Editing Lative case

{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
In [[grammar]], the '''lative''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|t|ɪ|v}} {{respell|LAY|tiv}}; [[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''lat'''}}) is a [[grammatical case]] which indicates motion to a location.<ref name="PanuMäkinen--AdvCases" /> It corresponds to the English prepositions "to" and "into". The lative case belongs to the group of the general local cases together with the [[locative case|locative]] and [[separative case]]. The term derives from the Latin ''lat-'', the fourth principal part of ''ferre'', "to bring, carry".

The lative case is typical of the [[Uralic languages]] and it was one of the [[Proto-Uralic]] cases. It still exists in many Uralic languages, such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Erzya language|Erzya]], [[Moksha language|Moksha]], and [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]].

It is also found in the [[Tsezic languages|Dido languages]], such as [[Tsez language|Tsez]], [[Bezhta language|Bezhta]], and [[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]], as well as in the [[Kartvelian languages|South Caucasian languages]], such as Laz or Lazuri (''see [[Laz grammar]]'').

==Finnish==
In Finnish, the lative case is largely obsolete. It still occurs in various [[adverbs]]: ''alas, alemmas,'' "down, further down", ''kauas,'' ''kauemmas'' "(moving) far away, farther away", ''pois'' "(going) away", and ''rannemmas'' "towards and closer to the shore" (derives from 'ranta' [shore]). The lative suffix is usually ''-s''.<ref name="PanuMäkinen--AdvCases">{{cite web|last1=Mäkinen|first1=Panu|title=Finnish Grammar - Adverbial Cases|url=http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatadverbien.html|website=users.jyu.fi|publisher=University of Jyväskylä|accessdate=6 March 2015}}</ref>

In modern Finnish, it has been superseded by a more complicated system of locative cases and [[Clitic|enclitics]], and the original -s has merged with another lative or [[locative case|locative]] suffix and turned into the modern [[inessive case|inessive]], [[elative case|elative]], [[illative case|illative]] and [[translative case|translative]] suffixes.

==Meadow Mari==
In [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]], the usage of the lative is restricted compared to that of the [[illative case]]. Whereas the illative can be used freely in connection with verbs indicating motion into/to/towards something, the lative occurs typically with only a smaller number of such verbs. Some examples of these are: кодаш ''kodaš'' "to remain, to stay", шинчаш ''šinčaš'' "to sit down", шочаш ''šočaš'' "to be born", сакаш ''sakaš'' "to hang up, to hang on", пышташ ''põštaš'' "to put, to place", кушкаш ''kuškaš'' "to grow (intransitive)". In many cases, both the illative and the lative cases can be used with a verb. Note that some of the verbs, such as шочаш or кушкаш, do not indicate motion towards a place.<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners">{{cite book
| last1 = Riese
| first1 = Timothy
| last2 = Bradley
| first2 = Jeremy
| last3 = Schötschel
| first3 = Monika
| last4 = Yefremova
| first4 = Tatiana
| author-link1 = 
| title = Mari (марий йылме): An Essential Grammar for International Learners. [Draft version]
| url = https://www.univie.ac.at/maridict/site-2014/grammar.php?int=0
| series = 
| volume = 
| publisher = University of Vienna [published online at grammar.mari-language.com]
| publication-date = 2019
| page = 89-91
| isbn = 
| access-date = 
| quote = 
| year = 
}} [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported] license.</ref>

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Ковам Тойметсола ялеш кресаньык ешеш шочын.
|kova-m Tojmetsola jal-eš kresan’õk ješ-eš šoč-õn
|grandmother-POSS.1SG Toymetsola village-LAT peasant family-LAT be.born-PST
|"My grandmother was born in the village of Toymetsola into a peasant family."}}

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Сумкатым пӱкенеш пыште да диванеш шич.
|sumka-t-õm püken-eš põšte da divan-eš šič
|bag-POSS.2SG-ACC chair-LAT put.IMP and couch-LAT sit.IMP
|"Put your bag on the chair and sit down on the couch."}}

The lative case in Meadow Mari can also fulfill a few auxiliary functions. It can indicate the cause for an action or under what circumstances the action takes place:<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" />
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Йоча-влак йӱреш нӧреныт.
|joča-vlak jür-eš nör-en-õt
|child-PL rain-LAT soak-PST-3PL
|"The children got soaked in the rain."}}

A noun in the lative can express a period of time in which something (repeatedly) takes place:<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" />
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Тый кечеш мыняр гана кочкат?
|tõj keč-eš mõn’ar gana kočk-at?
|you.SG day-LAT how.many time eat-2SG
|"How many times a day do you eat?"}}

A noun in the lative can be used to indicate how someone or something is regarded, for what they are held:<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" />
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Ивук пийжым эн сай йолташеш шотла.
|Ivuk pij-ž-õm en saj joltaš-eš šotl-a
|Ivuk dog-POSS.3SG-ACC most good friend-LAT consider-3SG
|"Ivuk considers his dog his best friend."}}

A noun in the lative can express by what means something is transferred, relocated, or undergoes a change.<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" />
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Йошкар-Олашке автобусеш толынна.
|Joškar-Ola-ške avtobus-eš tol-õn-na
|Yoshkar-Ola-ILL bus-LAT come-PST-1PL
|"We came to [[Yoshkar-Ola]] by bus."}}

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Тулеш кӱктымӧ пареҥге пеш тамле.
|tul-eš kükt-õmö pareŋge peš tamle
|fire-LAT bake-PASS potato very tasty
|"Potatoes cooked in fire are very tasty."}}

==Tsez==
In the Northeast Caucasian languages, such as [[Tsez language|Tsez]], the lative also takes up the functions of the [[dative case]] in marking the recipient or beneficent of an action. By some linguists, they are still regarded as two separate cases in those languages although the suffixes are exactly the same for both cases. Other linguists list them separately only for the purpose of separating syntactic cases from locative cases. An example with the ditransitive verb "show" (literally: "make see") is given below:

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Кидбā ужихъор кIетIу биквархо.
|kidb-ā uži-qo-r kʼetʼu b-ikʷa-r-xo
|girl:OBL-ERG boy-POSS-DAT/LAT cat:[III]:ABS III-see-CAUS-PRES
|"The girl shows the cat to the boy."}}

The dative/lative is also used to indicate possession, as in the example below; there is no such verb for "to have":

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|Кидбехъор кIетIу зовси.
|kidbe-qo-r kʼetʼu zow-si
|girl:OBL-POSS-DAT/LAT cat:ABS be:PST-PST
|"The girl had a cat."}}

The dative/lative case usually occurs, as in the examples above, in combination with another suffix as poss-lative case; it should not be regarded as a separate case, as many of the locative cases in Tsez are constructed analytically. They are actually a combination of two case suffixes. See [[Tsez language#Locative case suffixes]] for further details.

Verbs of perception or emotion (like "see", "know", "love", "want") also require the logical subject to stand in the dative/lative case, note that in this example the "pure" dative/lative without its POSS-suffix is used.

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|glossing=link
|ГIалир ПатIи йетих.
|ʻAli-r Patʼi y-eti-x
|Ali-DAT/LAT Fatima:[II]:ABS II-love-PRES
|"Ali loves Fatima."}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Grammatical cases}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lative Case}}
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]