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Latvian Russian Union
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{{Short description|Latvian political party}} {{Infobox political party | country = Latvia | name = Latvian Russian Union | native_name = Latvijas Krievu savienība<br/>Русский союз Латвии | colorcode = {{party color|Latvian Russian Union}} | logo = [[File:Latvian Russian Union logo.png|265px]] | abbreviation = LKS (Latvian)<br/>РСЛ (Russian) | leader1_title = Co-chairpersons | leader1_name = [[Jevgēņijs Osipovs]]<br />Andrejs Pagors<ref name="leaders"/> | founded = {{Start date and age|1998|8|3|df=yes}} <small>(ForHRUL alliance)</small> <br />{{Start date and age|2007|5|19|df=yes}} <small>(party)</small><br />{{Start date and age|2014|1|18|df=yes}} <small>(LKS/РСЛ)</small> | ideology = [[Russians in Latvia|Russian]] [[Political parties of minorities|minority politics]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.de/latvia.html|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Latvia|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726031852/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/latvia.html|archive-date=2011-07-26|url-status=dead|year=2010}}</ref><br/>[[Russophilia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/4958/ | title=Most stubborn survivor speaks out }}</ref> | international = | merger = [[Equal Rights (Latvia)|Equal Rights]]<br/>{{Interlanguage link|Free Choice in People's Europe|lv|Brīvā izvēle tautu Eiropā|ru|Свободный выбор в народной Европе}} | membership = {{decrease}} 636<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ur.gov.lv/lv/specializeta-informacija/informacija-par-politisko-partiju-biedru-skaitu/|title=Informācija par politisko partiju biedru skaitu|website=Uzņēmumu reģistra tīmekļvietne|access-date=2024-01-29|language=lv}}</ref> | membership_year = 2024 | national = [[Pamats-LV]] | european = | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]<br/>{{color box|#E31E24|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] | headquarters = [[Riga]], Rūpniecības iela 9, LV 1010 | seats1_title = [[Saeima]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|100|{{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | seats2_title = [[European Parliament]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|8|{{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | seats3_title = [[Riga City Council]] | seats3 = {{Infobox political party/seats|3|60|{{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | website = [http://www.rusojuz.lv/ rusojuz.lv] }} The '''Latvian Russian Union''' ('''LRU''', {{langx|lv|Latvijas Krievu savienība}}, {{langx|ru|Русский союз Латвии|Russkiy soyuz Latvii}}) ('''LKS''') is a [[list of political parties in Latvia|political party]] in [[Latvia]] supported mainly by ethnic [[Russians]] and other [[Demographics of Latvia#Historical shifts|Russian-speaking minorities]]. The co-chairpersons of the Latvian Russian Union were [[Miroslavs Mitrofanovs]] and [[Tatjana Ždanoka]], both agents of the [[Federal Security Service|FSB]].<ref name="leaders">{{cite news |title=Leaders of Latvian Russian Union |url=http://www.rusojuz.lv/en/party/Business-cards/Leaders/ |access-date=April 2, 2015 |publisher=Latvian Russian Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theins.ru/en/politics/268694 | title=Exclusive: Latvian Member of European Parliament is an agent of Russian intelligence, leaked emails confirm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjoflot |first=Eirin |date=2024-01-31 |title=EU-politikar var russisk agent |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/eu-politikar-var-russisk-agent-1.16739063 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=NRK |language=nn-NO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/29/new-investigation-alleges-latvian-member-of-european-parliament-has-secretly-worked-for-russian-fsb-for-20-years | title=New investigation alleges Latvian member of European Parliament has secretly worked for Russian FSB for 20 years }}</ref> The party emphasizes issues important to the [[Russians in Latvia|Russian minority in Latvia]]. It requests the granting of [[Latvian nationality law|Latvian citizenship]] to all of Latvia's remaining [[Non-citizens (Latvia)|non-citizens]] and supports Russian and [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]] as [[Official language|co-official languages]] in municipalities where at least 20% of the population are native speakers of such a language. It supports stronger ties with [[Russia]] and was the only major political organization to oppose Latvia's membership in [[NATO]]. ==History== === As ForHRUL (1998–2014) === ==== As an electoral alliance (1998–2007) ==== The party originated as the [[electoral alliance]] '''For Human Rights in a United Latvia''' (ForHRUL) ({{langx|lv|Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā Latvijā}}, '''PCTVL'''; {{langx|ru|За права человека в единой Латвии}}, '''ЗаПЧЕЛ''') that was established in May 1998 by three political parties: the [[National Harmony Party]], [[Equal Rights (Latvia)|Equal Rights]] and the [[Socialist Party of Latvia]], all of which were mainly supported by [[Russophone]] voters. The alliance won 16 out of 100 seats in the [[1998 Latvian parliamentary election|1998 parliamentary election]] and 25 seats in the [[2002 Latvian parliamentary election|2002 parliamentary election]], as well as 13 out of 60 seats on [[Riga City Council]] in the {{Interlanguage link|2001 Latvian municipal elections|lt=2001 municipal elections|lv|2001. gada Latvijas pašvaldību vēlēšanas}}. After the municipal elections, ForHRUL became part of Riga's city government and National Harmony Party member [[Sergey Dolgopolov]] became the [[deputy mayor]] of [[Riga City Council]]. During this period, ForHRUL's most prominent leaders were [[Jānis Jurkāns]], [[Alfrēds Rubiks]] and [[Tatjana Ždanoka]]. Jurkāns was a leader of the [[Popular Front of Latvia]] and founder of the National Harmony Party; Rubiks and Ždanoka were prominent as leaders of the [[International Front of the Working People of Latvia|Interfront]] movement, the [[Communist Party of Latvia|Latvian branch]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and the federalist movement in Latvia in the early 1990s. They were fairly popular in the Russian community but very unpopular among ethnic [[Latvians]]. ForHRUL therefore remained in opposition, because a coalition with Rubiks or Ždanoka was seen as a political suicide by most other elected parties. ForHRUL partially broke up in 2003. The National Harmony Party was the first to leave the alliance and the Socialist Party followed half a year later. The remnant of ForHRUL consisted of [[Equal Rights (Latvia)|Equal Rights]] and {{Interlanguage link|Free Choice in People's Europe|lv|Brīvā izvēle tautu Eiropā|ru|Свободный выбор в народной Европе}}. The latter was composed of dissident Socialist Party and National Harmony Party members, like [[Yakov Pliner]], who opposed the decision to quit the alliance. This reduced grouping had only 6 members of the [[Saeima]] (out of 25 that the alliance had before the breakup). ForHRUL was the main force supporting the 2003-2005 activities of the [[Headquarters for the Protection of Russian Schools]]. At the [[2004 European Parliament election in Latvia|first Latvian election to the European Parliament]] in 2004, ForHRUL gained one seat, held by [[Tatjana Ždanoka]], who sat with [[the Greens–European Free Alliance]] group in the European Parliament. It also proposed the idea of a Europe-wide party of ethnic Russians. ForHRUL supported a federal Europe, with a "common economic and political space from [[Lisbon]] to [[Vladivostok]]". ==== As a single party (2007–2014) ==== In 2007, ForHRUL was transformed into a single party that retained the name and identity of the old electoral alliance. In recent years the party's support has declined as ethnic Russian voters have switched allegiance to the [[Social Democratic Party "Harmony"|Harmony]] party, successor to the National Harmony Party. At the [[2010 Latvian parliamentary election|2010 parliamentary election]], the party lost its representation in the Latvian Parliament. In 2011, the party launched an unsuccessful [[Amendments to the Citizenship Law (popular initiative, Latvia)|popular initiative]] on amending the [[Latvian nationality law|law governing Latvian nationality]]. The Central Electoral Commission considered the proposed amendment to be incompatible with the [[Constitution of Latvia]] and the process of collecting signatures for a [[referendum]] on the proposals was suspended. This decision was eventually upheld by the [[Constitutional Court of Latvia]] and the [[Supreme Court of Latvia]]. It also supported the [[2012 Latvian constitutional referendum|2012 initiative]] to make Russian a co-official language in Latvia. === As Latvian Russian Union (2014–present) === In January 2014, ForHRUL changed its name to the '''Latvian Russian Union'''. At the [[2014 European Parliament election in Latvia|2014 European Parliament election]], it retained its single seat in the European Parliament. The party supported the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] by Russia in 2014 and has taken a pro-Russian stance in the subsequent [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. In August 2014 the party signed a cooperation agreement with the Crimean branch of [[Russian Unity]] to "strengthen the unity of [[Russian world (concept)|Russian world]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/35355/#.VA97mRbgJHU|title=Pro Russia party signs major deal with Crimea group |date=August 13, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Baltic Times]] |access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> In July 2018, Ždanoka resigned her mandate in the European Parliament to focus on the [[2018 Latvian parliamentary election]] and was succeeded by [[Miroslav Mitrofanov]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/zdanoka-quits-brussels-to-run-saeima-campaign-for-party.a264291/ |title=Ždanoka quits Brussels to run Saeima campaign for party |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |access-date= July 2, 2018 |date= January 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name="LSM_2018-08-13">{{cite news |title=13th Saeima elections: The parties (Part 1) |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/election/13th-saeima-elections-the-parties-part-1.a288542/ |access-date=August 15, 2018 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> With [[Andrejs Mamikins]] as their prime minister candidate<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/zdanoka-may-get-shot-at-saeima-elections-after-all.a283786/|title=Ždanoka may get shot at Saeima elections after all|date=June 30, 2018|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]]|access-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref> Latvian Russian Union gained 3.2% votes, failing to win any seats in [[Saeima]], but qualifying for state funding of almost 20 000 euros a year<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klūga |first=Māris |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/election/three-of-the-smaller-parties-to-get-state-funding.a295208/ |title=Three of the smaller parties to get state funding |date=October 8, 2018 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> that the party would not be able to receive since it does not possess an account in a credit institution registered in Latvia as required by the law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/no-state-cash-for-latvian-russian-union.a301396/|title=No state cash for Latvian Russian Union|date=November 30, 2018|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]]|access-date=November 30, 2018}}</ref> In 2020, the party finally succeeded in obtaining an account in a Latvian bank.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/latvia_s_russian_union_succeeds_in_opening_bank_account_after_lengthy_negotiations/ |title=Latvia's Russian Union succeeds in opening bank account after lengthy negotiations |date=31 July 2020 |newspaper=[[The Baltic Times]] |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> In the [[2019 European Parliament election in Latvia|2019 European Parliament election]], LRU received 6.24% of the votes and gained one seat, held by [[Tatjana Ždanoka]] who personally received 18,098 plusses and was crossed out 739 times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/election/european-parliament-election-results-announced-in-latvia.a320401/ |title=European Parliament election results announced in Latvia |date=27 May 2019 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> In the [[2020 Riga City Council election]], the party gained 6.5% of the votes and re-entered the Riga City Council with four seats.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/election/developmentforprogressives-lead-the-way-in-riga-council-elections.a372381/ |title=Development/For!/Progressives lead the way in Rīga council elections |date=30 August 2020 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> On April 8, 2022, the [[European Free Alliance]] suspended LRU's membership in the party due to "fundamental disagreements" regarding the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], including Ždanoka voting against the European Parliament Resolution condemning it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e-f-a.org/2022/04/08/the-bureau-suspends-the-latvian-russian-union-as-a-member-party-of-efa/ |title=The Bureau suspends the Latvian Russian Union as a member party of EFA |date=April 8, 2022 |publisher=[[European Free Alliance]] |access-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> The same month a 2013 post from the LRU council member Jevgēņijs Osipovs resurfaced and was shared by him and other members of LRU, in which he threatened with "war" if the [[Monument to the Liberators of Soviet Latvia and Riga from the German Fascist Invaders]] was moved "by even a millimetre".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bnn-news.com/latvian-russians-union-threatens-with-war-if-victory-monument-tampered-with-233947 |title=Latvian Russians Union threatens with "war" if Victory Monument tampered with |publisher=[[Baltic News Network]] |access-date=27 April 2022 |date=14 April 2022}}</ref> The monument would be demolished on 25 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/environment/demolition-of-soviet-victory-monument-in-riga.a470869 |title=Demolition of Soviet Victory monument in Rīga |date=25 August 2022 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref> LRU received a warning from the [[State Security Service (Latvia)|State Security Service]] for activities "aimed at justifying violations of foreign policy and international law by Russia, as well as the dissemination of propaganda messages". The party's leadership responded by warning its members "to refrain from speaking, distributing or publishing news that reflects Russia's view of this aggressive war, and to avoid publishing news from unsafe sources at all."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/latvian-russian-union-gets-warning-by-security-service.a453512/ |title=Latvian Russian Union gets warning by security service |date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/security_service_warns_latvia_s_russian_union_against_justification_of_russia_s_aggression/ |title=Security Service warns Latvia's Russian Union against justification of Russia's aggression |date=23 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Baltic Times]] |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> The [[Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau]] informed LRU that the State Security Service warning could be regarded as grounds for halting state funding to the party.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/continued_spreading_of_kremlin_propaganda_might_be_reason_for_halting_funding_for_latvia_s_russian_union_-_corruption_prevention_burau/ |title=Continued spreading of Kremlin propaganda might be reason for halting funding for Latvia's Russian Union - Corruption Prevention Burau |date=27 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Baltic Times]] |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://bnn-news.com/pro-kremlin-posts-may-cost-latvian-russians-union-its-state-funding-234284 |title=Pro-Kremlin posts may cost Latvian Russians Union its state funding |date=27 April 2022 |publisher=[[Baltic News Network]] |agency=[[LETA]] |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> In the [[2022 Latvian parliamentary election|2022 parliamentary election]], the LRU list, which included a number of candidates that represented the populist [[Centre Party (Latvia)|Centre Party]] (e.g. {{Ill|Normunds Grostiņš|lv}}), gathered 3.63% of the vote, which was well below the 5% threshold, but enough for the party to retain state funding. This cooperation was formalized in May 2023, when both parties formed the centre-left '''{{Ill|Pamats-LV|lv}}''' ({{lit.}} 'Foundation-LV' or 'Base-LV') party alliance in preparation for the [[2024 European Parliament election in Latvia|2024 European Parliament election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Ždanokas un Mitrofanova vadītā Krievu savienība izveido apvienību ar «Centra partiju» |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/02.05.2023-zdanokas-un-mitrofanova-vadita-krievu-savieniba-izveido-apvienibu-ar-centra-partiju.a507077/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.lsm.lv |language=lv}}</ref> For the [[2025 Latvian municipal elections|2025 municipal elections]], LRU decided to run candidates on the [[Sovereign Power (Latvia)|Sovereign Power]]–[[Alliance of Young Latvians]] lists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title="Suverēnā vara" un "Apvienība jaunlatvieši" iesniedz kopīgus sarakstus visās pašvaldībās (3) |url=https://www.tvnet.lv/8226468/suverena-vara-un-apvieniba-jaunlatviesi-iesniedz-kopigus-sarakstus-visas-pasvaldibas |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.tvnet.lv |language=lv}}</ref> In Jаnuary 2024 it was revealed that Ždanoka reportedly had been an operative for the [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] since at least 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-parliament-lawmaker-latvia-russia-tatjana-zdanoka-e9ecad9139a946e22895109baf6aa917 |title=EU Parliament probes a Latvian lawmaker after media allegations that she spied for Russia |date=30 January 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=2 February 2024}}</ref> ==Election results== ===Legislative elections=== {| class=wikitable style=text-align:right |- ! rowspan=2 |Election ! rowspan=2 |Party leader ! colspan=5 |Performance ! rowspan=2 |Rank ! rowspan=2 |Government |- ! Votes ! % ! ± pp ! Seats ! +/– |- ! [[1998 Latvian parliamentary election|1998]]{{efn|name=tsp|officially participated as [[National Harmony Party|TSP]]}} | align=left rowspan=2 |[[Jānis Jurkāns]] | 135,700 | 14.20 | New | {{Composition bar|16|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | New | 4th | {{no2|Opposition}} |- ! [[2002 Latvian parliamentary election|2002]] | 189,088 | 19.09 | {{increase}} 4.89 | {{Composition bar|25|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{increase}} 9 | {{increase}} 2nd | {{no2|Opposition}} |- ! [[2006 Latvian parliamentary election|2006]] | align=left |[[Yakov Pliner]] | 54,684 | 6.06 | {{decrease}} 13.03 | {{Composition bar|6|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{decrease}} 19 | {{decrease}} 7th | {{no2|Opposition}} |- ! [[2010 Latvian parliamentary election|2010]] | align=left |[[Juris Sokolovskis]] | 13,847 | 1.47 | {{decrease}} 4.59 | {{Composition bar|0|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{decrease}} 6 | {{increase}} 6th | {{no|Extra-parliamentary}} |- ! [[2011 Latvian parliamentary election|2011]] | align=left |[[Yakov Pliner]] | 7,109 | 0.78 | {{decrease}} 0.69 | {{Composition bar|0|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 | {{decrease}} 7th | {{no|Extra-parliamentary}} |- ! [[2014 Latvian parliamentary election|2014]] | align=left |[[Miroslav Mitrofanov]] | 14,390 | 1.59 | {{increase}} 0.81 | {{Composition bar|0|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 | {{steady}} 7th | {{no|Extra-parliamentary}} |- ! [[2018 Latvian parliamentary election|2018]] | align=left rowspan=2|[[Andrejs Mamikins]] | 27,014 | 3.22 | {{increase}} 1.63 | {{Composition bar|0|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 | {{decrease}} 9th | {{no|Extra-parliamentary}} |- ! [[2022 Latvian parliamentary election|2022]] | 32,688 | 3.67 | {{increase}} 0.45 | {{Composition bar|0|100|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 | {{decrease}} 11th | {{no|Extra-parliamentary}} |- |} {{notelist}} ===European Parliament=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right" |- ! Election ! Leader ! Votes ! % ! Seats ! +/– |- ! [[2004 European Parliament election in Latvia|2004]] | align=left rowspan=4 |[[Tatjana Ždanoka]] | 61,401 | 10.75 (#3) | {{Composition bar|1|9|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | |- ! [[2009 European Parliament election in Latvia|2009]] | 76,436 | 9.84 (#3) | {{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 |- ! [[2014 European Parliament election in Latvia|2014]] | 28,303 | 6.43 (#5) | {{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 |- ! [[2019 European Parliament election in Latvia|2019]] | 29,546 | 6.28 (#5) | {{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{steady}} 0 |- ! [[2024 European Parliament election in Latvia|2024]] | colspan="6" style="text-align: center" | ''Did not contest'' |} ===Riga City Council=== {| class=wikitable style=text-align:right |- ! Election ! Votes ! % ! Seats ! +/– |- ! [[2005 Latvian municipal elections|2005]] | 27,728 | 13.68 | {{Composition bar|9|60|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{decrease}} 4 |- ! [[2009 Latvian municipal elections|2009]] | 6,519 | 2.7 | {{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{decrease}} 9 |- ! [[2020 Riga City Council election|2020]] | 11,170 | 6.5 | {{Composition bar|4|60|hex={{party color|Latvian Russian Union}}}} | {{increase}} 4 |} ==See also == * [[Giulietto Chiesa]], an [[Italy|Italian]] candidate on the ForHRUL list for the [[2009 European Parliament election]]s. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== *[http://www.rusojuz.lv/en/ Official website] {{in lang|en}} {{Latvian political parties}} {{Members of the European Free Alliance}} [[Category:Russian political parties in Latvia]] [[Category:European Free Alliance]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1998]] [[Category:Russian nationalism in Latvia]] [[Category:1998 establishments in Latvia]] [[Category:Russophilic parties]]
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