

For declension tables of second-declension nouns, see the [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Latin second declension|corresponding Wiktionary appendix]].

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|puer|puer, puerī}}<br />boy {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|ager|ager, agrī}}<br />field {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|vir|vir, virī}}<br />man {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative,Vocative
| puer || puerī || ager || agrī || vir || virī
|-
! Accusative
| puerum || puerōs || agrum || agrōs || virum || virōs
|-
! Genitive
| puerī || puerōrum || agrī || agrōrum || virī || virōrum<br />(virum)
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| puerō || puerīs || agrō || agrīs || virō || virīs
|}

The vocative ''puere'' is found but only in [[Plautus]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?target=la&all_words=puere Perseus database.]</ref> The genitive plural ''virum'' is found in poetry.<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, ''Latin Grammar'' 3rd ed., p. 17.</ref>

==== {{anchor|d2g}} Second-declension Greek nouns ====

{{Main|Declension of Greek nouns in Latin}}

The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of neuter Greek noun. These nouns are irregular only in the singular, as are their first-declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from the [[Ancient Greek nouns#Second declension|Omicron declension]].

Some Greek nouns may also be declined as normal Latin nouns. For example, {{wikt-lang|la|theātron}} can appear as ''theātrum''.

==== {{anchor|d2i}} Irregular forms ====

===== Deus =====
The inflection of {{wikt-lang|la|deus|deus, deī}} ('god') is irregular. The vocative singular of ''deus'' is not attested in Classical Latin. In [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] the vocative of ''Deus'' ('God') is ''Deus''.

In poetry, ''-um'' may substitute ''-ōrum'' as the genitive plural ending.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''deus, deī''<br />god {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|deus ||deī<br />diī<br />dī
|-
! Accusative
| deum || deōs
|-
! Genitive
| deī || deōrum<br />deum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| deō || deīs<br />diīs<br />dīs
|}

===== Virus =====
Three words, although second declension neuter, end in ''-us''. These are {{lang|la|vulgus}} "common people, crowd", {{lang|la|vīrus}} "slime, poison", and (borrowed from Greek) {{lang|la|pontus}} "sea".<ref>Ernout (1953), p. 34.</ref>

The word {{lang|la|vīrus}} means "1. slimy liquid, slime; 2. poison, venom", denoting the venom of a snake. This Latin word is probably related to the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|ῑ̓ός}} (''ios'') meaning "venom" or "rust" and the [[Sanskrit]] word {{wikt-lang|sa|विष}} ''{{Transliteration|sa|viṣa}}'' meaning "toxic, poison".<ref>Chambers' Etymological Dictionary Enlarged Edition 1931.</ref>

Since {{lang|la|vīrus}} in antiquity denoted something uncountable, it was a [[mass noun]]. Mass nouns pluralize only under special circumstances, hence the non-existence of plural forms in the texts.<ref>June 1999 issue of ASM News by the American Society for Microbiology</ref>

In [[Neo-Latin]], a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of 'viruses', which leads to the following declension:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170728043240/interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch1.html Nuntii Latini: Finnish Broadcasting Company (Radiophonia Finnica Generalis). Archiv I. 19.5.2000 – 6.12.2002]: "NOVUM VIRUS COMPUTATORIUM<br />Novum viri computatorii genus nomine Code Red in praesenti in Interreti grassatur, ut nuntiavit institutum SANS, cuius est securitati retis informatici providere. Code Red II, quod per cursum electronicum diffunditur, priore viro acerbius est et, postquam in servitoria penetravit, in systema lacunam facit. Ita fieri potest, ut alia vira eaque etiam periculosiora in machinas computatorias irrepant. Iam vermis Code Red I molestissimus fuit, cum biduo in trecenta milia computatrorum in omni orbe terrarum invasit."</ref><ref>[https://de.pons.com/%C3%BCbersetzung?l=dela&q=virus Pons: ''virus'']</ref><ref>William T. Stearn: ''Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary.'' David & Charles, third edition, 1983. Quote: "Virus: virus (s.n. II), ''gen. sing.'' viri, ''nom. pl.'' vira, ''gen. pl.'' vīrorum (to be distinguished from ''virorum'', of men)."</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''{{wikt-lang|la|virus|vīrus, vīrī}}''<br />poison, venom, virus {{abbr|n.|neuter}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative, Accusative
| vīrus || vīra
|-
! Genitive
| vīrī{{efn-lr|antique, [[Proto-Indo-European nominals#Heteroclitic stems|heteroclitic]]: vīrus{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}}} || vīrōrum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| vīrō || vīrīs
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== {{anchor|d3}} Third declension===
The third declension is the largest group of nouns. The nominative singular of these nouns may end in ''-a'', ''-e'', ''-ī'', ''-ō'', ''-y'', ''-c'', ''-l'', ''-n'', ''-r'', ''-s'', ''-t'', or ''-x''. This group of nouns includes masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns.

====Consonant stems====
The stem of a consonant-stem noun may be found from the genitive case by removing the ending ''-is''. For example, the stem of {{wikt-lang|la|pax|pāx, pācis}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} 'peace' is ''pāc-,'' the stem of {{wikt-lang|la|flumen|flūmen, flūminis}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} 'river' is ''flūmin-'', and the stem of {{wikt-lang|la|flos|flōs, flōris}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} 'flower' is ''flōr-.''

Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns often have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, many masculine nouns end in ''-or'' ({{wikt-lang|la|amor|amor, amōris}}, 'love'). Many feminine nouns end in ''-īx'' ({{wikt-lang|la|phoenix|phoenīx, phoenīcis}}, 'phoenix'), and many neuter nouns end in ''-us'' with an ''r'' stem in the oblique cases ({{wikt-lang|la|onus|onus, oneris}} 'burden'; {{wikt-lang|la|tempus|tempus, temporis}} 'time').

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Third declension paradigm<br />(consonant stems)
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine &<br />feminine || colspan="2" | Neuter
|-
! Singular || Plural
! Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|(-s) || rowspan="2" | -ēs || rowspan="2" | —{{efn-lr|The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are always identical.}} || rowspan="2" | -a
|-
! Accusative
| -em
|-
! Genitive
| -is || -um || -is || -um
|-
! Dative
| -ī || rowspan="2" | -ibus ||  -ī || rowspan="2" | -ibus
|-
! Ablative
| -e || -e
|-
! Locative
| ''Dat./Abl.'' || ''Dat.'' || ''Dat./Abl.'' || ''Dat.''
|}

{{notelist-lr}}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|dux|dux, ducis}}<br />leader {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|virtus|virtūs, virtūtis}}<br />virtue {{abbr|f.|feminine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|nomen|nōmen, nōminis}}<br />name {{abbr|n.|neuter}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|dux || rowspan="2" | ducēs ||virtūs || rowspan="2" | virtūtēs || rowspan="2" | nōmen || rowspan="2" | nōmina
|-
! Accusative
| ducem || virtūtem
|-
! Genitive
| ducis || ducum || virtūtis || virtūtum || nōminis || nōminum
|-
! Dative
| ducī || rowspan="2" | ducibus || virtūtī || rowspan="2" | virtūtibus || nōminī || rowspan="2" | nōminibus
|-
! Ablative
| duce || virtūte || nōmine
|}

The locative endings for the third declension are ''-ī'' or ''-e'' (singular) and ''-ibus'' (plural), as in {{wikt-lang|la|rus|rūrī}} 'in the country' and {{wikt-lang|la|Tralles|Trallibus}} 'at Tralles'.<ref>Allen and Greenough. §80.</ref>

==== {{anchor|d3i}} Third declension ''i''-stem and mixed nouns ====
The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. They are called '''''i''-stems'''. ''i''-stems are broken into two subcategories: pure and mixed. Pure ''i''-stems are indicated by special neuter endings. Mixed ''i''-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule. Stems indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure.
;Masculine and feminine
:'''Parisyllabic rule:''' Some masculine and feminine third-declension ''i''-stem nouns have the same number of syllables in the genitive and the nominative. For example: {{wikt-lang|la|navis|nāvis, nāvis}} ('ship'); {{wikt-lang|la|nubes|nūbēs, nūbis}} ('cloud'). The nominative ends in ''-is'' or ''-ēs''.
:'''Double consonant rule:''' The rest of the masculine and feminine third-declension ''i''-stem nouns have two consonants before the ''-is'' in the genitive singular. For example: {{wikt-lang|la|pars|pars, partis}} ('part').
;Neuter
:'''Special neuter ending:''' Neuter third-declension ''i''-stems have no rule. However, all of them end in ''-al'', ''-ar'' or ''-e''. For example: {{wikt-lang|la|animal|animal, animālis}} ('animal'); {{wikt-lang|la|cochlear|cochlear, cochleāris}} ('spoon'); {{wikt-lang|la|mare|mare, maris}} ('sea').

The mixed declension is distinguished from the consonant type only by having ''-ium'' in the genitive plural (and occasionally ''-īs'' in the accusative plural). The pure declension is characterized by having ''-ī'' in the ablative singular, ''-ium'' in the genitive plural, ''-ia'' in the nominative and accusative plural neuter, and ''-im'' in the accusative singular masculine and feminine (however, adjectives have ''-em'').

The accusative plural ending ''-īs'' is found in early Latin up to [[Virgil]], but from the early empire onwards it was replaced by ''-ēs''.<ref name=":0">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 18.</ref>

The accusative singular ending ''-im'' is found only in a few words: always in {{lang|la|tussis}} 'cough', {{lang|la|sitis}} 'thirst', {{lang|la|Tiberis}} 'River Tiber'; usually in {{lang|la|secūris}} 'axe', {{lang|la|turris}} 'tower', {{lang|la|puppis}} 'poop', {{lang|la|febris}} 'fever'; occasionally in {{lang|la|nāvis}} 'ship'. Most nouns, however, have accusative singular ''-em''.<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 27.</ref> The ending ''-im'' is not found in any adjectives, even those that have a separate feminine such as {{lang|la|celeris}} 'swift' or {{Lang|la|ācris}} 'keen',<ref>Ernout, A. (1953), {{lang|fr|Morphologie historique du latin}}, p. 50.</ref> or in any masculine common nouns.

The ablative singular ''-ī'' is found in nouns which have ''-im'', and also, optionally, in some other nouns, e.g. {{lang|la|in ignī}} or {{lang|la|in igne}} 'in the fire'.

There are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: {{wikt-lang|la|cor|cor, cordis}} ('heart') and {{wikt-lang|la|os|os, ossis}} ('bone'). The mixed declension is also used in the plural-only adjective  {{wikt-lang|la|plures|plūrēs, plūra}} ('most').

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Third declension paradigm<br />(''i''-stem nouns)
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine &<br />Feminine || colspan="2" | Neuter
|-
! Singular || Plural
! Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|— ||-ēs || rowspan="2" | — || rowspan="2" | -ia
|-
! Accusative
| -em<br />-im || -ēs<br />-īs
|-
! Genitive
| -is || -ium || -is || -ium
|-
! Dative
| -ī || rowspan="2" | -ibus || rowspan="2" | -ī || rowspan="2" | -ibus
|-
! Ablative
| -e<br />-ī
|-
! Locative
| ''Dat./Abl.'' || ''Dat.'' || ''Dat./Abl.'' || ''Dat.''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Third declension paradigm<br />(mixed nouns)
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine &<br />Feminine || colspan="2" | Neuter
|-
! Singular || Plural
! Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|— ||-ēs || rowspan="2" | — || rowspan="2" | -a
|-
! Accusative
| -em || -ēs<br />-īs
|-
! Genitive
| -is || -ium || -is || -ium
|-
! Dative
| -ī || rowspan="2" | -ibus || -ī || rowspan="2" | -ibus
|-
! Ablative
| -e || -e
|-
! Locative
| ''Dat./Abl.'' || ''Dat.'' || ''Dat./Abl.'' || ''Dat.''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|turris|turris, turris}}<br />tower {{abbr|f.|feminine}} (pure)
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|pars|pars, partis}}<br />part, piece {{abbr|f.|feminine}} (mixed)
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|animal|animal, animālis}}<br /> animal, living being {{abbr|n.|neuter}} (pure)
|-
! colspan="2" | Parisyllabic rule
! colspan="2" | Double consonant rule
! colspan="2" | Special neuter ending
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative,  Vocative
|turris||turrēs ||pars ||partēs || rowspan="2" | animal || rowspan="2" | animālia
|-
! Accusative
| turrem<br />turrim || turrēs<br />turrīs || partem || partēs<br />partīs
|-
! Genitive
| turris || turrium || partis || partium || animālis || animālium
|-
! Dative
| turrī || rowspan="2" | turribus || partī || rowspan="2" | partibus || rowspan="2" | animālī || rowspan="2" | animālibus
|-
! Ablative
| turre<br />turrī || parte<br />(partī)
|}

The rules for determining ''i''-stems from non-''i''-stems and mixed ''i''-stems are guidelines rather than rules: many words that might be expected to be ''i''-stems according to the parisyllabic rule actually are not, such as {{wikt-lang|la|canis}} ('dog') or {{wikt-lang|la|iuvenis}} ('youth'), which have genitive plural {{lang|la|canum}} 'of dogs' and {{lang|la|iuvenum}} 'of young men'. Likewise, {{wikt-lang|la|pater}} ('father'), {{wikt-lang|la|māter}} ('mother'), {{wikt-lang|la|frāter}} ('brother'), and {{wikt-lang|la|parēns}} ('parent') violate the double-consonant rule. This fluidity even in Roman times resulted in much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin.

Some nouns in ''-tāt-'', such as {{wikt-lang|la|civitas|cīvitās, cīvitātis}} 'city, community' can have either consonant-stem or ''i''-stem genitive plural: {{lang|la|cīvitātum}} or {{lang|la|cīvitātium}} 'of the cities'.<ref name=":0"/>

==== Peculiarities ====
In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|vis|vīs, vīs}} <br /> force, power {{abbr|f.|feminine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|sus|sūs, suis}} <br /> swine, pig, hog {{abbr|m.f.|masculine and feminine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|bos|bōs, bovis}} <br /> ox, bullock {{abbr|m.f.|masculine and feminine}}
! {{wikt-lang|la|Iuppiter|Iuppiter, Iovis}} <br /> Jupiter {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
|-
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|vīs ||vīrēs ||sūs || rowspan="2" | suēs ||bōs{{efn-lr|name="ou"|Here ''ō'' or ''ū'' come from Old Latin ''ou''. Thus ''bō-/bū-'' and ''Iū-'' before consonant endings are alternate developments of the ''bov-'' and ''Iov-'' before vowel endings. — The double ''pp'' in the preferred form ''Iu-ppiter'' "Father Jove" is an alternate way of marking the length of the ''u'' in the etymological form ''Iū-piter'' (see footnote in [[Jupiter (mythology)]]). ''i'' is [[vowel reduction|weakened]] from ''a'' in {{wikt-lang|la|pater}} (Allen and Greenough, sect. 79 b).}} || rowspan="2" | bovēs ||Iuppiter<br />Iūpiter{{efn-lr|name="ou"}}
|-
! Accusative
| '''vim''' || vīrēs<br />vīrīs || suem || bovem || Iovem
|-
! Genitive
| vīs{{efn-lr|name="vis"|Genitive and dative cases are seldom used.}} || '''vīrium''' || suis || suum || bovis || '''boum'''<br />'''bovum''' || Iovis
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | vī{{efn-lr|name="vis"}} || rowspan="2" | vīribus || suī || rowspan="2" | suibus<br />'''sūbus''' || bovī || rowspan="2" | '''bōbus'''<br />'''būbus'''{{efn-lr|name="ou"}} || Iovī
|-
! Ablative
| sue || bove || Iove
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== {{anchor|d4}}{{anchor|Fourth declension}} Fourth declension (''u'' stems) ===
The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words such as {{wikt-lang|la|flūctus|flūctus, flūctūs}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('wave') and {{wikt-lang|la|portus|portus, portūs}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('port') with a few feminine exceptions, including {{wikt-lang|la|manus|manus, manūs}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('hand') and {{wikt-lang|la|domus|domus, domūs}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('house'). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns including {{wikt-lang|la|genu|genū, genūs}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('knee'). Each noun has the ending ''-ūs'' as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''u'', but the declension is otherwise very similar to the third-declension ''i'' stems.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fourth declension paradigm
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''-us'' ending nouns || colspan="2" | ''-ū'' ending nouns
|-
! Singular || Plural
! Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
| -us || rowspan="2" | -ūs || rowspan="2" | -ū || rowspan="2" | -ua
|-
! Accusative
| -um
|-
! Genitive
| -ūs || -uum || -ūs || -uum
|-
! Dative
| -uī || rowspan="2" | -ibus<br>-ubus{{efn-lr|used only on bisyllabic words like {{wikt-lang|la|arcus}} and {{wikt-lang|la|artus}}.}} || rowspan="2" | -ū || rowspan="2" | -ibus
|-
! Ablative
| -ū
|-
! Locative
| -ī  || ''Dat.'' || -ī || ''Dat.''
|}

{{notelist-lr}}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|portus|portus, portūs}}<br /> port {{abbr|m.|masculine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|genu|genū, genūs}}<br /> knee {{abbr|n.|neuter}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|portus || rowspan="2" | portūs || rowspan="2" | genū || rowspan="2" | genua
|-
! Accusative
| portum
|-
! Genitive
| portūs || portuum || genūs || genuum
|-
! Dative
| portuī || rowspan="2" | portibus || rowspan="2" |genū || rowspan="2" | genibus
|-
! Ablative
| portū
|}

* In the genitive singular, ''cornūs'' may in later times be replaced by ''cornū''.
* The locative endings for the fourth declension are ''-ī'' (singular) and ''-ibus'' (plural); {{wikt-lang|la|senatus|senātī}} "at [the] senate", {{wikt-lang|la|domus|domī}} "at home".

====Domus====
{{wikt-lang|la|domus|Domus}} ('house, dwelling, building, home, native place, family, household, race') is an irregular noun, mixing fourth and second declension nouns at the same time (especially in literature). However, in practice, it is generally declined as a regular ''-us'' stem fourth declension noun, except for ablative singular ''-ō'', accusative plural ''-ōs'', and the use of the locative.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33n1qYq9Liw The Fourth Declension] – tutorial by Ben Johnson of [https://latintutorial.com/about LatinTutorial]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|domus|domus, domūs/domī}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}}
|-
! colspan="2" | All possible declensions
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|domus ||domūs
|-
! rowspan="2" | Accusative
| rowspan="2" | domum || domōs
|-
|domūs
|-
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
| domūs || domuum
|-
|domī
|domōrum
|-
! rowspan="3" | Dative
| domuī || rowspan="6" | domibus
|-
|domō
|-
| rowspan="2" |domō
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ablative
|-
|domū
|-
! Locative
| domī
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|domus|domus, domūs}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Most common paradigm
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|domus ||domūs
|-
! Accusative
| domum || domōs
|-
! Genitive
| domūs || domuum
|-
! Dative
| domuī || rowspan="3" | domibus
|-
! Ablative
| domō
|-
! Locative
| domī
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== {{anchor|d5}}{{anchor|Fifth declension}} Fifth declension (''e'' stems) ===
The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine nouns like {{wikt-lang|la|res|rēs, reī}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('affair, matter, thing') and ''diēs, diēī'' {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('day'; but {{abbr|f.|feminine}} in names of days).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fifth declension paradigm
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''-iēs'' ending nouns || colspan="2" | ''-ēs'' ending nouns
|-
! Singular || Plural
! Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
| -iēs || rowspan="2" | -iēs ||-ēs || rowspan="2" | -ēs
|-
! Accusative
| -iem || -em
|-
! Genitive
| rowspan="2" | -iēī || -iērum || rowspan="2" | -eī || -ērum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | -iēbus  || rowspan="2" | -ēbus
|-
! Ablative, Locative
| -iē || -ē
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|dies|diēs, diēī}}<br />day {{abbr|m.|masculine}}, {{abbr|f.|feminine}}
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|res|rēs, reī}}<br />thing {{abbr|f.|feminine}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|diēs || rowspan="2" | diēs ||rēs || rowspan="2" | rēs
|-
! Accusative
| diem || rem
|-
! Genitive
| rowspan="2" | diēī || diērum || rowspan="2" | reī || rērum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | diēbus || rowspan="2" | rēbus
|-
! Ablative, Locative
| diē || rē
|}
Nouns ending in ''-iēs'' have long ''ēī'' in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + ''-ēs'' usually have short ''eī'' in these cases. Other forms of the genitive singular are also found, such as {{lang|la|diī}} (''Aeneid'' 1.636), {{lang|la|diē}} (''Georgic'' 1.208), {{lang|la|diēs}} (Ennius).<ref>Ernout (1953), p. 69.</ref>

The locative ending of the fifth declension was ''-ē'' (singular only), identical to the ablative singular, as in {{wikt-lang|la|hodiē}} ('today').

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal pronouns ===
The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun sē, suī always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | First Person
! colspan="2" | Second Person
! colspan="2" | Third Person
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|ego|ego}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nos|nōs}}<br />I, we
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|tu|tū}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vos|vōs}}<br />you
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|se|sē, suī}}<br />himself, herself, itself,<br>oneself,<br>themselves
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!Vocative
| colspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |tū
| rowspan="3" |vōs
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |—
|-
! Nominative
| ego<br />egō || rowspan="2" | nōs 
|-
! Accusative
| mē || tē || colspan="2" | sē<br />sēsē
|-
! Genitive<br>complements
| meī || nostrī || tuī || vestrī || colspan="2" | suī
|-
!Genitive [[partitive]]
|—
|nostrum
|—
|vestrum
| colspan="2" |—
|-
! Dative
| mihi<br />mihī || rowspan="2" | nōbīs || tibi<br />tibī || rowspan="2" | vōbīs || colspan="2" | sibi<br />sibī
|-
! Ablative
| mē || tē || colspan="2" | sē<br />sēsē
|}

The genitive forms {{wikt-lang|la|meī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|tuī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nostrī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vestrī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|suī}} are used as complements in certain grammatical constructions, whereas {{wikt-lang|la|nostrum}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vestrum}} are used with a [[partitive]] meaning ('[one] of us', '[one] of you'). To express possession, the possessive pronouns (essentially adjectives) {{wikt-lang|la|meus}}, {{wikt-lang|la|tuus}}, {{wikt-lang|la|noster}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vester}} are used, declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed, e.g. {{lang|la|pater meus}} 'my father', {{lang|la|māter mea}} 'my mother'. The vocative singular masculine of {{lang|la|meus}} is {{lang|la|mī}}: {{lang|la|mī Attice}} 'my dear Atticus'.<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' 6.1.20 etc.</ref>

==== Possessive pronouns' declensions ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|meus|meus, mea, meum}}<br /> my, mine
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| meus || rowspan="2" | mea || rowspan="3" | meum || rowspan="2" | meī || rowspan="2" | meae || rowspan="3" | mea
|-
! Vocative
| mī
(& meus)
|-
! Accusative
| meum || meam || meōs || meās
|-
! Genitive
| meī || rowspan="2" | meae || meī || meōrum || meārum || meōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | meō || rowspan="2" | meō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | meīs
|-
! Ablative
| meā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|tuus|tuus, tua, tuum}}<br /> your, yours (for singular possessor)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|tuus ||tua || rowspan="2" | tuum ||tuī ||tuae || rowspan="2" | tua
|-
! Accusative
| tuum || tuam || tuōs || tuās
|-
! Genitive
| tuī || rowspan="2" | tuae || tuī || tuōrum || tuārum || tuōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | tuō || rowspan="2" | tuō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | tuīs
|-
! Ablative
| tuā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|suus|suus, sua, suum}}<br /> his, her, its, theirs (reflexive)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" |suus ||  rowspan="2" |sua || rowspan="3" | suum || rowspan="2" |suī ||  rowspan="2" |suae || rowspan="3" | sua
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| suum || suam || suōs || suās
|-
! Genitive
| suī || rowspan="2" | suae || suī || suōrum || suārum || suōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | suō || rowspan="2" | suō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | suīs
|-
! Ablative
| suā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|noster|noster, nostra, nostrum}}<br /> our, ours
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|noster ||nostra || rowspan="2" | nostrum ||nostrī ||nostrae || rowspan="2" | nostra
|-
! Accusative
| nostrum || nostram || nostrōs || nostrās
|-
! Genitive
| nostrī || rowspan="2" | nostrae || nostrī || nostrōrum || nostrārum || nostrōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | nostrō || rowspan="2" | nostrō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | nostrīs
|-
! Ablative
| nostrā
|}

The possessive adjective {{lang|la|vester}} has an archaic variant, {{lang|la|voster}}; similar to {{lang|la|noster}}. Vocative of {{lang|la|meus}} is usually {{lang|la|mī}}, and rarely {{lang|la|meus}} also, like the nominative.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|vester|vester, vestra, vestrum}}<br >{{wikt-lang|la|voster|voster, vostra, vostrum}}<br >your, yours (for plural possessor)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|vester<br >voster ||vestra<br>vostra || rowspan="2" | vestrum<br>vostrum ||vestrī<br>vostrī ||vestrae<br>vostrae || rowspan="2" | vestra<br>vostra
|-
! Accusative
| vestrum<br>vostrum || vestram<br>vostram || vestrōs<br>vostrōs || vestrās<br>vostrās
|-
! Genitive
| vestrī<br>vostrī || rowspan="2" | vestrae<br>vostrae || vestrī<br>vostrī || vestrōrum<br>vostrōrum || vestrārum<br>vostrārum || vestrōrum<br>vostrōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | vestrō<br>vostrō || rowspan="2" | vestrō<br>vostrō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | vestrīs<br>vostrīs
|-
! Ablative
| vestrā<br>vostrā
|}

Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, {{wikt-lang|la|cum}} would be added to the ablative form. However, with personal pronouns (first and second person), the reflexive and the interrogative, ''-cum'' is added onto the end of the ablative form. That is: {{wikt-lang|la|mēcum}} 'with me', {{wikt-lang|la|nōbīscum}} 'with us', {{wikt-lang|la|tēcum}} 'with you', {{wikt-lang|la|vōbīscum}}, {{wikt-lang|la|sēcum}} and {{wikt-lang|la|quōcum}} (sometimes {{wikt-lang|la|quīcum}}).

Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix ''-met'' ({{wikt-lang|la|egomet}}, {{wikt-lang|la|tūte}}/{{wikt-lang|la|tūtemet}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nosmet}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vosmet}}), used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms.

In accusative case, the forms ''mēmē'' and ''tētē'' exist as emphatic, but they are not widely used.

{{wikt-lang|la|se|Sē, suī}} has a possessive adjective: {{wikt-lang|la|suus|suus, sua, suum}}, meaning 'his/her/its/their own':

:{{lang|la|Patrem '''suum''' numquam vīderat.}} ([[Cicero]])<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Rabirio Postumo]]'' 4</ref>
:"He had never seen '''his''' [own] father."

When 'his' or 'her' refers to someone else, not the subject, the genitive pronoun {{lang|la|eius}} (as well as ''eōrum'' and ''eārum'') 'of him' is used instead of ''suus'':
:{{lang|la|Fit obviam Clodiō ante fundum '''eius'''.}} ([[Cicero]])<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Milone]]'' 29</ref>
:"He met Clodius in front of '''the latter's''' farm."

Despite its resemblance to the possessive adjectives {{lang|la|meus, tuus}} and {{lang|la|suus}}, {{lang|la|eius}} does not decline in agreement with the noun it refers to, in the way that an adjective would. For instance, "his father" in the accusative is {{lang|la|patrem eius}} (literally, "father of him"), not {{lang|la|patrem}} ''*eium'', in contrast with the reflexive formation {{lang|la|patrem suum}} ("his [own] father").

When one sentence is embedded inside another with a different subject, ''sē'' and ''suus'' can refer to either subject:
:{{lang|la|Patrēs conscrīptī ... lēgātōs in Bīthȳniam miserunt quī ab rēge peterent, nē inimīcissimum '''suum''' '''secum''' haberet '''sibi'''que dēderet.}} ([[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos]])<ref>[[Cornelius Nepos]], ''Hannibal'' 12.2</ref>
:"The senators ... sent ambassadors to Bithynia, who were to ask the king not to keep '''their''' greatest enemy '''with him''' but hand him over '''to them'''."

For the third-person pronoun {{wikt-lang|la|is}} 'he', see below.

=== Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives ===

Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences:
* the nominatives are often irregular
* the genitive singular ends in ''-īus'' rather than ''-ae'' or ''-ī''.
* the dative singular ends in ''-ī'': rather than ''-ae'' or ''-ō''.

These differences characterize the pronominal declension, and a few special adjectives ({{wikt-lang|la|tōtus}} 'whole', {{wikt-lang|la|sōlus}} 'alone', {{wikt-lang|la|ūnus}} 'one', {{wikt-lang|la|nūllus}} 'no', {{wikt-lang|la|alius}} 'another', {{wikt-lang|la|alter}} 'another [of two]', etc.) are also declined according to this pattern.

All demonstrative, relative, and indefinite pronouns in Latin can also be used adjectivally, with some small differences; for example in the interrogative pronoun, {{wikt-lang|la|quis}} 'who?' and {{wikt-lang|la|quid}} 'what?' are usually used for the pronominal form, {{wikt-lang|la|quī}} and {{wikt-lang|la|quod}} 'which?' for the adjectival form.

===Third person pronoun===
The weak demonstrative pronoun {{wikt-lang|la|is}}, {{wikt-lang|la|ea}}, {{wikt-lang|la|id}} 'that' also serves as the third person pronoun 'he, she, it':

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="6" | Third person
|-
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|is|is, ea, id}}<br />he, she, it
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| is || ea || rowspan="2" | id || eī<br />iī || eae || rowspan="2" | ea
|-
! Accusative
| eum || eam || eōs || eās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | eius || eōrum || eārum || eōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | eī || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | eīs<br />iīs
|-
! Ablative
| eō || eā || eō
|}

This pronoun is also often used adjectivally, e.g. ''is homo'' 'that man', ''ea pecunia'' 'that money'. It has no possessive adjective; the genitive is used instead: ''pater eius'' 'his/her father'; ''pater eōrum'' 'their father'.

=== Declension of ''īdem'' ===
The pronoun or pronominal adjective {{wikt-lang|la|idem|īdem, eadem, idem}} means 'the same'. It is derived from ''is'' with the suffix ''-dem''. However, some forms have been [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]].

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|idem|īdem, eadem, idem}}<br />the same, same as
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| īdem || eadem || rowspan="2" | idem || eīdem<br />īdem<br />iīdem || eaedem || rowspan="2" | eadem
|-
! Accusative
| eundem || eandem || eōsdem || eāsdem
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | eiusdem || eōrundem || eārundem || eōrundem
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | eīdem || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | eīsdem<br /> īsdem<br />iīsdem
|-
! Ablative
| eōdem || eādem || eōdem
|}

===Other demonstrative pronouns===

<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|hic|hic, haec, hoc}}<br />this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|ille|ille, illa, illud}}<br />that, that one (distal)
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|iste|iste, ista, istud}}<br />that of yours (medial)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| hic || haec || rowspan="2" | hoc || hī || hae || rowspan="2" | haec || ille || illa || rowspan="2" | illud || illī || illae || rowspan="2" | illa || iste || ista || rowspan="2" | istud || istī || istae || rowspan="2" | ista
|-
! Accusative
| hunc || hanc || hōs || hās || illum || illam 	|| illōs || illās || istum || istam || istōs || istās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | huius{{efn-lr|name="ViV"|Sometimes spelled ''hūius''. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or [[syllable weight|heavy]], because the consonantal ''i'' between vowels is pronounced double, like ''*huiius'', and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}} || hōrum || hārum || hōrum || colspan="3" | illīus || illōrum || illārum || illōrum || colspan="3" | istīus || istōrum || istārum || istōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | huic || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | hīs || colspan="3" | illī || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | illīs || colspan="3" | istī || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | istīs
|-
! Ablative
| hōc || hāc || hōc || illō || illā || illō || istō || istā || istō
|}</div>
{{notelist-lr}}
Similar in declension is {{wikt-lang|la|alius|alius, alia, aliud}} 'another'.

=== Intensive pronoun ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|ipse|ipse, ipsa, ipsum}}<br />himself, herself, itself
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| ipse || ipsa || rowspan="2" | ipsum || ipsī || ipsae || rowspan="2" | ipsa
|-
! Accusative
| ipsum || ipsam || ipsōs || ipsās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | ipsīus || ipsōrum || ipsārum || ipsōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ipsī || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | ipsīs
|-
! Ablative
| ipsō|| ipsā || ipsō
|}

=== Interrogative pronouns ===
The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. They are distinct from the relative pronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Singular
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|quis|quis? quid?}}<br />who?, what?
|-
! Masculine &<br />Feminine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| quis? || rowspan="2" | quid?
|-
! Accusative
| quem?
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | cuius?{{efn-lr|name="ViV"|Sometimes spelled ''cūius''. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or [[syllable weight|heavy]], because the consonantal ''i'' between vowels is pronounced double, like ''*cuiius'', and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}}
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | cui?
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | quō?
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|qui|quī, quae, quod}}<br />who, which, that
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| quī || quae || rowspan="2" | quod || quī || quae || rowspan="2" | quae
|-
! Accusative
| quem || quam || quōs || quās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | cuius{{efn-lr|name="ViV"|Sometimes spelled ''cūius''. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or [[syllable weight|heavy]], because the consonantal ''i'' between vowels is pronounced double, like ''*cuiius'', and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}} || quōrum ||  quārum || quōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | cui || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | quibus
|-
! Ablative
| quō || quā || quō
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

== Adjectives ==

=== First- and second-declension adjectives ===
First- and second-declension adjectives are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in ''-us'' (although some end in ''-er'', see below), the feminine form ends in ''-a'', and the neuter form ends in ''-um''. Therefore, some adjectives are given like {{wikt-lang|la|altus|altus, alta, altum}}.

Adjectives ending ''-ius'' use the vocative ''-ie'' (''ēbrie'', "[O] drunk man", vocative of ''ēbrius''), just as in Old Latin all ''-ius'' nouns did (''fīlie'', "[O] son", archaic vocative of ''fīlius'').

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|altus|altus, alta, altum}}<br /> high, long, tall
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| altus || rowspan="2" | alta || rowspan="3" | altum || rowspan="2" | altī || rowspan="2" | altae || rowspan="3" | alta
|-
! Vocative
| alte
|-
! Accusative
| altum || altam || altōs || altās
|-
! Genitive
| altī || rowspan="2" | altae || altī || altōrum || altārum || altōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | altō || rowspan="2" | altō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | altīs
|-
! Ablative
| altā
|}

==== First- and second-declension ''-r'' adjectives ====
Some first- and second-declension adjectives' masculine forms end in ''-er''. As with second-declension ''-r'' nouns, some adjectives retain the ''e'' throughout inflection, and some omit it. {{wikt-lang|la|sacer|Sacer, sacra, sacrum}} omits its ''e'' while {{wikt-lang|la|miser|miser, misera, miserum}} keeps it.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|miser|miser, misera, miserum}}<br /> sad, poor, unhappy
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" |miser || rowspan="2" |misera || rowspan="3" | miserum || rowspan="2" |miserī || rowspan="2" |miserae || rowspan="3" | misera
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| miserum || miseram || miserōs || miserās
|-
! Genitive
| miserī || rowspan="2" | miserae || miserī || miserōrum || miserārum || miserōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | miserō || rowspan="2" | miserō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | miserīs
|-
! Ablative
| miserā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" |{{wikt-lang|la|sacer|sacer, sacra, sacrum}}<br /> sacred, holy
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" |sacer || rowspan="2" |sacra || rowspan="3" | sacrum || rowspan="2" |sacrī || rowspan="2" |sacrae || rowspan="3" | sacra
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| sacrum || sacram || sacrōs || sacrās
|-
! Genitive
| sacrī || rowspan="2" | sacrae || sacrī || sacrōrum || sacrārum || sacrōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | sacrō || rowspan="2" | sacrō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | sacrīs
|-
! Ablative
| sacrā
|}

==== First and second declension pronominal adjectives ====
Nine first and second declension pronominal adjectives are irregular in the genitive and dative singular in all genders. They can be remembered by using the mnemonic acronym {{lang|la|ūnus nauta}}. They are:

*{{wikt-lang|la|ullus|ūllus, ūlla, ūllum}} 'any';
*{{wikt-lang|la|nullus|nūllus, nūlla, nūllum}} 'no, none';
*{{wikt-lang|la|uter|uter, utra, utrum}} 'which [of two], either';
*{{wikt-lang|la|solus|sōlus, sōla, sōlum}} 'sole, alone';
*{{wikt-lang|la|neuter|neuter, neutra, neutrum}} 'neither';
*{{wikt-lang|la|alius|alius, alia, aliud}} 'another' (the genitive singular ''alīus'' is often replaced by ''alterīus'' or by ''aliēnus'' 'of another');<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge (1903), ''Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar'', p. 39.</ref>
*{{wikt-lang|la|unus|ūnus, ūna, ūnum}} 'one';
*{{wikt-lang|la|totus|tōtus, tōta, tōtum}} 'whole';
*{{wikt-lang|la|alter|alter, altera, alterum}} 'other [of two]'.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|ullus|ūllus, ūlla, ūllum}}<br />any
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| ūllus || ūlla || rowspan="2" | ūllum || ūllī || ūllae ||  rowspan="2" | ūlla
|-
! Accusative
| ūllum || ūllam || ūllōs || ūllās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | ūllīus || ūllōrum || ūllārum || ūllōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ūllī || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | ūllīs
|-
! Ablative
| ūllō || ūllā ||  ūllō
|}

=== Third-declension adjectives ===
Third-declension adjectives are normally declined like third-declension ''i''-stem nouns, except for the fact they usually have ''-ī'' rather than ''-e'' in the ablative singular (unlike ''i''-stem nouns, in which only pure i-stems have ''-ī''). Some adjectives, however, like the one-ending {{wikt-lang|la|vetus|vetus, veteris}} ('old, aged'), have ''-e'' in the ablative singular, ''-um'' in the genitive plural, and ''-a'' in the nominative and accusative neuter plural.

====Third-declension adjectives with one ending====<!-- This section is linked from [[Latin conjugation]] -->
These have a single nominative ending for all genders, although as usual the endings for the other cases vary. As with nouns, a genitive is given for the purpose of showing the inflection.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | {{wikt-lang|la|atrox|atrōx, atrōx}}<br /> terrible, mean, cruel
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine,  Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|atrōx || rowspan="2" | atrōx ||atrōcēs || rowspan="2" | atrōcia
|-
! Accusative
|atrōcem ||atrōcēs<br />atrōcīs
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | atrōcis || colspan="2" | atrōcium
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="2" | atrōcī || colspan="2" | atrōcibus
|}

=====Non-''i''-stem variant=====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | {{wikt-lang|la|vetus|vetus, vetus}}<br /> old, aged
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|vetus || rowspan="2" | vetus || rowspan="2" | veterēs || rowspan="2" | vetera
|-
! Accusative
|veterem
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | veteris || colspan="2" | veterum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | veterī || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | veteribus
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | vetere
|}

==== Third-declension adjectives with two endings ====
Third-declension adjectives that have two endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. The ending for the masculine and feminine is ''-is'', and the ending for the neuter is ''-e''. It is not necessary to give the genitive, as it is the same as the nominative masculine singular.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | {{wikt-lang|la|agilis|agilis, agile}}<br />nimble, swift
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|agilis || rowspan="2" | agile ||agilēs || rowspan="2" | agilia
|-
! Accusative
|agilem ||agilēs<br />agilīs
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | agilis || colspan="2" | agilium
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="2" | agilī || colspan="2" | agilibus
|}

==== Third-declension adjectives with three endings ====
Third-declension adjectives with three endings have three separate nominative forms for all three genders. Like third and second declension ''-r'' nouns, the masculine ends in ''-er''. The feminine ends in ''-ris'', and the neuter ends in ''-re''. The genitive is the same as the nominative feminine singular.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|celer|celer, celeris, celere}}<br />swift, rapid, brash
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|celer ||celeris || rowspan="2" | celere || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | celerēs || rowspan="2" | celeria
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="2"| celerem
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | celeris || colspan="3" | celerium
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="3" | celerī || colspan="3" | celeribus
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|alacer|alacer, alacris, alacre}}<br />lively, jovial, animated
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|alacer ||alacris || rowspan="2" | alacre || colspan="2" |alacrēs || rowspan="2" | alacria
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="2"|alacrem || colspan="2"|alacrēs<br />alacrīs
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | alacris || colspan="3" | alacrium
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="3" | alacrī || colspan="3" | alacribus
|}

=== Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives ===
As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. For regular first and second declension and third declension adjectives with one or two endings, the comparative is formed by adding ''-ior'' for the masculine and feminine, and ''-ius'' for the neuter to the stem. The genitives for both are formed by adding ''-iōris''. Therefore, they are declined in the third declension, but they are not declined as ''i''-stems. Superlatives are formed by adding ''-issimus, -issima, -issimum'' to the stem and are thus declined like first and second declension adjectives.

====General pattern for comparatives====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | {{wikt-lang|la|altior|altior, altius}}<br /> higher, deeper (comparative of {{wikt-lang|la|altus}})
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine, Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|altior || rowspan="2" | altius || rowspan="2" | altiōrēs || rowspan="2" | altiōra
|-
! Accusative
|altiōrem
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | altiōris || colspan="2" | altiōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | altiōrī || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | altiōribus
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | altiōre
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|altissimus|altissimus, altissima, altissimum}}<br /> highest, deepest (superlative of {{wikt-lang|la|altus}})
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| altissimus || rowspan="2" | altissima || rowspan="3" | altissimum || rowspan="2" | altissimī || rowspan="2" | altissimae || rowspan="3" | altissima
|-
! Vocative
| altissime
|-
! Accusative
| altissimum || altissimam || altissimōs || altissimās
|-
! Genitive
| altissimī || rowspan="2" | altissimae || altissimī || altissimōrum || altissimārum || altissimōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | altissimō || rowspan="2" | altissimō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | altissimīs
|-
! Ablative
| altissimā
|}

====Comparatives and superlatives with normal endings====
{| class="wikitable"
! Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|clarus|clārus, clāra, clārum}} ('clear, bright, famous')||{{wikt-lang|la|clarior|clārior, clārius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|clarissimus|clārissimus, clārissima, clārissimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|frigidus|frīgidus, frīgida, frīgidum}} ('cold, chilly')||{{wikt-lang|la|frigidior|frīgidior, frīgidius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|frigidissimus|frīgidissimus, frīgidissima, frīgidissimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|pugnax|pugnāx, pugnāx (pugnācis)}} ('pugnacious')||{{wikt-lang|la|pugnacior|pugnācior, pugnācius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|pugnacissimus|pugnācissimus, pugnācissima, pugnācissimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|benevolens|benevolēns, benevolēns (benevolentis)}} ('kind, benevolent')||{{wikt-lang|la|benevolentior|benevolentior, benevolentius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|benevolentissimus|benevolentissimus, benevolentissima, benevolentissium}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|fortis|fortis, forte}} ('strong, robust')||{{wikt-lang|la|fortior|fortior, fortius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|fortissimus|fortissimus, fortissima, fortissimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|aequalis|aequālis, aequāle}} ('equal, even')||{{wikt-lang|la|aequalior|aequālior, aequālius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|aequalissimus|aequālissimus, aequālissima, aequālissimum}}
|}

==== Comparatives and superlatives of ''-er'' adjectives ====
Adjectives (in the first and second as well as third declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in ''-er'' are slightly different. As with normal adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding ''-ior'' to the stem, but for the superlative, ''-rimus'' is added to the nominative masculine singular.

{| class="wikitable"
!Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|pulcher|pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum}} ('pretty, beautiful')||{{wikt-lang|la|pulchrior|pulchrior, pulchrius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|pulcherrimus|pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|sacer|sacer, sacra, sacrum}} ('sacred, holy')||{{wikt-lang|la|sacrior|sacrior, sacrius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|sacerrimus|sacerrimus, sacerrima, sacerrimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|tener|tener, tenera, tenerum}} ('delicate, tender')||{{wikt-lang|la|tenerior|tenerior, tenerius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|tenerrimus|tenerrimus, tenerrima, tenerrimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|acer|ācer, ācris, ācre}} ('valliant, fierce')||{{wikt-lang|la|acrior|ācrior, ācrius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|acerrimus|ācerrimus, ācerrima, ācerrimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|celeber, celebris, celebre}} ('celebrated, famous')||{{wikt-lang|la|celebrior|celebrior, celebrius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|celeberrimus|celeberrimus, celeberrima, celeberrimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|celer|celer, celeris, celere}} ('quick, fast')||{{wikt-lang|la|celerior|celerior, celerius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|celerrimus, celerrima, celerrimum}}
|}

==== Comparatives and superlatives of ''-lis'' adjectives ====
Some third declension adjectives with two endings in ''-lis'' in the masculine–feminine nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. The following are the only adjectives that do.

{| class="wikitable"
!Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|facilis|facilis, facile}} ('easy')||{{wikt-lang|la|facilior|facilior, facilius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|facillimus|facillimus, facillima, facillimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|difficilis|difficilis, difficile}} ('hard, difficult')||{{wikt-lang|la|difficilior|difficilior, difficilius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|difficillimus|difficillimus, difficillima, difficillimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|similis|similis, simile}} ('similar, like'')||{{wikt-lang|la|similior|similior, similius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|simillimus|simillimus, simillima, simillimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|dissimilis|dissimilis, dissimile}} ('unlike, dissimilar')||{{wikt-lang|la|dissimilior|dissimilior, dissimilius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|dissimillimus|dissimillimus, dissimillima, dissimillimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|gracilis|gracilis, gracile}} ('slender, slim')||{{wikt-lang|la|gracilior|gracilior, gracilius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|gracillimus|gracillimus, gracillima, gracillimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|humilis|humilis, humile}} ('low, humble')||{{wikt-lang|la|humilior|humilior, humilius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|humillimus|humillimus, humillima, humillimum}}
|}

==== Comparatives and superlatives of ''-eus/-ius'' adjectives ====
First and second declension adjectives that end in ''-eus'' or ''-ius'' are unusual in that they do not form the comparative and superlative by taking endings at all. Instead, {{wikt-lang|la|magis}} ('more') and {{wikt-lang|la|maximē}} ('most'), the comparative and superlative degrees of {{wikt-lang|la|magnoperē}} ('much, greatly'), respectively, are used.

Many adjectives in ''-uus'', except those in ''-quus'' or ''-guus'', also follow this rule.

{| class="wikitable"
!Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|idoneus|idōneus, idōnea, idōneum}} ('suitable, fitting, proper')||''magis idōneus''||''maximē idōneus''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|solitarius|sōlitārius, sōlitāria, sōlitārium}} ('solitary, lonely')||''magis sōlitārius''||''maximē sōlitārius''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|ebrius|ebrius, ebria, ebrium}} ('drunk')||''magis ebrius''||''maximē ebrius''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|meritorius|meritōrius, meritōria, meritōrium}} ('meritorious')||''magis meritōrius''||''maximē meritōrius''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|gramineus|grāmineus, grāminea, grāmineum}} ('grassy')||''magis grāmineus''||''maximē grāmineus''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|bellatorius|bellātōrius, bellātōria, bellātōrium}} ('warlike, bellicose')||''magis bellātōrius''||''maximē bellātōrius''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|arduus|arduus, ardua, arduum}} ('lofty, steep')||''magis arduus''||''maximē arduus''
|}

==== Irregular comparatives and superlatives ====
As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparatives and superlatives.

{| class="wikitable"
!Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|bonus|bonus, bona, bonum}} ('good')||{{wikt-lang|la|melior|melior, melius}} ('better')||{{wikt-lang|la|optimus|optimus, optima, optimum}} ('best')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|malus|malus, mala, malum}} ('bad, evil')||{{wikt-lang|la|peior|pēior, pēius}} ('worse')||{{wikt-lang|la|pessimus|pessimus, pessima, pessimum}} ('worst')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|magnus|magnus, magna, magnum}} ('great, large')||{{wikt-lang|la|maior|māior, māius}} ('greater')||{{wikt-lang|la|maximus|maximus, maxima, maximum}} ('greatest')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|parvus|parvus, parva, parvum}} ('small, slight')||{{wikt-lang|la|minor|minor, minus}} ('lesser')||{{wikt-lang|la|minimus|minimus, minima, minimum}} ('least')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|multus|multus, multa, multum}} ('much, many')||{{wikt-lang|la|plūs}}{{efn-lr|Noun used with genitive to express more of something in the singular; in the plural used as an adjective: {{wikt-lang|la|plures|plūrēs, plūra}}, genitive ''plūrium''.}} ('more')||{{wikt-lang|la|plurimus|plūrimus, plūrima, plūrimum}} ('most')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|propinquus|propinquus, propinqua, propinquum}} ('near, close')||{{wikt-lang|la|propior|propior, propius}} ('nearer')||{{wikt-lang|la|proximus|proximus, proxima, proximum}} ('nearest, next')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|maturus|mātūrus, mātūra, mātūrum}} ('ripe, mature')||{{wikt-lang|la|maturior|mātūrior, mātūrius}} ('riper')||{{wikt-lang|la|maturrimus|mātūrrimus, mātūrrima, mātūrrimum}}{{efn-lr|Often replaced by the regular form {{wikt-lang|la|maturissimus|mātūrissimus, mātūrissima, mātūrissimum}}.}} ('ripest')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|nēquam}}{{efn-lr|Indeclinable.}} ('worthless')||{{wikt-lang|la|nequior|nēquior, nēquius}} ('more worthless')||{{wikt-lang|la|nequissimus|nēquissimus, nēquissima, nēquissimum}} ('most worthless')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|posterus|posterus, postera, posterum}} ('next, future')||{{wikt-lang|la|posterior|posterior, posterius}} ('later')||{{wikt-lang|la|postremus|postrēmus, postrēma, postrēmum}} ('last, latest')<br> {{wikt-lang|la|postumus|postumus, postuma, postumum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|superus|superus, supera, superum}} ('above')||{{wikt-lang|la|superior|superior, superius}} ('upper')||{{wikt-lang|la|supremus|suprēmus, suprēma, suprēmum}} ('uppermost') <br> {{wikt-lang|la|summus|summus, summa, summum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|exterus|exterus, extera, exterum}} ('outward')||{{wikt-lang|la|exterior|exterior, exterius}} ('outer')||{{wikt-lang|la|extremus|extrēmus, extrēma, extrēmum}} ('outermost') <br> {{wikt-lang|la|extimus|extimus, extima, extimum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|inferus|īnferus, īnfera, īnferum}} ('below')||{{wikt-lang|la|inferior|īnferior, īnferius}} ('lower')||{{wikt-lang|la|infimus|īnfimus, īnfima, īnfimum}} ('lowest') <br> {{wikt-lang|la|imus|īmus, īma, īmum}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|senex|senex, senis}} ('old, aged')||{{wikt-lang|la|senior|senior}} ('older, elder')|| {{wikt-lang|la|maximus nātū, maxima nātū}} ('oldest, eldest')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|iuvenis|iuvenis, iuvenis}} ('young, youthful')||{{wikt-lang|la|iuvenior|iuvenior}} ('younger') <br> {{wikt-lang|la|iunior|iūnior}}|| {{wikt-lang|la|minimus nātū, minima nātū}} ('youngest'){{efn-lr|Sometimes {{lang|la|iunissimus}} is found in medieval Latin, e.g. Callistus Nicephorus, {{lang|la|Ecclesiastica Historia}}, 1574.}}
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== Declension of numerals ===
{{see also|Roman numerals|Latin numerals (linguistics)}}

There are several different kinds of numeral words in Latin: the two most common are cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. There are also several more rare numerals, e.g., distributive numerals and adverbial numerals.

==== Cardinal numerals ====
All cardinal numerals are indeclinable, except {{wikt-lang|la|ūnus}} ('one'), {{wikt-lang|la|duo}} ('two'), {{wikt-lang|la|trēs}} ('three'), plural hundreds {{wikt-lang|la|ducentī}} ('two hundred'), {{wikt-lang|la|trecentī}} ('three hundred') etc., and {{wikt-lang|la|mīlle}} ('thousand'), which have cases and genders like adjectives. {{wikt-lang|la|unus|Ūnus, ūna, ūnum}} is declined like a first- and second-declension pronoun with ''-īus'' or ''-ius'' in the genitive, and ''-ī'' in the dative. {{wikt-lang|la|duo|Duo}} is declined irregularly, {{wikt-lang|la|trēs}} is declined like a third-declension plural adjective, ''-centī'' ('hundred') numerals decline like first- and second-declension adjectives, and {{wikt-lang|la|mīlle}} is invariable in the singular and declined like a third-declension ''i''-stem neuter noun in the plural:

The plural endings for ''ūnus'' are used with ''plūrālia tantum'' nouns, e. g. ''ūna castra'' (one [military] camp), ''ūnae scālae'' (one ladder).
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|unus|ūnus, ūna, ūnum}}<br />one
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| ūnus || rowspan="2" | ūna || rowspan="3" | ūnum || rowspan="2" | ūnī || rowspan="2" | ūnae || rowspan="3" | ūna
|-
! Vocative
| ūne
|-
! Accusative
| ūnum || ūnam || ūnōs || ūnās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | ūnīus / ūnius || ūnōrum || ūnārum || ūnōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ūnī || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | ūnīs
|-
! Ablative
| ūnō || ūnā || ūnō
|}

The word {{wikt-lang|la|ambō}} ('both'), is declined like ''duo'' except that its ''o'' is long. Both declensions derive from the Indo-European [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]], otherwise defunct in Latin, rather than the plural.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3" | ||colspan="3"| {{wikt-lang|la|duo|duo, duae, duo}}<br />two
|-
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine || Feminine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|duo ||duae || rowspan="2" | duo
|-
! Accusative
| duō(s)|| duās
|-
! Genitive
| duōrum || duārum || duōrum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
|duōbus ||duābus ||duōbus
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" | ||colspan="3"| {{wikt-lang|la|ambō|ambō, ambae, ambō}}<br />both
|-
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine || Feminine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
| ambō || ambae || rowspan="2" | ambō
|-
! Accusative
| ambō(s)|| ambās
|-
! Genitive
| ambōrum || ambārum || ambōrum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
|ambōbus ||ambābus ||ambōbus
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" | || colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|tres|trēs, tria}}<br />three
|-
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Masculine, Feminine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|trēs || rowspan="2" | tria
|-
! Accusative
|trēs / trīs
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | trium
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="2" | tribus
|}

The numeral {{wikt-lang|la|centum}} ('one hundred') is indeclinable, but all the other hundred numerals are declinable ({{wikt-lang|la|ducentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|trecentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|quadringentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|quīngentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|sescentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|septingentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|octingentī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nōngentī}}).

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="3" | ||colspan="3"| {{wikt-lang|la|ducenti|ducentī, ducentae, ducenta}}<br />two hundred
|-
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine || Feminine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|ducentī ||ducentae || rowspan="2" | ducenta
|-
! Accusative
| ducentōs || ducentās
|-
! Genitive
| ducentōrum || ducentārum || ducentōrum
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| colspan="3" | ducentīs
|}

The word ''mīlle'' 'thousand' is a singular indeclinable adjective. However, its plural, ''mīlia'', is a plural third-declension ''i''-stem neuter noun. To write the phrase "four thousand horses" in Latin, the genitive is used: ''quattuor mīlia equōrum'', literally, "four thousands of horses".

{| class="wikitable"
!
! {{wikt-lang|la|mīlle}}<br />(one) thousand
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|mīlia, mīlium}}<br />x thousand,<br />thousands
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
| rowspan="4" | mīlle || rowspan="2" | mīl(l)ia || rowspan="2" | '''-ia'''
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Genitive
| mīl(l)ium || '''-ium'''
|-
! Dative, Ablative
| mīl(l)ibus ||'''-ibus'''
|}

The rest of the numbers are indeclinable whether used as adjectives or as nouns.

For further information on the different sets of Latin numerals, see [[Latin numerals (linguistics)]].

== Adverbs and their comparatives and superlatives ==
Adverbs are not declined. However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb.

=== Adverbs from first- and second-declension adjectives ===
First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding ''-ē'' onto their stems.
{| class="wikitable"
!Adjective||Adverb
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|clarus|clārus, clāra, clārum}} ('clear, famous')||{{wikt-lang|la|clārē}} ('clearly, famously')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|validus|validus, valida, validum}} ('strong, robust')||{{wikt-lang|la|validē}} ('strongly, robustly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|infirmus|īnfīrmus, īnfīrma, īnfīrmum}} ('weak')||{{wikt-lang|la|īnfīrmē}} ('weakly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|solidus|solidus, solida, solidum}} ('complete, firm')||{{wikt-lang|la|solidē}} ('completely, firmly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|integer|integer, integra, integrum}} ('whole, fresh')||{{wikt-lang|la|integrē}} ('wholly, freshly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|liber|līber, lībera, līberum}} ('free')||{{wikt-lang|la|līberē}} ('freely')
|}

=== Adverbs from third declension adjectives ===
Typically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding ''-iter'' to the stem. However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add ''-er'' to the stem.

{| class="wikitable"
!Adjective||Adverb
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|prudens|prūdēns, prūdēns (prūdentis)}} ('prudent')||{{wikt-lang|la|prūdenter}} ('prudently')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|audax|audāx, audāx (audācis)}} ('bold')||{{wikt-lang|la|audācter}} ('boldly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|virilis|virīlis, virīle}} ('courageous, spirited')||{{wikt-lang|la|virīliter}} ('courageously, spiritedly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|salūbris|salūbris, salūbre}} ('wholesome')||{{wikt-lang|la|salūbriter}} ('wholesomely')
|}

=== Comparative and superlative of adverbs ===
Adverbs' comparative forms are identical to the nominative neuter singular of the corresponding comparative adjective. Adverbs' superlative forms are simply formed by attaching the regular ending ''-ē'' to the corresponding superlative adjective. As with their corresponding adjectival forms, first and second declensions adjectives ending in ''-eus'' or ''-ius'' use {{wikt-lang|la|magis}} and {{wikt-lang|la|maximē}} as opposed to distinct endings.

{| class="wikitable"
!Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|clārē}} ('clearly, famously')||{{wikt-lang|la|clārius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|clārissimē}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|solidē}} ('completely, firmly')||{{wikt-lang|la|solidius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|solidissimē}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|idōneē}} ('suitably, properly')||''magis idōneē''||''maximē idōneē''
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|prudenter}} ('prudently')||{{wikt-lang|la|prudentius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|prudentissimē}}
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|salūbriter}} ('wholesomely')||{{wikt-lang|la|salūbrius}}||{{wikt-lang|la|salūbrissimē}}
|}

=== Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms ===
As with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms.

{| class="wikitable"
!Positive||Comparative||Superlative
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|bene}} ('well')||{{wikt-lang|la|melius}} ('better')||{{wikt-lang|la|optimē}} ('best')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|male}} ('badly, ill')||{{wikt-lang|la|peius}} ('worse')||{{wikt-lang|la|pessimē}} ('worst')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|magnopere}} ('greatly')||{{wikt-lang|la|magis}} ('more')||{{wikt-lang|la|maximē}} ('most')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|multum}} ('much, a lot')||{{wikt-lang|la|plūs}} ('more')||{{wikt-lang|la|plūrimum}} ('most')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|parvum}} ('little')||{{wikt-lang|la|minus}} ('less')||{{wikt-lang|la|minimē}} ('least')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|nēquiter}} ('worthlessly')||{{wikt-lang|la|nēquius}} ('more worthlessly')||{{wikt-lang|la|nēquissimē}} ('most worthlessly')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|saepe}} ('often')||{{wikt-lang|la|saepius}} ('more often')||{{wikt-lang|la|saepissimē}} ('most often')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|mātūrē}} ('seasonably, betimes')||{{wikt-lang|la|mātūrius}} ('more seasonably')||{{wikt-lang|la|māturrimē}} ('most seasonably')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|prope}} ('near')||{{wikt-lang|la|propius}} ('nearer')||{{wikt-lang|la|proximē}} ('nearest, next')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|nūper}} ('recently')||—||{{wikt-lang|la|nūperrimē}} ('most recently, previously')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|potis}} ('possible')||{{wikt-lang|la|potius}} ('rather')||{{wikt-lang|la|potissimē}} ('especially')
|-
|—||{{wikt-lang|la|prius}} ('before, previously')||{{wikt-lang|la|prīmō}} ('first')
|-
|{{wikt-lang|la|secus}} ('otherwise')||{{wikt-lang|la|sētius}} <br> {{wikt-lang|la|sequius}} ('less')||—
|}

== Peculiarities within declension ==

=== Irregularity in number ===
Some nouns are only used in the singular ([[plurale tantum#Singulare tantum|singulare tantum]]) such as:
* materials, such as {{wikt-lang|la|aurum}} 'gold'
Some nouns are only used in the plural ([[plurale tantum]]), or when plural have a singular meaning such as:
* many festivals, such as {{wikt-lang|la|Saturnālia}} '[[Saturnalia]]'
* {{wikt-lang|la|castra}} 'camp' and {{wikt-lang|la|arma}} 'arms'; {{wikt-lang|la|littera|litterae}} 'a letter' (cf. {{lang|la|littera}} 'letter of the alphabet')
* a few geographical names are plural such as {{wikt-lang|la|Thēbae}} 'Thebes' (both the [[Thebes, Greece|Greek]] and the [[Thebes, Egypt|Egyptian]] cities)

=== Indeclinable nouns ===
Indeclinable nouns are nouns which only have one form in all cases (of the singular).
* {{wikt-lang|la|fās}} ('[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#fas|divine law]]')
* {{wikt-lang|la|īnstar}} ('likeness')
* {{wikt-lang|la|māne}} ('morning')
* {{wikt-lang|la|nefās}} ('[[nefas|sin, abomination]]')
* {{wikt-lang|la|secus}} ('(male or female) sex')

=== Heterogeneous nouns ===
Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender.

* A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. However, their meanings remain the same.
* Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. They may also change in meaning.

{| class=wikitable
! Singular !! Plural
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|balneum}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('bath') || ''balneae'' {{abbr|f.|feminine}} or ''balnea'' {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('bathhouse')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|epulum}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('feast, banquet') || ''epulae'' {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('feast, banquet')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|frēnum}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('bridle, curb') || ''frēnī'' {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('bridle, curb')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|iocus}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('joke, jest') || ''ioca'' {{abbr|n.|neuter}} or ''ioci'' {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('jokes, fun')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|locus}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('place, location') || ''loca'' {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('region'); ''locī'' {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('places in books, arguments')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|rāstrum}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('hoe, rake') || ''rāstrī'' {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('hoes, rakes')
|}

=== Plurals with alternative meanings ===
{| class=wikitable
! Singular !! Plural
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|aedes|aedēs, aedis}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('building, temple') || {{wikt-lang|la|aedes|aedēs, aedium}} ('rooms, house')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|auxilium|auxilium, auxiliī}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('help, aid') || {{wikt-lang|la|auxilia|auxilia, auxiliōrum}} ('auxiliary troops')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|carcer|carcer, carceris}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('prison, cell') || {{wikt-lang|la|carceres|carcerēs, carcerum}} ('starting traps')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|castrum|castrum, castrī}} {{abbr|n.|neuter}} ('fort, castle, fortress') || {{wikt-lang|la|castra|castra, castrōrum}} ('military camp, encampment')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|copia|cōpia, copiae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('plenty, much, abundance') || {{wikt-lang|la|copiae|cōpiae, copiārum}} ('troops')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|fortuna|fortūna, fortūnae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('luck, chance') || {{wikt-lang|la|fortunae|fortūnae, fortūnārum}} ('wealth, fortune')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|gratia|grātia, grātiae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('charm, favor') || {{wikt-lang|la|gratiae|grātiae, grātiārum}} ('thanks')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|impedimentum|impedīmentum, impedīmentī}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('impediment, hindrance') || {{wikt-lang|la|impedimenta|impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum}} ('baggage, baggage train')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|littera|littera, litterae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('letter [alphabet]') || {{wikt-lang|la|litterae|litterae, litterārum}} ('letter [message], epistle, scholarship, literature')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|mos|mōs, mōris}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('habit, inclination') || {{wikt-lang|la|mores|mōrēs, mōrum}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('morals, character')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|opera|opera, operae}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('trouble, pains') || {{wikt-lang|la|operae|operae, operārum}} {{abbr|m.|masculine}} ('workmen')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|opis|*ops, opis}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}}{{efn-lr|Nominative and dative are not attested except as the name of the goddess [[Ops]].}} ('help') || {{wikt-lang|la|opes|opēs, opium}} ('resources, wealth')
|-
| {{wikt-lang|la|pars|pars, partis}} {{abbr|f.|feminine}} ('part, piece') || {{wikt-lang|la|partes|partēs, partium}} ('office, function')
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

== See also ==
* [[Declension of Greek nouns in Latin]]
* [[Latin conjugation]]
* [[Latin mnemonics]]
* [[William Whitaker's Words]]
* [[Ancient Greek grammar#Declensions|Greek declension]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/15665 New Latin Grammar], an eBook, originally written by [[Charles Edwin Bennett]], at the [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [https://students.open.ac.uk/arts/a276/OU_Interactive_Latin Interactive Latin Word Endings]
* {{cite book |title=Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar |last=Gildersleeve |first=B. L. |author-link=Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve |author2=Gonzalez Lodge |year=1895 |edition=3rd |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-09215-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges |last=Greenough |first=J. B. |author-link=James Bradstreet Greenough |author2=G. L. Kittredge |author3=A. A. Howard |author4=Benj. L. D'Ooge |year=1903 |publisher=Ginn and Company |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0001}}
* Ernout, A. (1953). {{lang|fr|Morphologie historique du latin}}. Klincksieck, Paris.

{{Grammatical cases}}

[[Category:Latin declension| ]]

[[la:Declinatio (grammatica)]]