Editing Le Havre

{{Short description|City in Normandy, France}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name               = Le Havre
|native name        = {{native name|nrf|Lé Hâvre}}
|commune status     = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
|image              = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image1 = Panorama of Le Havre, September 2019.jpg
|caption1 = Skyline of Le Havre
|image2 = Le Havre, St. Joseph Church - panoramio.jpg
|caption2 = [[St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre|St. Joseph's Church]]
|image3 = Cathédrale Notre-Dame du Havre, 10 August 2021.jpg
|caption3 = [[Le Havre Cathedral]]
|image4 = Star princess (port of Le Havre).jpg
|caption4 = [[Port of Le Havre]]
}}
|image flag         = Flag of Le Havre, France.gif
|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Le Havre (Seine-Maritime).svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|49.49|0.10|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|INSEE              = 76351
|postal code        = 76600, 76610, 76620
|arrondissement     = Le Havre
|canton             = [[Canton of Le Havre-1|Le Havre-1]], [[Canton of Le Havre-2|2]], [[Canton of Le Havre-3|3]], [[Canton of Le Havre-4|4]], [[Canton of Le Havre-5|5]] and [[Canton of Le Havre-6|6]]
|intercommunality   = [[Le Havre Seine Métropole]]
|mayor              = [[Édouard Philippe]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/gouvernement-d-edouard-philippe/edouard-philippe-est-officiellement-reelu-maire-du-havre-avec-47-des-59-voix-du-conseil-municipal_4035373.html|title=Elections municipales 2020 : Edouard Philippe est officiellement réélu maire du Havre|date=5 July 2020|website=Franceinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=30 November 2023|language=fr}}</ref>
|party              = [[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]]
|term               = 2020&ndash;2026
|area km2           = 46.95
|area footnotes     =
|population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|population ranking = [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants|15th in France]]
|urban area km2     = 194.9
|urban area date    = 2018
|urban pop          = 234945
|urban pop date     = 2018<ref name=insee2018/>
|metro area km2     = 995.8
|metro area date    = 2018
|metro area pop     = 337086
|metro area pop date= 2018<ref name=insee2018/>
|website            = [http://www.lehavre.fr www.lehavre.fr]
|footnotes          = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child              = yes
|official_name      = Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret
|image              = Le Havre, hôtel de ville.jpg
|caption            = [[Hôtel de Ville, Le Havre|Hôtel de Ville]]
|criteria           = Cultural: ii, iv
| ID                = 1181
| Year              = 2005
| Area              = 133 ha
| Buffer_zone       = 114 ha
}}
}}

'''Le Havre'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|l|ə|_|ˈ|h|ɑː|v|(|r|ə|)}} {{respell|lə|_|HAHV(|rə)}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Le Havre|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Le+Havre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718184757/https://www.lexico.com/definition/le_havre |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-07-18 |title=Le Havre |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Le Havre|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|lə ɑvʁ(ə)|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Le Havre.wav}}; {{langx|nrf|Lé Hâvre}} {{IPA|nrf|lɛ ˈhɑvʁ(ə)|}}}} is a major port city in the [[Seine-Maritime]] department in the [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] region of northern [[France]]. It is situated on the right bank of the [[estuary]] of the [[Seine|river Seine]] on the [[English Channel|Channel]] southwest of the [[Pays de Caux]], very close to the [[Prime Meridian (Greenwich)|Prime Meridian]]. Le Havre is the most populous commune of Upper Normandy, although the total population of the greater Le Havre [[conurbation]] is smaller than that of [[Rouen]]. It is also the second largest [[subprefecture]] in France, after only Reims. The name ''Le Havre'' means "the harbour" or "the port". Its inhabitants are known as ''Havrais'' or ''Havraises''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.habitants.fr/seine-maritime-76 |title=Le nom des habitants du 76 - Seine-Maritime |publisher=Habitants}}</ref>

The city and [[Port of Le Havre|port]] were founded by [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]] in 1517. Economic development in the [[early modern period]] was hampered by [[European wars of religion|religious wars]], conflicts with the English, epidemics, and storms. It was from the end of the 18th century that Le Havre started growing and the port took off first with the slave trade then other international trade. After the 1944 bombings the firm of [[Auguste Perret]] began to rebuild the city in concrete. The oil, chemical, and automotive industries were dynamic during the [[Trente Glorieuses]] (postwar boom) but the 1970s marked the end of the golden age of [[ocean liner]]s and the beginning of the economic crisis: the population declined, unemployment increased and remains at a high level today.

Changes in years 1990–2000 were numerous. The right won the municipal elections and committed the city to the path of reconversion, seeking to develop the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] and new industries ([[aeronautics]], [[wind turbine]]s). The Port 2000 project increased the container capacity to compete with ports of northern Europe, transformed the southern districts of the city, and ocean liners returned. Modern Le Havre remains deeply influenced by its employment and maritime traditions. Its port is the second largest in France, after that of [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]], for total traffic, and the largest French [[Intermodal container|container]] port.

In 2005, [[UNESCO]] inscribed the central city of Le Havre as a [[World Heritage Site]] because of its unique post-WWII reconstruction and architecture.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1181 |title = Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 13 November 2021}}</ref> The [[Musée Malraux|André Malraux Modern Art Museum]] is the second of France for the number of [[Impressionism|impressionist paintings]]. The city has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of Cities and Villages in Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/les_villes_et_village_fleuris-47.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210053901/http://www.cnvvf.fr/les_villes_et_village_fleuris-47.html |url-status=dead |title=Site officiel du Label Villes et Villages Fleuris |archive-date=10 December 2014 |publisher=www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com}}</ref>

==Toponym==
The name of the town was attested in 1489, even before it was founded by [[François I]] in the form ''le Hable de Grace'' then ''Ville de Grace'' in 1516, two years before its official founding.<ref name="Beaurepaire-92-93">François de Beaurepaire (pref. Marianne Mulon), ''The names of Communes and former parishes of Seine-Maritime'', Paris, A. et J. Picard, 1979, 180 p., {{ISBN|2-7084-0040-1}}, {{OCLC|6403150}}, p. 92-93 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The learned and transient name of ''Franciscopolis'' in tribute to the same king, is encountered in some documents then that of ''Havre Marat'', referring to [[Jean-Paul Marat]] during the [[French Revolution]] but was not imposed. However it explains why the complementary determinant ''-de-Grace'' was not restored.<ref name="Beaurepaire-92-93"/> This qualifier undoubtedly referred to the Chapel of Notre Dame located at the site of the [[Le Havre Cathedral|cathedral of the same name]]. The chapel faced the Chapel Notre Dame de Grace of [[Honfleur]] across the estuary.<ref name="Beaurepaire-92-93"/> The common noun ''havre'' meaning "port" was out of use at the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th centuries but is still preserved in the phrase ''[[wikt:havre de paix|havre de paix]]'' meaning "safe haven". It is generally considered a loan from [[Middle Dutch]] from the 12th century.<ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/Havre Lexicographic definitions] and [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/Havre etymologies] of ''Havre'', TLFi, on the CNRTL website {{in lang|fr}}</ref> A Germanic origin can explain the [[aspirated h|"aspiration" of the initial ''h'']]. [[Havre de Grace, Maryland]], in the United States retains the "de Grace" from colonial times.

New research however focuses on the fact that the term was attested very early (12th century) and in [[Norman language|Norman texts]] in the forms ''Hable'', ''hafne'', ''havene'', ''havne'', and ''haule'' makes a Dutch origin unlikely. By contrast, a [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian]] etymology is relevant given the old Scandinavian ''höfn'' (genitive ''hafnar'') or ''hafn'' meaning "natural harbour" or "haven" and the phonetic evolution of the term ''[[Stem (ship)|étrave]]'' which is assuredly of Scandinavian origin is also attested in similar forms such as ''estable'' and probably dates back to the ancient Scandinavian ''stafn''.<ref>Elisabeth Ridel, ''The Vikings and the words: The contribution of old Scandinavian to the French language'', éditions errance, Paris, 2009, p. 203, 226, 227, 228. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Le Havre|Timeline of Le Havre}}
[[File:The Place Gambetta and docks, Havre, France-LCCN2001698147.jpg|thumb|Le Havre in the late 19th century]]
When founded in 1517, the city was named ''Franciscopolis'' after [[Francis I of France]]. It was subsequently named ''Le Havre-de-Grâce'' ("Harbor of Grace"; hence [[Havre de Grace, Maryland]]). Its construction was ordered to replace the ancient harbours of [[Honfleur]] and [[Harfleur]] whose utility had decreased due to silting.

The history of the city is inextricably linked to its harbour. In the 18th century, as trade from the [[West Indies]] was added to that of France and Europe, Le Havre began to grow.  On 19 November 1793, the city changed its name to Hâvre de Marat and later Hâvre-Marat in honor of the recently deceased [[Jean-Paul Marat]], who was seen as a martyr of the [[French Revolution]].  By early 1795, however, Marat's memory had become somewhat tarnished, and on 13 January 1795, Hâvre-Marat changed its name once more to simply Le Havre, its modern name. During the 19th century, it became an industrial center.

At the end of World War I Le Havre played a major role as the transit port used to wind up affairs after the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bullock |first=Arthur |title=Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir |publisher=The History Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7524-4793-3}} Pages 102-110.</ref>

The city was devastated during the [[Battle of Normandy]] when 5,000 people were killed and 12,000 homes were totally destroyed before its capture in [[Operation Astonia]]. The center was rebuilt in a [[Modernism|modernist]] style by [[Auguste Perret]].

===Heraldry===
{|class="wikitable"

|align="center" width="10%"|[[File:Blason_ville_fr_Le_Havre_(Seine-Maritime).svg|120px]]
| width="20%"|Current arms of Le Havre. The [[Salamander (legendary creature)|salamander]] is the [[Badge (heraldry)|badge]] of Francis I; the [[lion]] is from the [[Coat of arms of Belgium|Belgian coat of arms]]; it replaced a [[fleur-de-lis]] in 1926 to remember the [[De Broqueville government in exile|Belgian government in exile]] in Le Havre during the [[World War I|First World War]]).
|width="80%"|''Gules, a salamander Argent crowned and enflamed Or, a chief Azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis Or, a canton Sable charged with a lion Or armed and langued Gules.''
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Blason ville Le Havre Empire.svg|120px]]
|Arms of Le Havre under the [[First French Empire]]
|''Gules, a salamander Argent crowned and enflamed Or, a chief Azure with three mullets Or; a quarter Azure with a letter N surmounted by a mullet Or.''

|}

==Geography==

===Location===
{{further|Le Havre Seine Métropole|Baie de la Seine}}

Le Havre is located {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=off}} west of [[Rouen]] on the shore of the [[English Channel]] and at the mouth of the [[Seine]]. Numerous roads link to Le Havre with the main access roads being the [[A29 autoroute]] from [[Amiens]] and the [[A13 autoroute]] from Paris linking to the [[A131 autoroute]].

[[File:Map Le Havre.jpg|thumb|Map of Le Havre: to the south the Seine estuary; to the west the [[English Channel]].]]

Administratively, Le Havre is a commune in the [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] region in the west of the department of [[Seine-Maritime]]. The urban area of Le Havre corresponds roughly to the territory of the [[Agglomeration community of Le Havre]] (CODAH)<ref>[http://www.adcf.org/urbanisme/Redecoupage-des-unites-urbaines-poursuite-de-l-expansion-urbaine-760.html ''Rezoning of Urban areas: seeking urban expansion''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116185410/http://www.adcf.org/urbanisme/Redecoupage-des-unites-urbaines-poursuite-de-l-expansion-urbaine-760.html |date=16 January 2014 }}, Assemblée des Communautés de France, consulted on 19 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> which includes 17 communes and 250,000 people.<ref>[http://www.agglo-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/page/all-1/article_id-/article_principal_id-/folder_id-/topic_id-3/presentation.html ''Editorial'']{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, CODAH, consulted on 19 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It occupies the south-western tip of the natural region of [[Pays de Caux]] where it is the largest city. Le Havre is sandwiched between the coast of the [[English Channel|Channel]] from south-west to north-west and the estuary of the Seine to the south.

{{Geographic location
|title='''Neighbouring communes and towns'''<ref name=Google>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Le+Havre,+France/@49.4958105,0.131185,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x47e02f2395218b7d:0x5bc1867aaf33af12|title=Le Havre|website=Le Havre}}</ref>
|width=auto
|Centre    = Le Havre
|North     = [[Octeville-sur-Mer]]
|Northeast = [[Montivilliers]]
|East      = [[Gonfreville-l'Orcher]]
|Southeast = [[Honfleur]] (left bank)
|South     = [[Villerville]] (left bank)
|Southwest = [[English Channel|Channel]]
|West      = [[English Channel|Channel]]
|Northwest = [[English Channel|Channel]]; [[Sainte-Adresse]]
}}

===Geology and terrain===
{{further|Pays de Caux}}

Le Havre belongs to the [[Paris Basin]] which was formed in the [[Mesozoic]] period. The Paris Basin consists of [[sedimentary rocks]]. The commune of Le Havre consists of two areas separated by a natural cliff edge: one part in the lower part of the town to the south including the harbour, the city centre and the suburbs. It was built on former [[marshland]] and [[mudflat]]s that were drained in the 16th century.<ref name="Steiner21">Claire Étienne-Steiner, Frédéric Saunier, ''Le Havre a port with new towns'', Paris, éditions du patrimoine, 2005, p. 21 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The soil consists of several metres of [[alluvium]] or silt deposited by the [[Seine]].<ref name="Steiner21"/> The city centre was rebuilt after the Second World War using a metre of flattened rubble as a foundation.<ref>C. Étienne-Steiner, ''Le Havre. City, Port, and agglomeration'', Rouen, édition du patrimoine, 1999, p. 15 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="Letélié14">Isabelle Letélié, ''Le Havre, unusual itineraries'', Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 14 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The upper town to the north, is part of the [[Pays de Caux|cauchois]] plateau: the neighbourhood of Dollemard is its highest point (between {{convert|90|and|115|m|0|abbr=off}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]]). The [[plateau]] is covered with a layer of [[flint]]y [[clay]] and a fertile [[silt]].<ref name="Ragot6">J. Ragot, M. Ragot, ''Guide to Nature in the Pays de Caux'', 2005, p. 6 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The bedrock consists of a large thickness of [[chalk]] measuring up to {{convert|200|m|0|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name="Auger33">P. Auger, G. Granier, ''The Guide to Pays de Caux'', 1993, p. 33 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Because of the slope the coast is affected by the risk of landslides.<ref name="carmen2">[http://carmen.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/17/DonneesrisquessurlestuairedelaSeine.map# ''Information on Nature and scenery in the estuary of the Seine''], Carmen, Haute-Normandie, consulted on 19 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Diagramme Climatique du Havre.png|thumb|[[Climograph|Climatic Graph]] for Le Havre]]

Due to its location on the coast of the Channel, the climate of Le Havre is [[temperate]] [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]]. Days without wind are rare. There are maritime influences throughout the year. According to the records of the meteorological station of the [[Sainte-Adresse|Cap de la Heve]] (from 1961 to 1990), the temperature drops below {{convert|0|C|F}} on 24.9 days per year and it rises above {{convert|25|°C|0}} on 11.3 days per year. The average annual sunshine duration is 1,785.8 hours per year.<ref name=Infoclimat/>

Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with a maximum in autumn and winter. The months of June and July are marked by some thunderstorms on average 2 days per month.<ref name=Infoclimat/> One of the characteristics of the region is the high variability of the temperature, even during the day.<ref name="Auger42">P. Auger, G. Granier, ''The Guide to Pays de Caux'', 1993, p. 42 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The prevailing winds are from the southwest sector for strong winds and north-north-east for breezes,<ref>[http://seine-aval.crihan.fr/web/SilverpeasWebFileServer/3993656065Ifr_Seine_aval_02.pdf?ComponentId=kmelia106&SourceFile=1161364849854.pdf&MimeType=application/pdf&Directory=Attachment/Images/&logicalName=3993656065Ifr_Seine_aval_02.pdf ''Currents, flows, and tides: The movements of water''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718041937/http://seine-aval.crihan.fr/web/SilverpeasWebFileServer/3993656065Ifr_Seine_aval_02.pdf?ComponentId=kmelia106&SourceFile=1161364849854.pdf&MimeType=application%2Fpdf&Directory=Attachment%2FImages%2F&logicalName=3993656065Ifr_Seine_aval_02.pdf |date=18 July 2013 }}, Pierre Le Hir, Ricardo Silva Jacinto, Ifremer, 2001, consulted on 31 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> snowstorms occur in winter, especially in January and February.<ref name=Infoclimat/>

[[File:Photojanvier2005CLG 002.jpg|thumb|Le Havre under snow]]

The absolute speed record for wind at Le Havre – Cap de la Heve was recorded on 16 October 1987 at {{convert|180|km/h|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Infoclimat/>

The main natural hazards are floods, storms, and [[storm surge]]s. The lower town is subject to a rising [[water table]].<ref name="carmen1">[http://carmen.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/17/DonneesnatureetpaysagesurlestuairedelaSeine.map ''Nature and Scenic information the estuary of the Seine''], Carmen, Haute-Normandie, consulted on 19 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The lack of watercourses within the commune prevents flooding from overflows. Le Havre's beach may rarely experience flooding known as "flooding from storms". These are caused by the combination of strong winds, high waves, and a large [[tidal range]].

{{Meteo France
|Town=Le Havre<ref name=Infoclimat/>
|Sunshine=1,786
|Rain=709
|Snow=11
|Storm=13
|Fog=53
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Le Havre (located in Cap de la Heve, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1913–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 15.0
|Feb record high C = 20.0
|Mar record high C = 24.5
|Apr record high C = 26.5
|May record high C = 30.0
|Jun record high C = 34.7
|Jul record high C = 38.1
|Aug record high C = 36.3
|Sep record high C = 33.6
|Oct record high C = 28.5
|Nov record high C = 20.0
|Dec record high C = 16.4
|year record high C = 38.1
|Jan high C = 7.6
|Feb high C = 8.0
|Mar high C = 10.5
|Apr high C = 13.3
|May high C = 16.2
|Jun high C = 19.0
|Jul high C = 20.9
|Aug high C = 21.2
|Sep high C = 19.1
|Oct high C = 15.5
|Nov high C = 11.3
|Dec high C = 8.4
|year high C = 14.3
|Jan mean C = 5.7
|Feb mean C = 6.0
|Mar mean C = 8.1
|Apr mean C = 10.4
|May mean C = 13.3
|Jun mean C = 16.0
|Jul mean C = 18.0
|Aug mean C = 18.4
|Sep mean C = 16.4
|Oct mean C = 13.1
|Nov mean C = 9.3
|Dec mean C = 6.5
|year mean C = 11.8
|Jan low C = 3.9
|Feb low C = 3.9
|Mar low C = 5.6
|Apr low C = 7.5
|May low C = 10.3
|Jun low C = 13.1
|Jul low C = 15.1
|Aug low C = 15.6
|Sep low C = 13.7
|Oct low C = 10.8
|Nov low C = 7.4
|Dec low C = 4.7
|year low C = 9.3
|Jan record low C = -13.8
|Feb record low C = -12.5
|Mar record low C = -7.8
|Apr record low C = -1.0
|May record low C = 1.2
|Jun record low C = 4.4
|Jul record low C = 8.0
|Aug record low C = 8.4
|Sep record low C = 3.3
|Oct record low C = -0.2
|Nov record low C = -8.5
|Dec record low C = -8.6
|year record low C = -13.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 67.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 53.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.3
|May precipitation mm = 56.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 58.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 48.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 66.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 65.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 86.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 87.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 95.5
|year precipitation mm = 789.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.4
|Feb precipitation days = 11.2
|Mar precipitation days = 10.1
|Apr precipitation days = 9.6
|May precipitation days = 9.0
|Jun precipitation days = 8.6
|Jul precipitation days = 7.8
|Aug precipitation days = 9.2
|Sep precipitation days = 9.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.4
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 14.7
|year precipitation days = 127.7
|Jan snow days = 2.3
|Feb snow days = 3.0
|Mar snow days = 2.1
|Apr snow days = 1.0
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 1.0
|Dec snow days = 1.5
|year snow days = 11.0
|Jan humidity = 87
|Feb humidity = 85
|Mar humidity = 84
|Apr humidity = 81
|May humidity = 81
|Jun humidity = 83
|Jul humidity = 83
|Aug humidity = 82
|Sep humidity = 82
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 86
|Dec humidity = 87
|year humidity = 83.8
|Jan sun = 62.9
|Feb sun = 87.7
|Mar sun = 136.2
|Apr sun = 179.5
|May sun = 214.6
|Jun sun = 224.4
|Jul sun = 237.8
|Aug sun = 218.5
|Sep sun = 168.3
|Oct sun = 124.5
|Nov sun = 74.7
|Dec sun = 56.7
|year sun = 1785.8
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_76552001.pdf
| title = Cap-de-la-Heve (76)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74529640-canicule-la-france-a-connu-hier-une-chaleur-record-au-niveau-national
| title = Canicule : la France a connu hier une chaleur record au niveau national
| language = fr
| publisher = [[Météo-France]]
| access-date = 26 July 2019
| archive-date = 31 July 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190731135221/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74529640-canicule-la-france-a-connu-hier-une-chaleur-record-au-niveau-national
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days and sun, 1961–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315133503/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07028-le-havre-cap-de-la-heve.html
| archive-date = 15 March 2016
| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07028-le-havre-cap-de-la-heve.html
| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Le Havre – Cap de la Hève (76) – altitude 100m
| language = fr
| publisher = Infoclimat
| access-date = 5 January 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

===Environment===
[[File:2011 square saint-roch fleuri lehavre 2.jpg|thumb|Saint-Roch Square.]]
A study by ''Aphekom'' comparing ten large French cities showed that Le Havre is the least polluted urban commune of France.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/chat/2011/03/02/la-pollution-de-l-air-reduit-l-esperance-de-vie-comment-agir_1487126_3244.html It is difficult to mobilise politician on air pollution problems], Gaëlle Dupont, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Le Havre is also the third best city in France with more than 100,000 inhabitants for air quality.<ref>Laurence Perrin, ''The hour of reckoning for carbon'', Océanes Le Havre, No. 152, December 2011 – January 2012, p. 31 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> A [[Carbon accounting]] showed in 2009 that the municipality ejected some 32,500 tonnes of [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] per year.<ref name="lutte"/> In 2011 the average annual emissions of [[sulfur dioxide]] by industry was between three micrograms per cubic metre in the centre of Le Havre to twelve micrograms per cubic metre in the district of Caucriauville.<ref name="diosoufre">[http://www.air-com.asso.fr/Publications/Publications-telechargeables/Programmes-de-surveillance-Bilans ''Results of Measurements in 2011''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726131634/http://air-com.asso.fr/Publications/Publications-telechargeables/Programmes-de-surveillance-Bilans |date=26 July 2013 }}, Air Normand, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The municipality has set a target to reduce emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> by 3% per year.<ref name="lutte">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/lutter-contre-le-changement-climatique-0 ''Fight against Changing Climate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718010548/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/lutter-contre-le-changement-climatique-0 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> To achieve this [[solar panel]]s have been installed on several municipal buildings (city hall, hanging gardens).<ref name="rapport"/> Since 2008, Le Havre has been part of the network of [[Energy Cities]] and, in this context, it applies the steps of [[Agenda 21]] and an Environmental Approach to Urban Planning. The city has received many awards of eco-labels several times (Energy of the Future label in 2009–2011, sustainable Earth label in 2009). Since 1998, Le Havre's beach has received the [[Blue Flag beach|Blue Flag]] yearly thanks to its range of facilities, which extend over 30,000{{nbsp}}m{{sup|2}}.<ref name="pavillon">[http://lehavre.fr/actualites/la-plage-du-havre-de-nouveau-certifiee-pavillon-bleu The Beach at Le Havre has nothing new in being certified Pavillon bleu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719061422/http://lehavre.fr/actualites/la-plage-du-havre-de-nouveau-certifiee-pavillon-bleu |date=19 July 2012 }}, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Le Havre has kept extensive green areas (750 hectares or 41{{nbsp}}m{{sup|2}} per inhabitant<ref name="rapport"/>), the two largest areas are the Montgeon Forest and Rouelles Park which are both located in the upper town. The gardens of the Priory of Graville and the hanging gardens offer views of the lower city. In the city centre, Saint-Roch Square and the City Hall Gardens provide the people with urban recreation areas. Various [[ecosystem]]s are represented in the Beach Gardens and the Hauser Park (caves). Finally, the Plateau of Dollemard was classified as a "Sensitive Natural Area" of the department in 2001 to protect its landscape and ecosystems on the cliff.<ref name="rapport"/> The streets are lined with 13,000 trees of 150 different varieties.<ref name="biodiversité">[http://www.lehavre.fr/pdf/agenda21/PROGRAMM.PDF Preservation of biodiversity, ecosystems and natural environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151118/http://www.lehavre.fr/pdf/agenda21/PROGRAMM.PDF |date=2 April 2015 }}, consulted on 12 March 2015 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Le Havre Panorama10.jpg|thumb|left|800px|Le Havre skyline in 2005]]
{{clear}}

===Lower city===

====City rebuilt after 1945====
[[File:Plan de la ville du Havre.png|thumb|Plan of Le Havre and its town centre rebuilt after the [[Second World War]]]]

Largely destroyed by the Allies during the [[Second World War]], the city was rebuilt according to the plans of the architect [[Auguste Perret]] between 1945 and 1964. Only the [[Hôtel de Ville, Le Havre|City Hall]] and the [[St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre|Church of Saint Joseph]] (107{{nbsp}}m-high) were personally designed by Auguste Perret. In commending the reconstruction work [[UNESCO]] listed the city of Le Havre on 15 July 2005 as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="unesco" /> This area of 133 hectares is one of the few inscribed contemporary sites in Europe.<ref name="unesco"/> The architecture of the area is characterized by the use of precast concrete using a system of a modular frame of 6.24 metres and straight lines.<ref name="unesco"/><ref name="Letélié31">Isabelle Letélié, ''Le Havre, unusual itineraries'', Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 31 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Another notable architectural work of the central city is that of the ''House of Culture'' built in 1982 by the Brazilian architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and nicknamed "the Volcano" because of the shape of the building.<ref name="Letélié32">Isabelle Letélié, ''Le Havre, unusual itineraries'', Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 32 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> From 2012, this place was refurbished both inside and outside with fairly significant changes approved by the architect including greater openness to the outside of the plaza.

The Notre Dame and Perrey neighbourhoods are mainly residential. Les Halles is one of the commercial hubs of the city. The Saint Francis neighborhood was also rebuilt beginning in 1950 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=The stages of the reconstruction |url=http://unesco.lehavre.fr/en/understand/the-stages-of-the-reconstruction |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Le Havre |language=en}}</ref> but in a radically different architectural style: the buildings are brick and have pitched [[slate]] roofs. This is the restaurant district and the fish market.

====Neighbourhoods====
[[File:Church Saint-Vincent.jpg|thumb|The neighborhood of the church of Saint-Vincent extending toward the coast]]

To the east and north of the rebuilt central city are a stretch of old neighbourhoods (Danton, Saint-Vincent, Graville, Massillon, etc.) which were spared the bombings of World War II. The buildings, usually in brick, dated to the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The shops are concentrated along several major roads in the Rond-Point neighbourhood. During the 1990s and 2000s, these neighborhoods have seen major redevelopments, particularly in the context of an OPAH: improvement of habitat by rehabilitation or reconstruction, creation of public facilities, and revitalization of business.<ref name="renovation">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/un-centre-ancien-en-cours-de-renovation-0 ''An old centre in course of renovation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718021250/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/un-centre-ancien-en-cours-de-renovation-0 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, the area around the railway station has undergone a major transformation. As the station is the gateway to the city with the main avenues intersecting here. New buildings have sprung up ([[University of Le Havre]], the conservatory, headquarters of the SPB (Provident Society Bank), and of [[CMA CGM]], [[Novotel]], Matmut, new CCI) some of which were designed by renowned architects. The bus station, certified ''NF'' since 2005, has been refurbished. North of the station, another construction project in place of the dilapidated island of Turgot-Magellan will be opened in 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paumier-architectes.fr/project/turgot-magellan |title=Turgot Magellan - Paumier Architectes Associés |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029154911/https://www.paumier-architectes.fr/project/turgot-magellan |url-status=dead }}</ref> including {{convert|12500|m2|abbr=on}} of office space and an eight-storey hotel, complete with shops on the ground-floor.

====Southern districts====
[[File:Docks Vauban au Havre.jpg|thumb|Commercial area of the south side of the [[Vauban Docks]] in 2009]]

The southern districts of Le Havre are mainly used for industrial and port activities. There are buildings in brick from the 19th century, large developments (Chicago, Les Neiges), worker estates, SMEs, warehouses, dock and port facilities, and transport infrastructure. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

The southern districts have for some years experienced profound change due to European funding. It is revitalizing areas neglected by industrial and port activities by developing tertiary activities. Thus, the docks have been completely transformed into sports and entertainment complexes ([[Dock Océane]]), a mall (Docks Vauban), and an exhibition hall (Docks Café). [[Les Bains Des Docks]] was designed by the architect [[Jean Nouvel]]. At the end of 2012 students from Sciences-Po Europe Asia and from INSA integrated new buildings next to the ISEL (Higher Institute of logistics studies) and the future ENSM (Ecole Nationale Supérieure Maritime).<ref name="sciencespo">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/science-po-et-l-insa-institut-national-des-sciences-appliquees-codah-0 ''Parks and Gardens of Le Havre''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718113240/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/science-po-et-l-insa-institut-national-des-sciences-appliquees-codah-0 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Sciences Po and INSA, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The new medical axis around the new ''Clinic des Ormeaux'' was built in the neighbourhoods where many homes are planned with the aim of promoting social mix. The ''City of the Sea and of Sustainable Development'' (Odyssey 21) will be organized around a metal tower one hundred metres high designed by [[Jean Nouvel]]: the project was suspended in 2007 but the work should finally begin in 2013.<ref name="Gras238">Pierre Gras, ''The time of ports. Decline and recovery of port cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. {{ISBN|978-2-84734-675-6}} p. 238 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The municipality has to attract some 300,000 visitors per year.<ref name="Gras239">Pierre Gras, ''The time of ports. Decline and recovery of port cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. {{ISBN|978-2-84734-675-6}} p. 239 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Upper town===
[[File:Cimetiere ste marie.jpg|thumb|The cemetery of Sainte-Marie]]

The upper town is composed of three parts: the "coast", the suburban districts of the plateau, and large peripheral housing estates.

The neighbourhoods on the "coast" (the Dead Cliff) are residential – more prosperous in the western part (Les Ormeaux, Rue Felix Faure) and more modest to the east (St. Cecilia, Aplemont). The Jenner tunnel passes under the "coast" and connects the upper town to the lower town. It is also on the coast that there are two [[fortifications]] of the city, Forts [[Sainte-Adresse]] and Tourneville, and the main cemetery (Sainte-Marie cemetery). With the demise of the military functions of the city, the forts are gradually being converted: Fort Sainte-Adresse houses the ''Hanging Gardens'' and Fort Tourneville hosted the Tetris project in 2013 – an axis of contemporary music with concert halls and rehearsal studios.<ref name="tetris">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-fort-de-tourneville-0 ''Tourneville Fort''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718013824/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-fort-de-tourneville-0 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

To the north of the "coast" suburban districts such as Rouelles, Sainte-Cecile, la Mare au Clerc, Sanvic, Bleville, and Dollemard were developed during the first half of the 19th century.<ref name="chiffres clés quartiers"/> In their extension North-west between Bleville and Octeville airport a new area is being developed: "Les Hauts de Bleville". This eco-district made up of housing units to [[HQE]] standards, a Joint Development Area (ZAC), and a school should have a total of 1,000 housing units.<ref>[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/dossier/index/article_id-28162/ext-1/first_article_id-28148/plus-1/topic_id-789/le-projet.html ''The eco-district "Les Hauts de Bléville"'']{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 31 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The peripheral suburbs of the commune grew in the postwar period. These are large [[housing estate]]s in Caucriauville, Bois de Bleville, Mont-Gaillard, and Mare-rouge where a disadvantaged population is concentrated. In October 2004 the National Agency for Urban Renewal (ANRU) signed with the municipality of Havre the first agreement to finance the rehabilitation of these areas. This finance agreement provides more than 340&nbsp;million euros for the housing estates in the northern districts, where about 41,000 people reside. This development extends the budget for the ''Grand Projet de Ville'' (GPV). It allows the demolition and rebuilding of more than 1,700 homes.

==Transport==

{{Further|Transport in Le Havre|Le Havre station}}

[[File:Gare du havre2.JPG|thumb|[[Le Havre station|Le Havre railway station]]]]

For a long time Le Havre has exploited the strengths of its coastal location but also suffered from its relative isolation. This is why the accessibility of the city has been improved with the harbour highway A131 (E05) which links Le Havre to the [[A13 autoroute]] over [[Tancarville Bridge]]. The city is one hour from [[Rouen]] and one and a half-hour from [[Île-de-France]].<ref name="réseaux">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/havre_reseauxcommunication.asp Communication Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807001418/http://www.havre-developpement.com/havre_reseauxcommunication.asp |date=7 August 2013 }}, Le Havre Development, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> More recently the [[A29 autoroute]] (E44) has connected Le Havre to the north of France and passes over the [[Pont de Normandie|Normandy Bridge]] which makes [[Amiens]] (in the north-east) two hours away and [[Caen]] (in the south-west) one hour.

The [[Transport express régional|TER]] network was modernized with the creation of the [[Lézarde Express Régionale|LER]] line in 2001 and direct services to [[Fécamp]] in 2005. Thirteen [[Corail (train)|Corail trains]] of the [[Paris–Le Havre railway|Paris–Le Havre line]] link [[Le Havre station]] with Bréauté-Beuzeville, [[Yvetot]], [[Gare de Rouen-Rive-Droite|Rouen]] and [[Gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare|Paris Saint-Lazare station]].<ref name="réseaux"/> In addition there is a [[TGV]] daily service to Le Havre: it has connected the city to [[Marseille]] since December 2004 serving Rouen, [[Gare de Mantes-la-Jolie|Mantes-la-Jolie]], [[Gare de Versailles-Chantiers|Versailles]], [[Gare de Massy-Palaiseau|Massy]], [[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Lyon]], [[Gare d'Avignon TGV|Avignon]], [[Aix-en-Provence TGV railway station|Aix-en-Provence]], and [[Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles|Saint Charles station]] in Marseille.<ref name="réseaux"/> There are also local services from Le Havre station to Rolleville and Fécamp. [[Le Havre-Graville station]] in the eastern part of the city is served by trains to Rolleville.

No direct rail link connects Le Havre and [[Caen]] yet many projects – known as the "Southwest Line" – to link Le Havre to the left bank of the Seine downstream from Rouen, near the estuary of the river, were studied in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century but none have been realized. By public transport it is necessary to go to Rouen by train or bus (using No. 20 [[Bus Verts du Calvados|Green Bus]]). There is a Gray Coach to [[Étretat]] and [[Fécamp]] and there is VTNI for destinations in the Seine valley and Rouen who provide inter-urban services on behalf of the Department of [[Seine-Maritime]]. Finally, the company AirPlus provides a shuttle service to the railway stations and airports of Paris.

[[File:Ferry Le Havre 2007.jpg|thumb|A Ferry ([[LD Lines]]) in the port of Le Havre.]]

For air transport, there is [[Le Havre Octeville Airport]] which is located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Le Havre at the town of [[Octeville-sur-Mer]] and managed by [[Agglomeration community of Le Havre|CODAH]].

The main destination is the [[Transport hub]] of [[Lyon]]. Many holiday destinations are offered each year ([[Tunisia]], Balearic Islands, Portugal, Greece, [[Bulgaria]], etc.) through local travel agencies that charter aircraft. {{Verify source|date=February 2014}} There is also the [[Flying club]] [[Jean Maridor]] at the airport.

The Channel maritime links with [[Portsmouth]] in southern England with [[P&O Ferries]] ended on 30 September 2005 to be taken over by [[LD Lines]] who had changed the configuration. Two services to Portsmouth are provided daily<ref name="réseaux"/> from the Terminal de la Citadelle until ceasing operations in 2014, the route has since been taken over by [[Brittany Ferries]]. The link to Ireland was moved to the port of [[Cherbourg]].

Crossing times to Portsmouth vary from five hours and thirty minutes to eight hours.<ref>[http://ldlines.co.uk/timetables/le-havre-portsmouth Le Havre Portsmouth Timetables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804075204/http://ldlines.co.uk/timetables/le-havre-portsmouth |date=4 August 2012 }}, Cross Channel Ferry, LD Lines, consulted on 12 Match 2013</ref> Popular alternative routes going to areas close to Le Havre include [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]] to [[Dieppe]], and [[Poole]] to [[Cherbourg]].

===Urban transport===

{{Further|Le Havre tramway|Funiculaire du Havre|Transport in Le Havre}}

[[File:Mercedes Citaro G n°203 LiA - René Coty.JPG|thumb|[[Mercedes-Benz Citaro]] of the [[Compagnie des transports de la porte océane|CTPO]]]]
[[File:Alstom Citadis 302 n°010 LiA - Hôtel de Ville.JPG|thumb|[[Tramway du Havre]]]]

The city and the metropolitan area has a dense transport network. This solves the problem of a break between the lower town and the upper town and the two parts of the city are connected by long boulevards, winding roads, many stairs, a [[Funiculaire du Havre|funicular]], and finally the Jenner tunnel.

The [[Agglomeration community of Le Havre|CODAH]] transport network is called ''Lia''<ref name="LIA">[http://www.transports-lia.fr/presentation/index.asp?rub_code=36&thm_id=20&gpl_id= ''Who are we?''], CODAH, consulted on 27 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> and is operated by the ''Ocean Port Transport company'' (CTPO), a subsidiary of [[Veolia Transport]]. The overhaul of the bus network in 2008 helped to ensure a better service for all the towns in the metropolitan area. The CTPO operates a bus network consisting of 19 regular urban routes and six evening routes called the "Midnight Bus".<ref name="LIA"/> The Le Havre urban area is served by 165 vehicles and 41 regular bus routes with an average of 100,000 passengers per day.<ref name="LIA"/> From January 2011 there has been a regular shuttle service specific to the Industrial Zone and Port of Le Havre, thus adding to the cross-estuary service of VTNI.<ref name="réseaux"/> Since 1890 the funicular has provided a link between the upper town and the lower town in four minutes with a cable car.<ref name="guide">[http://lehavre.fr/guidemobilite/ ''Mobility Guide 2011''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116201521/http://lehavre.fr/guidemobilite/ |date=16 January 2014 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Le Havre had a tramway system from 1894 until it closed in 1957. More recently a new tramway system, with 23 stations and {{convert|13|km|0|abbr=on}} of route,<ref name=chiffres_tram>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100523191046/http://www.tramway-agglo-lehavre.fr/le-tramway-arrive/le-tramway-en-chiffres ''The Key Numbers''] (French), accessed on 20 July 2012</ref> was built, and opened on 12 December 2012. The first part of the line connects the beach to the station climbing to the upper town through a new tunnel near the Jenner tunnel then it splits into two: one link going to Mont-Gaillard, the other to Caucriauville.

Finally, since 2001 Le Havre agglomeration has operated the LER, a TER line connecting the Le Havre station to [[Rolleville]] passing through five other [[SNCF]] railway stations of the urban area.

From 2005, development work for [[Segregated cycle facilities]] have increased including a connection to the [[Greenway (landscape)|Greenway]] which promises to be an important network of quality. Between 2007 and 2011, the total length of cycle paths has doubled to {{convert|46|km|0|abbr=on}} in total length.<ref name="rapport">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/lutter-contre-le-changement-climatique-0/ ''Annual Report on sustainable development for the city of Le Havre 2010–2011''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718010548/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/lutter-contre-le-changement-climatique-0 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It is possible to rent bicycles through agencies of the Océane bus or from the town hall (Vel-H)<ref name="guide"/> which has them on hand. Finally, 140 taxis work in Le Havre and serve 25 stations.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', n°156, mai 2012, p.14</ref>

==Politics and administration==
Le Havre is one of two sub-prefectures of Seine-Maritime and the second largest [[subprefecture]] in France after [[Reims]]. It is the capital of the [[Arrondissement of Le Havre]] which includes 168 communes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/commune/76351-le-havre|title=Commune du Havre|publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> It is also the largest member of the [[Le Havre Seine Métropole]].

[[File:Sous pref.jpg|thumb|right|The Sub-préfecture]]

Since 2015, the city of Le Havre is divided over [[Cantons of Le Havre|six Cantons]], some of which also cover neighbouring communes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000028664598|title=Décret n° 2014-266 du 27 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département de la Seine-Maritime|website=Legifrance.gouv.fr|access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> For the parliamentary elections, Le Havre spans two constituencies: the [[Seine-Maritime's 7th constituency|seventh]] (former cantons I, V, VI, and VII) and the [[Seine-Maritime's 8th constituency|eighth]] (former cantons II, III, IV, VIII, IX).<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGISCTA000006115471/ Code électoral, Annexe tableau n° 1], version 1 August 2009, [[Légifrance]] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Political trends and results===
Several politicians have spent part of their lives in the city: Jules Lecesne (1818–1878), [[Jules Siegfried]] (1837–1922), and [[Félix Faure]] (1841–1899) were elected as municipal councillors and MPs. A pool, a shopping centre and a street have been named after [[René Coty]] from Le Havre, who served as [[President of the French Republic]] from 1954 to 1959. [[Christine Lagarde]] (born 1956) attended high schools in Le Havre before becoming [[Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France)|Minister of the Economy]] and Director-General of the [[International Monetary Fund]] in 2011.

Since 23 October 2010 the [[Mayor (France)|mayor]] has been Édouard Philippe ([[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]). He also holds the presidency of the [[Agglomeration community of Le Havre|CODAH]] and has held a seat in the National Assembly for the 7th district of Seine-Maritime since 2012.<ref name="Philippe">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/edouard-philippe-0 ''Édouard Philippe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718090912/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/edouard-philippe-0 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 24 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> He succeeded [[Antoine Rufenacht]] (UMP), who was mayor of Le Havre for fifteen years before resigning, as the head of the municipality. The city of Le Havre has long been the strongest bastion of the [[Communist Party of France]], who directed it from 1956 to 1995.<ref name="Gras47">Pierre Gras, ''The time of Ports. Declin and recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-84734-675-6}}), p. 47 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Overall, the inhabitants of Le Havre in the 7th electoral district (city centre and western neighbourhoods) tend to vote for the right while those of the 8th electoral district (eastern neighbourhoods) tend to choose the candidate of the left. For example, in the presidential election of 2007, the 7th electoral district voted for Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP) by 55.05% against 44.95% for Ségolène Royal (PS) while in the 8th electoral district 55.02% voted for the Socialist candidate.<ref name="Express7">[http://www.lexpress.fr/resultats-elections/legislatives-2012-seine-maritime-7eme-circonscription_338010.html ''Results of Legislative Elections for 2012 Seine-Maritime 7th electoral district''], ''L'Express'', consulted on 24 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="Express8">[http://www.lexpress.fr/resultats-elections/legislatives-2012-seine-maritime-8eme-circonscription_338011.html ''Results of Legislative Elections for 2012 Seine-Maritime 8th electoral district''], ''L'Express'', consulted on 24 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> However, the results of the 2012 presidential elections gave the PS wins in both districts with a smaller margin in the 7th (Hollande: 51.71% / Sarkozy: 48.29%) than in the 8th (Hollande 64.21% / Sarkozy: 35.79%).<ref name="Express7"/><ref name="Express8"/>

===Municipal administration===
The number of inhabitants in Le Havre is between 150,000 and 199,999 so the number of councillors is 59 members. The [[Mayor (France)|mayor]], 41 aldermen and 17 deputies form the [[City council (France)|council]] of Le Havre elected in 2008.<ref name="conseil">[http://lehavre.fr/mairie/conseil-municipal The Municipal Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928191924/http://lehavre.fr/mairie/conseil-municipal |date=28 September 2013 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 24 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It meets on average once a month at the town hall. The debates are generally public except for certain proceedings.<ref name="conseil"/>

Le Havre has experienced many territorial extensions by annexing neighbouring communes:
*1852: Ingouville and parts of Graville-l'Eure and Sanvic
*1919: all of Graville-Sainte-Honorine
*1953: Bleville
*1955: all of Sanvic
*1971: part of [[Harfleur]] (a district of Caucriauville)
*1973: Rouelles (with the status of associated commune, 3,184 inhabitants in 2006)

===Mayors===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Mayor (France)|Mayors]] of Le Havre from the French Revolution to 1940<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.francegenweb.org/mairesgenweb/chercher.php|title=francegenweb.org - votre service benevole d'assistance genealogique|first=Robert|last=Weinland|website=www.francegenweb.org}}</ref>
|-
! From !! To !! Mayor !! Party !! Position
|-
| 1790 || 1790 || Pierre Duval ||   ||
|-
| 1790 || 1791 || Jean-Jacques Christinat ||   ||
|-
| 1791 || 1791 || Frédéric Heroult  ||   ||
|-
| 1791 || 1793 || Jacques-Ambroise Rialle ||   ||
|-
| 1793 || 1794 || Jean-Marc Belot ||   ||
|-
| 1794 || 1794 || [[François Bayle]]|| ||
|-
| 1794 || 1795 || Louis Lemesle ||   ||
|-
| 1795 || 1797 || Jean-Martin Gregoire ||   ||
|-
| 1797 || 1797 || Jacques Ambroise Rialle ||   ||
|-
| 1797 || 1797 || Marie Glier ||   ||
|-
| 1797 || 1799 || Alexandre Lacorne ||   ||
|-
| 1799 || 1800 || Marie Glier ||   ||
|-
| 1800 || 1800 || Pierre Fortin ||   ||
|-
| 1800 || 1821 || Guillaume-Antoine Sery ||   ||
|-
| 1821 || 1830 || André Begouen-Demeaux  ||   ||
|-
| 1830 || 1830 || Lahoussaye ||   ||
|-
| 1830 || 1831 || Michel Delaroche ||   ||
|-
| 1831 || 1848 || Adrien Lemaistre ||   ||
|-
| 1848 || 1849 || Jules Ancel ||   ||
|-
| 1849 || 1849 || Alexandre Bertin ||   ||
|-
| 1849 || 1849 || Frédéric Perquer  ||   ||
|-
| 1849 || 1853 || Adrien Lemaistre ||   ||
|-
| 1853 || 1853 || Isidore Maire ||   ||
|-
| 1853 || 1855 || Jules Ancel ||   ||
|-
| 1855 || 1858 || Edouard Larue ||   ||
|-
| 1858 || 1864 || Just Viel ||   ||
|-
| 1864 || 1870 || Edouard Larue ||   ||
|-
| 1870 || 1874 || Ulysee Guillemard ||   ||
|-
| 1874 || 1874 || Emmanuel Bigot de la Robillardiere ||   ||
|-
| 1874 || 1878 || Jules Masurier ||   ||
|-
| 1878 || 1878 || Ulysee Guillemard ||   ||
|-
| 1878 || 1886 || [[Jules Siegfried]]|| ||
|-
| 1886 || 1890 || [[Paul Marion (politician)|Paul Marion]]|| ||
|-
| 1890 || 1896 || Louis Brindeau ||   ||
|-
| 1896 || 1904 || Théodule Marais  ||   ||
|-
| 1904 || 1908 || Théodore Maillart ||   ||
|-
| 1908 || 1914 || Henry Genestal ||   ||
|-
| 1914 || 1919 || Pierre-François Morgand  ||   ||
|-
| 1919 || 1940 || [[Léon Meyer]]|| ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mayors from 1940
|-
! From !! To !! Mayor !! Party !! Position
|-
| 1940 || 1941 || Jean Risson ||   ||
|-
| 1941 || 1941 || Georges Patrimonio || ||
|-
| 1941 || 1944 || [[Pierre Courant]]|| ||
|-
| 1944 || 1947 || [[Pierre Voisin]]|| [[French Communist Party|PCF]]  ||
|-
| 1947 || 1947 || Albert le Clainche ||   ||
|-
| 1947 || 1947 || Pierre Adolphe Jean Voisin ||   ||
|-
| 1947 || 1954 || [[Pierre Courant]]|| ||
|-
| 1954 || 1954 || Eugène Gas ||   ||
|-
| 1954 || 1956 || Léopold Abadie ||   ||
|-
| 1956 || 1959 || René Cance  || [[French Communist Party|PCF]]  ||
|-
| 1959 || 1965 || Robert Monguillon ||  [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]] ||
|-
| 1965 || 1971 || René Cance || [[French Communist Party|PCF]]  ||
|-
| 1971 || 1994 || André Duromea || [[French Communist Party|PCF]]  ||
|-
| 1994 || 1995 || Daniel Colliard || [[French Communist Party|PCF]] ||
|-
| 1995 || 2010 || [[Antoine Rufenacht]]|| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]], [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]  ||
|-
| 2010 || 2017 || [[Édouard Philippe|Édouard Philippe]]|| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]], [[Les Républicains|LR]]  ||
|-
| 2017 || 2019 || [[Luc Lemonnier]]|| [[Les Républicains|LR]]  ||
|-
| 2019 || 2020 || Jean-Baptiste Gastinne || [[Les Républicains|LR]]  ||
|-
| 2020 ||      || [[Édouard Philippe|Édouard Philippe]]|| [[Les Républicains|LR]] ||
|}

===Public institutions and services===
[[File:LeHavrePalaisJustice.jpg|thumb|The Palace of Justice]]

The Le Havre Palace of Justice is located on the Boulevard de Strasbourg. With its annex, it includes a high court, a juvenile court, and a commercial court. The city also has a Labour Court and District Court. Among the legal services offered there are legal aid services and the application of penalties. Le Havre depends on the [[Court of Appeal (France)|Court of Appeal]] of Rouen. The prison, which dates from the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], was completely destroyed in 2012. The new prison for Le Havre was completed in 2010 at [[Saint-Aubin-Routot]] east of the Le Havre agglomeration. It has an area of 32,000 m2 on a site of 15 hectares and can accommodate 690 people.<ref>[http://www.annuaires.justice.gouv.fr/etablissements-penitentiaires-10113/direction-interregionale-de-lille-10124/le-havre-10710.html Le Havre, Ministry of Justice], consulted on 24 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The ''Hospital Group of Havre'' is a public health facility managed by a supervisory board chaired by the [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of Le Havre. Its main structures are Flaubert Hospital (the oldest, located downtown), the Monod Hospital (in [[Montivilliers]]), the Pierre Janet Hospital (psychiatry), the house for adolescents, day hospitals, and seniors' residences. It is the largest employer in the CODAH. Built in 1987, the Jacques Monod Hospital offers a full range of care in medicine, surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, geriatrics, mental health follow-up care, rehabilitation, reintegration, and public health.

Finally, there are several private clinics that offer complete care: the private clinic of the Estuary groups together the old clinics of ''Petit Colmoulins'' and François I. The private clinic of Ormeaux is located in the neighbourhood of Eure.

During the first half of the 20th century, the 129th regiment of infantry of the line was stationed at Le Havre and left an important mark on the city so a street was named after them. The 74th Infantry Regiment of commandos was present from 1963 to 1976. Finally, Le Havre is the godmother city for [[Mistral-class amphibious assault ship|BPC Mistral]]. The ceremony was held at the City Hall on 15 November 2009, during a stopover at the Building.<ref>[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/archives_oceanes/index/article_id-39255/ext-1/plus-1/theme-82/le-mistral-en-escale.html Le Havre, Marine city of Mistral]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, November 2009, Océanes Le Havre {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

=== National politics ===
For elections to the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]], Le Havre is divided between [[Seine-Maritime's 7th constituency|Seine-Maritime's 7th]] and [[Seine-Maritime's 8th constituency|8th constituency]]. They are currently represented by [[Agnès Firmin-Le Bodo]] and [[Jean-Paul Lecoq]].

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
Le Havre is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock challenge: la danse pour rapprocher les jeunes|url=https://www.lehavre.fr/espace-presse/rock-challenge-la-danse-pour-rapprocher-les-jeunes|website=lehavre.fr|date=10 February 2017|publisher=Le Havre|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dalian]], China
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Magdeburg]], Germany
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Southampton]], England, United Kingdom
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], United States
{{div col end}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Plan de la ville du Havre.png|thumb|right|Downtown Le Havre]]

Le Havre experienced a population boom in the second half of the 19th century. Subsequently, the population drain of the [[First World War]] was offset by the annexation of the town of Graville (the city gained 27,215 people between 1911 and 1921). During the [[Second World War]] the population decreased significantly (a loss of 57,149 people between 1936 and 1946) because of the exodus and bombings. After the war the commune saw its population increase until 1975. Since then population has decreased again, especially between 1975 and 1982: during these years of industrial crisis the population fell by 18,494 people. The trend continued in the 1980s although at a slower pace. The current policy of the municipality is to build new housing to attract new residents with the goal of exceeding 200,000 inhabitants, a level that was reached in the 1960s. The population of the commune of Le Havre was 191,000 inhabitants in 1999 which placed the city at 12th place among the most populated cities in France and in the first place in [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]]. In 2018 [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] counted 169,733 people living in the commune of Le Havre, while the [[Unité urbaine|urban area]] of Le Havre had 234,945 inhabitants and the [[metropolitan area]] of Le Havre had 337,086 inhabitants.<ref name=insee2018>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-039+UU2020-76701+COM-76351 Comparateur de territoire], [[INSEE]], consulted on 16 June 2022 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
{{clear}}

{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|16833|Le Havre}}</ref> and INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76351#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |20620
|1800 |19000
|1806 |19482
|1821 |20768
|1831 |23816
|1836 |25618
|1841 |27154
|1846 |31325
|1851 |56964
|1856 |64137
|1861 |74336
|1866 |60055
|1872 |85825
|1876 |92068
|1881 |105867
|1886 |112074
|1891 |116369
|1896 |119470
|1901 |130196
|1906 |132430
|1911 |136159
|1921 |163374
|1926 |158022
|1931 |165076
|1936 |164083
|1946 |106934
|1954 |139810
|1962 |185029
|1968 |205236
|1975 |217882
|1982 |199388
|1990 |195854
|1999 |190905
|2007 |179751
|2012 |173142
|2017 |170147
}}

Between 2012 and 2017, the [[birth rate]] was 14.3 per thousand and the [[mortality rate]] was 10.4 per thousand: even though the [[Rate of natural increase]] is positive it does not compensate for the clearly negative [[net migration rate]] (-0.7%).<ref name="complet">[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=COM-76351 Dossier complet: Commune du Havre (76351)], INSEE, 2020, consulted on 14 August 2020 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In 2017 19% of Le Havre's population was under 15 years old and 39% were under 30 years old,<ref name="complet"/> which was above the average for metropolitan France.<ref name=INSEE>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=METRO-1 Evolution and Structure of the Population 2017], [[INSEE]] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> 24% of men and 26% of women were over 60 years old.<ref name="complet"/> The most populous quarters are the city centre, Sanvic, Caucriauville, Anatole France/Danton and Côte Ouest/Ormeaux.<ref name="chiffres clés quartiers">[https://www.aurh.fr/media/aurh_na_6088_chiffrescleslehavre_quartiers_170206__010417300_1226_14022017.pdf Recensement de la population: Chiffres clés 2013 - Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805173207/http://www.aurh.fr/media/aurh_na_6088_chiffrescleslehavre_quartiers_170206__010417300_1226_14022017.pdf |date=5 August 2017 }}, AURH</ref> In 2009 the [[Alien (law)|foreign population]] was estimated at 8,525 persons or 4.8% of the population.<ref>[http://www.recensement.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=HAVRE&codeZone=76351-COM&idTheme=11&idTableauDetaille=41&niveauDetail=1 Le Havre (76351 – Commune) – Nationality]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[INSEE]], 2009, consulted on 25 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> 12,148 immigrants lived in Havre, or 6.8% of the urban population.<ref name="immigrés1">[http://www.recensement.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=HAVRE&codeZone=76351-COM&idTheme=9&idTableauDetaille=24&niveauDetail=1 Le Havre (76351 – Commune) – Immigration]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[INSEE]], consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Most had North African (5060) or African (3114) origins.<ref name="immigrés2">[http://www.recensement.insee.fr/tableauxDetailles.action?zoneSearchField=HAVRE&codeZone=76351-COM&idTheme=9&idTableauDetaille=25&niveauDetail=1 Le Havre (76351 – Commune) – Immigration]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

With the economic changes that have affected the city, the ''Professions and Socio-professional categories'' (PCS) have changed dramatically since the 1980s: between 1982 and 1999, the number of workers has declined by about a third (−10,593), their share of the active [[labour force]] was 16% in 1982 and 12.5% in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893182/pop-act-csp-cd.zip|format=ZIP |publisher=[[INSEE]]|access-date=11 September 2020|title=Population active selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle et la position vis à vis de l'emploi par commune et département (1968 à 1999)|language=fr}}</ref> The population of workers is concentrated in the southern suburbs close to the port and the industrial zone.<ref name="chiffres clés quartiers"/> At the same time the numbers of executives and intellectual professions increased by 24.5%, which is explained in part by the creation and development of the [[University of Le Havre]]. In 2017 the city had a lower proportion of managers and intellectual occupations than the national average (14.4% against 18.1%).<ref name="complet" /><ref name=france>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=FE-1|title=Dossier complet − France entière {{pipe}} Insee|website=insee.fr}}</ref> The proportion of workers (22.5%) was higher than the national average (19.9%).<ref name="complet" /><ref name=france/> Going from 16.7% to 21.7% of the labour force, the rate of unemployment has increased between 2007 and 2017, and it remains higher than in the rest of the country (13.9%).<ref name="complet" /><ref name=france/> The proportion Le Havre people in short-term employment (CDD and interim work) is higher than the national average.<ref name="complet" /><ref name=france/> Finally, the proportion of Le Havre people with a degree from higher education dramatically increased from 17.3% in 2007 to 23.2% in 2017<ref name=complet/> against 29.9% for entire France.<ref name="france"/>


==Economy==

===General===
Although well developed and diversified, the local economy relies heavily on industrial sites, international groups, and subcontracted [[Small and medium enterprises|SME]]s. The Le Havre economy is far from decision centres which are located mainly in Paris and major European economic cities. There is therefore a low representation of head offices in the city with the exception of some local economic successes such as the Sidel Group (now a subsidiary of [[Tetra Pak]]) – a distributor of interior furniture, and the [[ship-owner]] [[Delmas (shipping company)|Delmas]] which was recently acquired by the [[CMA-CGM]] group.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Major employers in the Le Havre area
|-
! Name
! Commune
! Sector
|-
| [[Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]
| Sandouville
| Automobile
|-
| Centre Hospitalier Général
| Le Havre
| Health
|-
| Le Havre Commune
| Le Havre
| Administration publique
|-
| [[TotalEnergies]]
| Gonfreville
| Raffinage
|-
| [[Port of Le Havre|Port Authority of Le Havre]]
| Le Havre
| Port Services
|-
| [[Safran|Aircelle]]
| Gonfreville
| Aeronautical Construction
|-
| Total Petrochemicals
| Gonfreville
| Petrochemicals
|-style="background:#EEE"
| [[SNCF]]
| Le Havre
| Transport
|-
| Dresser-Rand
| Le Havre
| Mechanical Equipment
|-
| [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]
| Gonfreville
| Petrochemicals
|}

===Port===
{{Main|Port of Le Havre}}

[[File:Port Havre 2.jpg|thumb|Container Terminal, near the François I [[Lock (water transport)|lock]].]]
[[File:Fishing boats in Le Havre, bateaux de pêche.jpg|thumb|Fishing Port]]

With 68.6&nbsp;million tons of cargo in 2011, the port of Le Havre is the second largest French seaport in trade volume behind that of [[Marseille]] and 50th largest port in the world.<ref>[http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202010.pdf World Port ranking 2010], AAPA website, consulted on 27 July 2012</ref> It represents 60% of total French container traffic with nearly 2.2&nbsp;million Twenty-foot equivalent unit|EVP]s in 2011.<ref name="stat_GPMH2011">[http://extrapah.havre-port.net/pls/portal/url/ITEM/F39365DA3E1342C89D8C046AC40C0D79 Definitive Statistics 2011]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Port du Havre, consulted on 27 December 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="LH_devt"/> At the European level, it is eighth largest for container traffic and sixth largest for total traffic. The Port receives a large number of [[oil tanker]]s that transported 27.5&nbsp;million tonnes of crude oil and 11.7&nbsp;million tonnes of refined product in 2011.<ref name="stat_GPMH2011"/> Finally, 340,500 vehicles passed through the [[Roll-on/roll-off]] terminal in 2010.<ref name="LH_devt"/> 75 regular shipping lines serve 500 ports around the world.<ref name="LH_devt">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/havre_portduhavre.asp The Port of Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702223853/http://www.havre-developpement.com/havre_portduhavre.asp |date=2 July 2013 }}, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The largest trading partner of the port of Le Havre is the Asian continent which alone accounts for 58% of imports by container and 39.6% of exports.<ref name="stat_GPMH2011"/> The rest of the traffic is distributed mainly to Europe and America.

Le Havre occupies the north bank of the estuary of the [[Seine]] on the [[English Channel|Channel]]. Its location is favourable for several reasons: it is on the most frequented waterway in the world; it is the first and last port in the ''North Range'' of European ports – the largest in Europe which handles a quarter of all global maritime trade.<ref name="port_auj">[http://www.havre-port.fr/ The Port today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029034143/http://www.havre-port.fr/ |date=29 October 2007 }}, Grand Port Maritime du Havre, consulted on 28 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> As a [[deepwater port]], it is accessible to all types of ships whatever their size around the clock.<ref name="port_auj"/> At the national level, Le Havre is {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=out}} west of the most populous and richest region in France: [[Île-de-France]]. Since its founding in 1517 on the orders of [[François I]], Le Havre has continued to grow: today it measures {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} from east to west, about {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from north to south with an area of {{convert|10000|ha|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name="port_auj"/> The last big project called [[Port 2000]] increased the handling capacity for containers.

The port provides 16,000 direct jobs<ref name="LH_devt"/> to the Le Havre region, to which must be added indirect jobs in industry and transport. With approximately 3,000 employees in 2006, the activities of distribution and warehousing provide more jobs,<ref name="emplois">[http://www.havre-port.fr/ Employment linked to the Maritime and Port activities in the Le Havre area (excluding industry)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029034143/http://www.havre-port.fr/ |date=29 October 2007 }}, Port du Havre, consulted on 29 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> followed by road transport (2,420 jobs) and handling (2,319 jobs).<ref name="emplois"/>

In 2011, 715,279 passengers passed through the port of Le Havre<ref name="stat_GPMH2011"/> and there were 95 visits by [[cruise ships]] carrying 185,000 passengers.<ref name=Oceanes154>Laurence Périn, ''The Cruises in vogue'', in Océanes, No. 154, March 2012, p. 6 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The port expects 110 cruise ship calls in 2012. Created in 1934, the leisure boat harbour of Le Havre is located to the west and is the largest French boat harbour in the [[English Channel|Channel]] with a capacity of 1,160 moorings.<ref>[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/version_texte/adresse_page/article_id-1743/plus-1/topic_id-414/port-de-plaisance.html The Leisure Boat Port]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Finally, there is a small fishing port in the Saint-François district and a [[Hawker (trade)|Hawker centre]].

===Industry===
[[File:Centrale thermique Le Havre.JPG|thumb|The EDF Thermal power plant of Le Havre.]]

Most industries are located in the industrial-port area north of the estuary and east of the city of Le Havre. The largest industrial employer (2,400 employees<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2012/06/06/97002-20120606FILWWW00663-renaultsandouville-jours-non-travailles.php Renault/Sandouville Economy: non-working days], Le Figaro, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>) of the Le Havre region is the Renault public company in the commune of [[Sandouville]]. The second important sector for the industrial zone is [[petrochemicals]]. The Le Havre region has more than a third of French refining capacity. It provides about 50% of the production of basic plastics and 80% of additives and oils<ref name="chimie">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_chimie.asp Petrochemical Chemistry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807153316/http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_chimie.asp |date=7 August 2013 }}, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> with more than 3,500 researchers working in private and public laboratories. Large firms in the chemical industry are mainly in the communes of Le Havre (Millenium Chemicals Le Havre), [[Montivilliers]] ([[TotalEnergies]], [[Yara International|Yara]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Oronite SA]], [[Lanxess]], etc.) and [[Sandouville]] ([[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Chemicals Europe]]). A total of 28 industrial establishments manufacture plastics in the Le Havre area many of which are classed as SECESO. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

There are several firms in the aerospace industry: SAFRAN Nacelles, a supplier to [[Airbus]], Boeing and other commercial air-framers, making jet engine nacelles and [[thrust reversers]], is located in [[Harfleur]] and employs 1,200 people from the Le Havre area.<ref name="aeronautique">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_aeronautique.asp Aeronautic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807003735/http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_aeronautique.asp |date=7 August 2013 }}, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Finally, [[Dresser-Rand Group|Dresser-Rand SA]] manufactures equipment for the oil and gas industry and employs about 700 people.<ref name="dresser">[http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/contrat-geant-pour-dresser-rand-le-havre.N19644 Huge contract for Dresser-Rand Le Havre], ''L'usine nouvelle'', 20 July 2007, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In the energy field, the ''EDF thermal power plant'' of Le Havre has an installed capacity of 1,450MW and operates using coal with 357 employees.<ref name="edf">[http://www.edf.com/html/energies/le_havre/2011/ 2011 in brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001155907/http://www.edf.com/html/energies/le_havre/2011/ |date=1 October 2013 }}, EDF, centrale du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The [[AREVA]] group announced the opening of a factory for building [[wind turbine]]s: installed in the port of Le Havre, it should create some 1,800 jobs.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', No. 156, May 2012, p. 3 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The machines are designed for [[Offshore wind power]] in Brittany, the UK, and [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]].

Other industries are dispersed throughout the Le Havre agglomeration: the ''Brûlerie du Havre'', which belongs to Legal-Legoût, located in the district of Dollemard that roasts coffee, [[Sidel]] located both in the industrial area of Port of Le Havre and [[Octeville-sur-Mer]] designs and manufactures blow moulding machines and complete filling line machines for plastic bottles.

===Services sector===
The two largest employers in the service sector are the ''Groupe Hospitalier du Havre'' with 4,384 staff<ref name="groupe hospi">[http://eportail.ch-havre.fr/portal/page/portal/ver-1/WWW_COMMUN/Le%20GHH/Le%20GHH%20et%20vous/Presentation%20generale/Chiffres%20cles/Donn%C3%A9es%20%20cl%C3%A9s%202012%20version%20web.pdf?_template= Presentation and key data]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> and the ''City of Le Havre'' with 3,467 permanent employees.<ref name="recrute">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/la-ville-recrute-0 The City recruits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801130512/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/la-ville-recrute-0 |date=1 August 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The city has long been home to many service companies whose activity is related to port operations: primarily the ship-owning companies and also the [[marine insurance]] companies. The headquarters of [[Delmas (shipping company)|Delmas]] (transport and communications, 1,200 employees) and SPB (Provident Society Banking, insurance, 500 employees) have settled recently at the entrance to the city. The head office of Groupama Transport (300 employees) is also present.

The transport sector is the largest economic sector in Le Havre with 15.5% of employment. Logistics occupies a large part of the population and the [[Industrial Syndicalist Education League|ISEL]] trains engineers in this field. Since September 2007 the ICC has welcomed local students in their first year in the relocated Europe-Asia campus of the [[Sciences Po|Institute of Political Studies of Paris]]. Higher Education is represented by the [[University of Le Havre]] which employs 399 permanent professors and 850 lecturers<ref name="chiffres université">[http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/Chiffres.html University of Le Havre data] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211225814/http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/Chiffres.html |date=11 February 2012 }}, Université du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> as well as by engineering companies like Auxitec and SERO.

There are many growth factors in the tourist industry: [[Blue Flag beach|blue flag]] rating, World Heritage status from UNESCO, the label ''[[French Towns and Lands of Art and History]]'', cruise ship development, a policy of value-creation from heritage, and the ''City of the Sea'' project. In January 2020 the city had 26 hotels with a total of 1,428 rooms.<ref name="complet"/>

Le Havre is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Le Havre. It manages the [[Le Havre Octeville Airport]].

== Culture==

===Events and festivals===
[[File:Le Havre (France) fête des bretons dans le quartier Saint-François.JPG|thumb|Breton Festival in the Saint-François district]]
Le Havre's festival calendar is punctuated by a wide range of events.

In spring a ''Children's Book Festival'' was recently created. In May there is the ''Fest Yves'', a Breton festival in the Saint-François district. On the beach of Le Havre and Sainte-Adresse there is a [[jazz]] festival called ''Dixie Days'' in June. In July, [[detective novels]] are featured in the Polar room at the Beach hosted by ''The Black Anchors''. Between the latter also in the context of ''Z'Estivales'' is an event offering many shows of [[street art]] throughout the summer supplemented by the festival of world music ''MoZaïques'' at the fort of Sainte-Adresse in August since 2010. In mid-August there is a [[Flower parade]] which passes through the streets of the central city.

In the first weekend of September the marine element is highlighted in the ''Festival of the Sea''. This is a race between Le Havre and [[Bahia]] in Brazil. Also every November there is a fair held in the Docks Café. The Autumn Festival in Normandy, organized by the departments of [[Seine-Maritime]] and [[Eure]], and the Region of [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]], runs from September to November and offers numerous concerts throughout the region as well as theatre performances and dance. In late October, since 2009, there is rock music festival which has been at the fort of Tourneville since the moving of the ''Papa's Production'' association site there. The West Park Festival, after its inauguration in 2004, has been held in the park of the town hall of Harfleur.

Since 1 June 2006 a ''Biennale of contemporary Art'' has been organized by the group ''Partouche''.<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/rubrique/evenements-culturels Cultural Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910223937/http://lehavre.fr/rubrique/evenements-culturels |date=10 September 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 9 October 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Cultural heritage and architecture===
[[File:Panorama lh.JPG|thumb|View of the rebuilt central city: the belfry of the town hall and the bell tower of the ''Church of Saint-Joseph du Havre''.]]
[[File:Abbaye de Graville ensoleillée (Le Havre, France).jpg|thumb|Graville Abbey]]

Many buildings in the city are classified as "historical monuments", but the 2000s marked the real recognition of Le Havre's architectural heritage. The city received the label "City of Art and History" in 2001, then in 2005 [[UNESCO]] inscribed the city of Le Havre as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="unesco" />

The oldest building still standing in Le Havre is the Graville Abbey. The other medieval building in the city is the Chapel of Saint-Michel of Ingouville. Because of the bombing in 1944, heritage from the [[modern era]] is rare: ''[[Le Havre Cathedral]]'', the ''Church of Saint Francis'', the ''Museum of the Hotel Dubocage of Bleville'', the ''House of the ship-owner'' and the old palace of justice (now the ''Natural History Museum'') are concentrated in the Notre-Dame and Saint-François areas. The buildings of the 19th century testify to the maritime and military vocations of the city: the ''Hanging Gardens'', the ''Fort of Tourneville'', ''Vauban docks'', and the ''Maritime Villa''. The heritage of the 1950s and 1960s which were the work of the [[Auguste Perret]] workshop forms the most coherent architecture: the ''Church of Saint Francis'' and the Town Hall are the centrepieces. The all curved architecture of the ''"Volcano"'', designed by [[Oscar Niemeyer]], contrasts with that of the rebuilt centre. Finally, the reconstruction of many districts is a showcase for the architecture of the 21st century. Among the achievements by renowned architects are the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (René and Phine Weeke Dottelond), [[Les Bains Des Docks]] ([[Jean Nouvel]]).<ref name="unesco"/>
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===Churches===
*[[Le Havre Cathedral]]: the first stone of the building was laid in 1536. It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Havre.
* [[St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre|Church of Saint Joseph]], one of the most recognized symbols of the city. The belltower is one of the tallest in France, rising to a height of 107 metres. It was designed by [[Auguste Perret]].
* Church of Saint Michel<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/annuaire/eglise-saint-michel Church of Saint-Michel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707020002/https://www.lehavre.fr/annuaire/eglise-saint-michel |date=7 July 2017}}, Le Havre official website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* Church of Saint Vincent<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/annuaire/eglise-saint-vincent-de-paul Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul], Le Havre website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* Church of Saint François<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/annuaire/eglise-saint-francois Church of Saint-François], Le Havre Official website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* Church of St. Anne<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/multimedia/eglise-st-anne Church of Saint Anne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904055302/http://www.lehavre.fr/multimedia/eglise-st-anne |date=4 September 2015}}, Le Havre official website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* Church of Saint Marie<ref>[http://www.lehavreactif.com/album/un-jour-une-photo/eglise-st-marie.html Church of Saint Marie picture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524070643/http://www.lehavreactif.com/album/un-jour-une-photo/eglise-st-marie.html |date=24 May 2013}}, Le Havre Actif website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* Chapel of Saint Michel d'Ingouville (15th century)<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/annuaire/chapelle-dingouville Chapel of Ingouville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729035807/http://lehavre.fr/annuaire/chapelle-dingouville |date=29 July 2012}}, Le Havre Official website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* Graville Abbey, a monastery dedicated to Sainte Honorine, set in grounds on the northern bank of the [[Seine|Seine River]].<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/rubrique/labbaye-de-graville Alley of Graville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007125756/http://lehavre.fr/rubrique/labbaye-de-graville |date=7 October 2013}}, Le Havre official website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*Presbyterian Reform Church (Église Réformée), 47 rue Anatole France, built in 1857, bombed in 1941, the roof and ceiling were rebuilt in 1953 by two architects from the famous [[Auguste Perret]] office: Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier, The only building in town offering both ancient and the new Perret school of architecture in the same building. Holy Office each Sunday morning at 10.30.

===Museums===
Five Museums in Le Havre have the distinction of being classified as ''Musées de France'' (Museums of France)<ref>[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/museo_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=VILLE_M&VALUE_1=LE HAVRE MUSEOFILE Directory of French Museums], Ministry of Culture, consulted on 27 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> an official label granted only to museums of a high status. The five museums are:

====Museum of modern art André Malraux – MuMa====
[[File:Le havre musee int.jpg|thumbnail|Overview of the [[Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa]]]]
The most important of the five, [[Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa|Museum Malraux]] was built in 1955 by the [[Atelier LWD]] and was opened in 1961 by [[André Malraux]].<ref>[http://www.muma-lehavre.fr/en/the-muma-muma-the-museum-of-modern-art-andre-malraux/history The MuMa Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724132046/http://www.muma-lehavre.fr/en/the-muma-muma-the-museum-of-modern-art-andre-malraux/history |date=24 July 2014}}, MuMa, consulted on 18 July 2014 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> This museum houses a collection of art from the late [[Middle Ages]] until the 20th century. The impressionist paintings collections are the second most extensive in France after those of the [[Orsay Museum]] in Paris. The museum houses some paintings of [[Claude Monet]], [[Auguste Renoir]], [[Raoul Dufy]], [[Edgar Degas]].<ref>[http://www.muma-lehavre.fr/en/collections/oeuvres-commentees Collections], MuMa, consulted on 18 July 2014 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

====Musée du Vieux Havre (Museum of old Le Havre)====
[[File:Vieuxhavre1.jpg|thumb|right|An old house in Le Havre, now Musée du Vieux Havre]]

A Museum dedicated to the history of Le Havre with many objects from the [[Ancien Régime]] and the 19th century: furniture, old maps, statues, and paintings.

====[[Natural History Museum of Le Havre|Musée d'histoire naturelle (Museum of Natural History)]]====
Founded in 1881 but heavily damaged during World War II, the Museum of Natural History is housed in Le Havre's former law courts, built in the mid-18th century; the façade and monumental staircase are listed as historical monuments. The museum houses mineralogy, zoology, ornithology, palaeontology and prehistory departments as well as 8,000 early 19th-century paintings from the collection of local naturalist and traveller [[Charles-Alexandre Lesueur]] (1778–1846).<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/collection-lesueur-0 Lesueur Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802192844/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/collection-lesueur-0 |date=2 August 2012}}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The museum was destroyed during Allied bombings on 5 September 1944. The library was lost, along with its collections of photographs, scientific instruments and archives. The mineral and geological collections were all destroyed, including a rare collection of local mineral specimens of [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]]. The destruction of the museum was so intense, that all the catalogues, lists of donations, lists of purchases and other archives prevented even a precise inventory of all that was lost."<ref>"Les Collections Biologiques du Muséum avant le désastre du 5 Septembre 1944." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandie et des Amis du Muséum du Havre. Tome 40. 1936–1950. Pages 12, 17, 22. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

====The Shipowner's house====
From the 18th century; like the Museum of Old Havre it is dedicated to the History of Le Havre and contains many relics from the [[Ancien Régime]] as well as furniture, old maps, statues, and paintings.

====Museum of the Priory of Graville====
The Museum at the Priory of Graville displays many items of religious art including statues, madonnas, and other religious objects many of which are classified by the Ministry of Culture. It also houses the Gosselin collection of 206 model houses created by Jules Gosselin in the 19th century.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130701201837/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-prieure-de-graville-0 Collections of the Abbey of Graville], Le Havre Official website {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

====Others====
Other less important museums reflect the history of Le Havre and its maritime vocation. The ''apartment-control'' (Apartement-Temoine) was a standard apartment designed by in 1947–1950 and shows a place of daily life in the 1950s. The maritime museum displays objects related to the sea and the port. Finally, there are numerous exhibitions in the city such as the ''SPOT'', a centre for [[contemporary art]],<ref>[http://www.evene.fr/culture/lieux/spot-le-havre-1216.php Centre of contemporary art], EVENE, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> art galleries, and ''Le Portique'' – a contemporary art space opened in 2008; the municipal library of Le Havre regularly organizes exhibitions.

[[File:Garden Saint-Roch in Le Havre (France), April 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Saint Roch Square]]
Other attractions include:
* The former tribunal (18th century)
* The Town Hall: the modern [[Bell tower|belfry]] which now contains offices
* The "Volcan" cultural centre built by [[Oscar Niemeyer]]
* Square St. Roch
* Japanese Garden

===Theatres, auditoriums and concerts===
There are two main cultural axes in Le Havre: the central city and the Eure district. The ''Espace Oscar Niemeyer'' consists of a part of the "Great Volcano", a national theatre seating 1,093<ref name="Volcan">[http://www.levolcan.com/ The Gallery], Le Volcan, consulted on 27 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> (which houses the ''National Choreographic Centre'' of Le Havre Haute-Normandie directed by Hervé Robbe) and secondly the "Little Volcano" with a 250-seat multi-purpose hall<ref name="Volcan"/> for live performances. The whole ''Espace Oscar Niemeyer'' has been worked on since 2011: the ''little volcano'' will be transformed into a multimedia library. As for the performances at the ''Great Volcano'', they are now taking place in the old ferry terminal until the end of construction. Other cultural institutions of the city centre are being transformed: the cinema of art and a trial of ''Le Sirius'' facing the university will reopen in 2013. ''Le Tetris'' at the fort of Tourneville will, in 2013, be a place devoted to contemporary music. Other cultural venues are scattered in the city centre: the cinema ''Le Studio'', the theatre of the City Hall (700 seats),<ref>[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-/topic_id-243/salles-de-spectacles.html Auditoriums] {{dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> the ''Little Theatre'' (450 seats),<ref>[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-15670/topic_id-243/le-petit-theatre.html Auditoriums] {{dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> the ''Théâtre des Bains Douches'' (94 seats), ''Akté theatre'' (60 seats), and the ''Poulailler'' (Henhouse)) (associative theatre with 50 seats) host numerous shows each year. The National Choreographic Centre of Le Havre Haute-Normandie specialises in the creation and production of dance shows. Other shows and performances are given in other places and at the Conservatory Arthur Honegger.

The second cultural centre of the city is in the Eure district near the Basin Vauban. Docks Océane is a multi-purpose hall (concerts, shows, and sporting events) which can accommodate up to 4,700 spectators in {{convert|1800|m2}}.<ref name="Docks">[http://www.dockslehavre.com/Bienvenue-aux-Docks/Presentation Welcome to the Docks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415182735/http://www.dockslehavre.com/Bienvenue-aux-Docks/Presentation |date=15 April 2008}}, Les Docks, consulted on 2 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The largest cinema in Le Havre is located on the Docks Vauban (2,430 seats).<ref>[http://www.cinemasgaumontpathe.com/cinemas/cinema-gaumont-docks-vauban-le-havre/presentation.html#2012-07-27 Gaumont Docks Vauban-Le Havre], Gaumont, consulted on 27 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The Docks Café is an exhibition centre of {{convert|17500|m2}} used for shows, fairs, and exhibitions. The ''Magic Mirrors'' offers many concerts managed by the city and leased to private organizers.

Following the closure of ''Cabaret Electric'' which was located in the ''Espace Oscar Niemeyer'' in 2011 a new auditorium, ''Le Tetris'', is under construction at the Fort of Tourneville. It was scheduled to open in September 2013 with a large festival free-of-charge.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} It will consist of two halls with 800 and 200 seats, exhibition space, housing for artists in residence, a restaurant etc. ''Le Tetris'' will be a venue for contemporary music as well as theatre, dance, and visual arts. An "expectation" outside the walls was held on the site of the fort during 2012 and early 2013. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

===Libraries and archives===
The main library is located in the city centre, named after the writer [[Armand Salacrou]]. It has branches in all districts. A new multimedia library at the "Volcano" is being refurbished for 2014. Thousands of references are available in specialized libraries in the Higher School of Art, the Museum of André Malraux, and the Natural History Museum. Medieval manuscripts and [[Incunable]]s are conserved at the public library. The archives of the city, at the Fort of Tourneville, possesses documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.<ref>[http://www.ac-rouen.fr/pedagogie/equipes/eculturel/fiches/fiche_amh.htm Educational services in the cultural establishments of the Academy of Rouen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428113409/http://www.ac-rouen.fr/pedagogie/equipes/eculturel/fiches/fiche_amh.htm |date=28 April 2009 }}, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 2 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Representations in visual arts===
[[File:Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant.jpg|thumb|Claude Monet, ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'', 1872, painted in the Port of Le Havre.]]

The Port of Le Havre and the light on the estuary of the Seine inspired many painters: [[Louis-Philippe Crepin]] (1772–1851), [[Jean-Baptiste Corot]] (1796–1875), [[Eugène Isabey]] (1803–1886), [[Theodore Gudin]] (1802–1880), [[Adolphe-Felix Cals]] (1810–1880), [[Jean-François Millet]] (1814–1875) in 1845,<ref name="Millet">Alfred Sensier, ''The Life and works of J.-F Millet'', A. Quantin, 1881. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> [[Gustave Courbet]] (1819–1877) etc.. It is to [[Eugène Boudin]] (1824–1898) who created many representations of Le Havre in the 19th century. The artist lived for a time in the city. Thanks to its proximity to [[Honfleur]], Le Havre was also represented by foreign artists such as [[William Turner (artist)|William Turner]], [[Johan Barthold Jongkind]], [[Alfred Stevens (painter)|Alfred Stevens]], and [[Richard Parkes Bonington]].

[[File:MuMA - Pissarro - L'avant-port du Havre. Matin. Soleil. Marée montante.jpg|thumbnail|[[Camille Pissarro]], ''[http://www.muma-lehavre.fr/en/collections/artworks-in-context/impressionism/the-outer-harbour-the-pilots-jetty/camille-pissarro The Outer Harbour of Le Havre, Morning, Sun, Tide]'', 1902, [[Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa]]]]

[[Claude Monet]] (1840–1926), a resident of Le Havre from the age of five, in 1872 painted ''Impression soleil levant'' ([[Impression, Sunrise]]), a painting that gave its name to the [[impressionist]] movement. In 1867–1868, he painted many seascapes in the Le Havre region (''Terrasse à Sainte-Adresse'' ([[Garden at Sainte-Adresse (Monet)|Garden at Sainte-Adresse]]), 1867 ''Bateaux quittant le port'' (Boats Leaving the Port), 1874). The [[Musée Malraux]] houses some of his paintings : Waterlilies, London Parliament et Winter Sun at Lavacourt. Two other Impressionists, [[Camille Pissarro]] (1830–1903) and [[Maxime Maufra]] (1861–1918) also represented the port of Le Havre which also inspired [[Paul Signac]] (1863–1935), [[Albert Marquet]] (1875–1947), and [[Maurice de Vlaminck]] (1876–1958).

Then came the school of [[Fauvism]] in which many artists did their training at Le Havre: [[Othon Friesz]] (1879–1949), Henri de Saint-Delis (1876–1958), [[Raoul Dufy]] (1877–1953), [[Georges Braque]] (1882–1963), Raymond Lecourt (1882–1946), Albert Copieux (1885–1956), who followed the course of the ''School of Fine Arts of Le Havre'' in the time of Charles Lhuillier. They left a number of paintings on the theme of the city and the port. In 1899, [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] (1864–1901) painted ''La serveuse anglaise du Star'' (The English waitress of Star) (Museum Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi) of a girl he met in a bar in the city.

Other painters who painted Le Havre and/or its surroundings such as Sainte-Adresse can be cited in particular: [[Frédéric Bazille]], John Gendall, [[Thomas Couture]], [[Ambroise Louis Garneray]], [[Pablo Picasso]] (''Souvenir du Havre''). [[Jean Dubuffet]] studied at the School of Art in Le Havre.

===Cinema===
With nearly 70 films, Le Havre is one of the provincial cities most represented in the cinema.<ref name="tournages">[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/archives_oceanes/index/article_id-16631/plus-1/sstheme-155/theme-83/la-ville-comme-decor.html The making of films in Le Havre]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 1 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Several directors have chosen the port facilities as part of their movie:
*''[[L'Atalante]]'' by [[Jean Vigo]] (1934)
*''[[Port of Shadows|Le Quai des brumes]]'' by [[Marcel Carné]] (1938)
*''Un homme marche dans la ville'' by [[Marcello Pagliero]] took place in the port and the Saint-François district after the Second World War.<ref name="tournages"/>
*''Ce qu'ils imaginent'' by Anne Théron (2004)

The city has also hosted the filming of several comedies such as:
*''[[Le Cerveau]]'' by [[Gérard Oury]] (1968)
*''La Beuze'' (2002)
*''[[Disco (2008 film)|Disco]]'' (2008)
*''[[The Fairy|La Fée]]'', also presented at the [[Directors' Fortnight]] in 2011.

The film by [[Sophie Marceau]], ''[[Trivial (film)|La Disparue de Deauville]]'', made in 2007, contains many scenes around the port of Le Havre, in the Coty shopping centre of Coty and in the streets of the central city.

The film ''[[Le Havre (film)|Le Havre]]'' by [[Aki Kaurismäki]] received two prizes at the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]] and also the [[Louis Delluc Prize]].<ref name="Le Monde">[http://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2011/12/16/aki-kaurismaki-remporte-le-prix-louis-delluc-pour-le-havre_1619890_3476.html Aki Kaurismäki wins the Louis-Delluc Prize for Le Havre], Le Monde, 16 December 2011, consulted on 19 December 2011 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It was nominated three times for the [[37th César Awards]].

===Literature===
[[File:Bernardin de Saint-Pierre statue Le Havre.jpg|thumb|Statue of the writer [[Bernardin de Saint-Pierre]] in front of the Law Courts in Le Havre.]]

Le Havre appears in several literary works as a point of departure to America: in the 18th century, [[Antoine François Prévost|Father Prevost]] embarked ''[[Manon Lescaut]]'' and ''Des Grieux'' for [[French Louisiana]]. Fanny Loviot departed from Le Havre in 1852, as an emigrant to San Francisco and points further west, and recounted her adventures in ''Les pirates chinois'' (''A Lady's Captivity among Chinese Pirates in the Chinese Seas'', 1858).

In the 19th century, Le Havre was the setting for several French novels: [[Honoré de Balzac]] described the failure of a Le Havre merchant family in ''[[Modeste Mignon]]''. Later, the Norman writer [[Guy de Maupassant]] located several of his works at Le Havre such as ''Au muséum d'histoire naturelle'' (At the Museum of Natural History) a text published in ''Le Gaulois'' on 23 March 1881 and again in ''[[Pierre et Jean]]''. [[Alphonse Allais]] located his intrigues at Le Havre too. {{Lang|fr|[[La Bête humaine]]}} (The Human Beast) by [[Émile Zola]] evokes the world of the railway and runs along the [[Paris–Le Havre railway]]. Streets, buildings, and public places in Le Havre pay tribute to other famous Le Havre people from this period: the writer [[Casimir Delavigne]] (1793–1843) has a street named after him and a statue in front of the palace of justice alongside another man of letters, [[Bernardin de Saint-Pierre]] (1737–1814).

In the 20th century, [[Henry Miller]] located part of the action in Le Havre in his masterpiece ''[[Tropic of Cancer (novel)|Tropic of Cancer]]'', published in 1934. [[Bouville, Seine-Maritime|Bouville]] was the commune where the writer lived who wrote his diary in ''La Nausée'' (The Nausea) (1938) by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] who was inspired by Le Havre city where he wrote his first novel. There are also the testimonies of [[Raymond Queneau]] (1903–1976), born in Le Havre, the city served as a framework for his novel ''Un rude hiver'' (A harsh winter) (1939). The plot of ''Une maison soufflée aux vents'' (A house blown to the winds) by [[Émile Danoën]], winner of the Popular Novel Prize in 1951, and its sequel ''Idylle dans un quartier muré'' (Idyll in a walled neighbourhood) were located in Le Havre during the [[Second World War]]. Under the name ''Port de Brume'' Le Havre is the setting for three other novels by this author: ''Cerfs-volants'' (Kites), ''L'Aventure de Noël'' (The Adventure at Christmas), and ''La Queue à la pègre'' (Queue to the underworld). [[Michel Leiris]] wrote ''De la littérature considérée comme une tauromachie'' (Of literature considered like a bullfight) in December 1945.

[[Diana Gabaldon]] set the second novel in her [[Outlander (book series)|''Outlander'' series]], ''[[Dragonfly in Amber]]'' (1992), partly in Le Havre.

Two [[mystery novels]] take place in Le Havre: ''Le Bilan Maletras'' (The Maletras Balance) by [[Georges Simenon]] and ''Le Crime de Rouletabille'' (Crime at the Roulette table) by [[Gaston Leroux]]. In ''[[Rouge Brésil]]'' (Red Brazil), winner of the [[Prix Goncourt|Goncourt Prize]] in 2001, [[Jean-Christophe Rufin]] describes Le Havre in the 16th century as the port of departure of French expeditions to the [[New World]]: the hero [[Villegagnon]] leaves of the port to conquer new lands for the French crown which become Brazil. Martine–Marie Muller tells the saga of a clan of [[Stevedore]]s from Le Havre in the 1950s to the 1970s in ''Quai des Amériques'' (Quay of the Americas).

[[Benoît Duteurtre]] published in 2001, ''Le Voyage en France'' (Travel in France), for which he received the [[Prix Médicis]]: the main character, a young American impassioned by France, lands at Le Havre which he describes in the first part of the novel. In 2008, Benoît Duteurtre publishes ''Les pieds dans l'eau'' (Feet in the water), a highly autobiographical book in which he describes his youth spent between Le Havre and [[Étretat]]. The city hosted writers such as [[Emile Danoën]] (1920–1999) who grew up in the district of Saint-François, Yoland Simon (born 1941), and Philippe Huet (born 1955). Canadian poet [[Octave Crémazie]] (1827–1879) died at Le Havre and was buried in Saint Marie Cemetery. The playwright [[Jacques-François Ancelot]] (1794–1854) was also a native of Le Havre. Two famous historians, [[Gabriel Monod]] (1844–1912) and [[André Siegfried]] (1875–1959) were from the city.

Le Havre also appears in comic books: for example, in  ''[[L'Oreille cassée]]'' (The Broken Ear) (1937), [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] embarks on the vessel ''City of Lyon'' sailing to South America. The meeting between Tintin and [[General Alcazar]] in ''Les Sept Boules de cristal'' ([[The Seven Crystal Balls]]) (1948) is in Le Havre, according to notes by [[Hergé]] in the margins of [[Le Soir]], the first publisher of this adventure. The first adventure of [[Ric Hochet]] (1963), the designer [[Tibet (comics)|Tibet]] and [[André-Paul Duchâteau]], ''Traquenard au Havre'' (Trap at Le Havre) shows the seaside and the port. Similarly, in 1967, for the album ''Rapt sur le France'' (Rapt on France), the hero passes by the ocean port. [[Frank Le Gall]], in ''Novembre toute l'année'' (November all year) (2000) embarks Theodore Poussin at Le Havre on the ''Cap Padaran''.

=== Music===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}}

Le Havre is the birthplace of many musicians and composers such as Henri Woollett (1864–1936), [[André Caplet]] (1878–1925)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caplet, André, Oxford University Press |url=https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780190658298/cast/caplet/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=global.oup.com}}</ref> and [[Arthur Honegger]] (1892–1955).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honegger, Arthur, Oxford University Press |url=https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780190658298/cast/honegger/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=global.oup.com}}</ref> There was also Victor Mustel (1815–1890) who was famous for having perfected the [[Pump organ|harmonium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor and Auguste Mustel {{!}} Harmonium {{!}} French |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/504397 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref>

Le Havre has long been regarded as one of the cradles of French rock and [[blues]]. In the 1980s many groups have emerged after a first dynamic development in the 1960s and 1970s. The most famous personality of Le Havre rock is ''Little Bob'' who began his career in the 1970s. The port tradition in many of the groups was repeated in the unused sheds of the port, such as Bovis hall which could hold 20,000 spectators. A blues festival, driven by Jean-François Skrobek, Blues a Gogo existed for eight years from 1995 to 2002. Several artists have been produced such as: [[Youssou N'Dour]], [[Popa Chubby]], [[Amadou & Mariam]], Patrick Verbeke etc. It was organized by the Coup de Bleu association whose former president was head of music Café ''[[L'Agora]]'' in the Niemeyer Centre which produced the new Le Havre scene. During these same years, the ''Festival of the Future'', the local version of the ''[[Fête de l'Humanité]]'' (Festival of Humanity), attracted a large audience.

Currently, the musical tradition continues in the Symphony Orchestra of the city of Le Havre, the orchestra of Concerts André Caplet, the conservatory, and music schools such as the Centre for Vocal and Musical Expression (rock) or the JUPO (mainly [[jazz]]), associations or labels like Papa's Production (la Folie Ordinaire, Mob's et Travaux, Dominique Comont, Souinq, Your Happy End etc.). The organization by the association of West Park Festival since the 2000s in [[Harfleur]] and since 2004 at the Fort of Tourneville is a demonstration. Moreover, since 2008, the association ''I Love LH'' was started and promotes Le Havre culture and especially its music scene by organizing original cultural events as well as the free distribution of compilation music by local artists.

===Board game===
Main articles: [[Le Havre (board game)]]

''Le Havre'' is a board game about the development of the town of Le Havre. It was inspired by the games ''Caylus'' and ''Agricola'' and was developed in December 2007.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Norman language===
Main articles: [[Norman language]] and [[Cauchois dialect]].

The legacy of the [[Norman language]] is present in the language used by the people of Le Havre, part of which is identified as speaking [[Cauchois dialect|cauchois]]. Among the Norman words most used in Le Havre there are: ''boujou'' (hello, goodbye), ''clenche'' (door handle), ''morveux (veuse)'' (child), and ''bezot (te)'' (last born).

==Education==

===Schools===

Le Havre is located in the [[Academy of Rouen]]. The city operates 55 [[kindergarten]]s (254 classes) and 49 communal primary schools (402 classes).<ref name="maternelles">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/les-ecoles-0 The Schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719040313/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/les-ecoles-0 |date=19 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The department manages 16 colleges and the region of [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] manages 9 schools.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130701154143/http://www.ac-rouen.fr/adminsite/objetspartages/liste_fichiergw.jsp?OBJET=DOCUMENT&CODE=1259309455613&LANGUE=0 Directory of public establishments (2009–2010)], Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The Jules Valles college in Caucriauville is classified as a ''sensitive institution'' and eleven colleges are in a priority education zone (ZEP). A ''boarding school of excellence'', the Claude Bernard college, opened in 2011. The first college in Le Havre dates to the 16th century, the high school François I was founded during the [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] and is the oldest in Le Havre. The philosopher [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (1905–1980) and [[Raymond Aron]] (1905–1983) taught there. The writer [[Armand Salacrou]] (1899–1989) studied in this institution.

====Public junior high schools (''collèges'')====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Collège Claude Bernard
* Collège des Acacias
* Collège Descartes
* Collège Eugène Varlin
* Collège Gérard Philipe
* Collège Guy Moquet
* Collège Henri Wallon
* Collège Irène Joliot-Curie
* Collège Jacques Monod
* Collège Jean Moulin
* Collège Jules Vallès
* Collège Léo Lagrange
* Collège Raoul Dufy
* Collège Romain Rolland
* Collège Théophile Gautier
* Collège Marcel Pagnol
{{div col end}}

====Private junior high schools====
* Collège du Sacré Cœur
* Collège Saint-Joseph
* Collège Les Ormeaux
* Collège Montesquieu

====Public sixth-form colleges/senior high schools====
* [[Lycée Claude Monet]]<ref>[http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/monet/ Claude Monet School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722164735/http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/monet/ |date=22 July 2010 }}, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>Twinned with [[Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School]] in the state of [[Massachusetts]] in the United States.</ref>
* [[Lycée général et technologique Porte-Océane]]<ref name="PO">[http://porte-oceane.spip.ac-rouen.fr/ Lycee Porte Océane], Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée François I]]
* [[Lycée général et technologique Robert Schuman]]<ref name="RS">[http://schuman.spip.ac-rouen.fr/ Robert Schuman School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310082145/http://schuman.spip.ac-rouen.fr/ |date=10 March 2011 }}, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée Jules Siegfried]]<ref name="JS">[http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/siegfried/ Jules Siegfried School of Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702133814/http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/siegfried/ |date=2 July 2013 }}, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

====Private sixth-form colleges/senior high schools====
* [[Lycée Saint-Joseph]]

====Public vocational high schools====
* [[Lycée technique et professionnel Françoise de Grâce]]<ref>[http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/fdegrace/ Françoise de Grâce School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811024528/http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/fdegrace/ |date=11 August 2010 }}, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée professionnel Jules Lecesne]] (Hotel trades and services)<ref>[http://lecesne-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/ Jules Lecesne Hotel Trades and Services School – Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220013849/http://lecesne-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/ |date=20 December 2010 }}, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée professionnel Jules Siegfried]] (Electronic and Mechanical trades)<ref name="JS"/>
* [[Lycée professionnel Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier]] (Transport and Logistics – Metallic structures – automobiles)<ref>[http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/lavoisier/Talent-eleves/Site%20Lavoisier%202010/Index.html Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier School – Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701173454/http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/lavoisier/Talent-eleves/Site%20Lavoisier%202010/Index.html |date=1 July 2010 }}, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée professionnel Auguste Perret]] (Housing trades)<ref>[http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/perret/ Auguste Perret School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006083023/http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/perret/ |date=6 October 2013 }}, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée professionnel Claude Monet]] (Accounting – Secretarial)<ref>[http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/monet/fichiers/structure_pro.htm Teaching Unit of the Vocational School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428084232/http://lycees.ac-rouen.fr/monet/fichiers/structure_pro.htm |date=28 April 2010 }}, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
* [[Lycée professionnel Porte Océane]] (Accounting – Secretarial)<ref name="PO"/>
* [[Lycée professionnel Robert Schuman]] (Industry)<ref name="RS"/>

====Private vocational high schools====
* [[Lycée professionnel Germaine Coty]]
* [[Lycée professionnel Saint Vincent de Paul]]
* [[Lycée professionnel Jeanne d'Arc]]

===Special schools and higher education===

[[File:BULH.jpg|thumb|The interior of the [[University of Le Havre]] library]]
[[File:Le Havre- basin and ISEL school.JPG|thumb|The Vauban Basin and the ISEL building (right)]]

In 2011 there were approximately 12,000 students in all disciplines in Le Havre.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', April 2011, No. 145, p. 25 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Opened in 1986, the [[University of Le Havre]] is recent, medium-sized and well located: the largest campus is virtually in the centre of the city near railway and [[Tramway du Havre|tram]] stations.<ref name="accueil">[http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/Une-universite-accueillante.html A hospitable university] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906022645/http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/Une-universite-accueillante.html |date=6 September 2012 }}, University of Le Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The campus includes a University Library (2006), a gym, several dining halls with student housing, a structure incorporating a theatre, an orientation service, and student associations. In 2010–2011, 6,914 students were enrolled including 5,071 undergraduates, 1,651 Masters students, and 192 postgraduate students.<ref name="mesr">[http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid59112/atlas-regional-effectifs-d-etudiants-en-2010-2011.html Regional Atlas: Number of students in 2010–2011], Ministry of Higher Education and Research, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The university also trains 317 engineering students<ref name="mesr"/> including the Logistical Studies Higher Education Institute (ISEL). It offers 120 Diplomas of State prepared by the Faculty of Science and Technology, Faculty of International Affairs, and the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Many courses are offered are related to the port operations, logistics, industry, and [[sustainable development]]. Twelve languages are taught and 17% of students are foreigners.<ref name="international">[http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/International.html International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226070152/http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/International.html |date=26 February 2012 }}, University of Le Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The University of Le Havre is also a research centre with nine laboratories. It works in partnership with other higher education institutions ([[INSA Rouen]], [[Instituts d'études politiques|IEP]], [[IUFM]], and Normandy University). The [[University Institutes of Technology]] of Le Havre occupies two main sites: one in the upper town in the Caucriauville-Rouelles district which was opened in 1967 and another in the Eure district since 2011. The IUT has a total of 1,881 students divided into ten departments preparing for the DUT.<ref name="mesr"/> There is also a branch of the teacher training institute of Rouen (IUFM) for two courses (CAPET of technology and CRPE school teacher).

In addition there is a large number of specialized higher education institutions covering a wide range of different areas. Founded in 1871,<ref>[https://www.em-normandie.com/fr/parcours-carriere Vocation], [[École de management de Normandie]], consulted on 2 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> the ''École Supérieure de Commerce du Havre'', one of the oldest in France, has merged with ''Sup Europe'' and ''l'IPER'' to create the ''[[Normandy Business School]]'' in 2006. This school had over 2,800 students on its five campuses (Le Havre, [[Caen]], [[Deauville]], [[Oxford]] and [[Paris]]) in 2015.<ref>[https://www.em-normandie.com/fr] EM Normandie website, consulted on 7 June 2015 {{in lang|en}}</ref> Since the 2007 school year, the [[Sciences Po|Institute of Political Studies of Paris]] opened a Euro-Asia cycle<ref>[http://euro-asie.sciences-po.fr/ Welcome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002114215/http://euro-asie.sciences-po.fr/ |date=2 October 2009 }}, Sciences Po, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> in Le Havre. The ''National School of The Merchant Marine'' trains Officers of the First Class for the Merchant Marine: currently located at Sainte-Adresse, it will move to the ''Bassin Vauban'' in 2015 in a building that will house 1,000 students.<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/actualites/lensm-ex-hydro-debarque-au-havre-en-2015 The ENSM (ex-Hydro) moves to Le Havre in 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719074331/http://lehavre.fr/actualites/lensm-ex-hydro-debarque-au-havre-en-2015 |date=19 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The [[IFP School|National Higher School of Petrol and Motors]] (ENSPM) is a school for specialist petroleum engineers, petrochemists, and engine makers. The ITIP (National Institute for International Transportation and Ports) prepares students for careers in the [[multimodal transport]] and port business. The (Institut national des sciences appliquées|National Institute of Applied Sciences of Rouen) (INSA) opened a branch in Le Havre in 2008 with a civil engineering and sustainable construction department. The SPI (Axis of Science for the Engineer) is expected to reopen in 2012 in a new building in the Eure district.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', April 2011, No. 145, p. 29 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In the arts, the Conservatory of Departmental Radiance [[Arthur Honegger]] is attended by 1,680 students (music, dance and drama).<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/conservatoire-arthur-honegger-0 Conservatory Arthur Honegger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719040425/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/conservatoire-arthur-honegger-0 |date=19 July 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The ''Graduate School of Art of Le Havre'' (ESAH) offers several degrees and preparation for competition. Finally 800 people study in paramedical and social schools mostly in the IFSI (Institute of Training in Nursing) which has approximately 600 students.<ref name="mesr"/><ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', April 2011, No. 145, p. 27 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Port vauban.jpg|thumb|Port Vauban]]

The city of Le Havre has some of the oldest sports clubs in France: the ''Le Havre Rowing Society'' (1838),<ref>[http://avironlehavre.org/87+depuis-1838.html Since 1838] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814073816/http://avironlehavre.org/87+depuis-1838.html |date=14 August 2013 }}, Société française de l'Aviron, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> the ''Regatta Society of Le Havre'' (1838), and ''Le Havre Athletic Club'' (1872), doyen of French football and rugby clubs.<ref>[http://www.havre-developpement.com/upload/PLAQUETTENAUTISME251108BAT.pdf Yachting Booklet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001232010/http://www.havre-developpement.com/upload/PLAQUETTENAUTISME251108BAT.pdf |date=1 October 2013 }}, havredeveloppement.com, consulted on 21 November 2010 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>[http://archives.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/archives/site/article_id-24045/sstopic_id-/topic_id-759/topic_parent_id-757/culture-sciences-loisirs-celebrations.html Municipal Archives of Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708132604/http://archives.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/archives/site/article_id-24045/sstopic_id-/topic_id-759/topic_parent_id-757/culture-sciences-loisirs-celebrations.html |date=8 July 2019 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>Coll., ''1872–1972, Le Havre Centenary Athletic Club'', Le Havre, HAC, 1972, p. 19–23 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The city also hosted the [[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|sailing]] events for the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1924 Summer Olympics]], respectively.

Le Havre is dominated by three professional sports teams: the first is the [[Le Havre AC]] football team who were relegated from  [[Ligue 1]] after the  2008–2009 season but gained promotion back to Ligue 1 in 2023. Its training centre is well-reputed for having trained a number of international French players, including [[Vikash Dhorasoo]], [[Julien Faubert]], [[Jean-Alain Boumsong]], [[Lassana Diarra]], and [[Steve Mandanda]]. The second major sports team is [[STB Le Havre|Saint Thomas Basketball]] who represent the city in [[LNB Pro A]]. Thirdly the HAC women's team who play in the first division with many international players in its ranks. The team won their first major national title, the Coupe de France for women's handball in 2006. ''Le Havre Rugby athletic club'' plays in [[Fédérale 3]] (equivalent to fifth division). The Hockey Club of Le Havre played at the fourth level nationally (Division 3) for the 2008–2009 season. The team is nicknamed the "Dock's du Havre".<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100212071301/http://www.hockeyfrance.com/clubs/hockey-club-du-havre-220-42-1-77-0-.html Presentation of the club], FFHG, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The maritime side of the city is found in many sports: for example, the tradition of sailing is old. On 29 July 1840 the first French pleasure boat [[regatta]] was held. Today, Le Havre is known as a water sports and [[Seaside resort]]. The marina can host deepwater vessels around the clock in any weather. Built in the [[Interwar period]], it is now the largest in [[Seine-Maritime]] with about 1,300 moorings<ref name="Stat">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/entreprendrehavre_chiffrescles.asp 200 Key Figures and Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807005345/http://www.havre-developpement.com/entreprendrehavre_chiffrescles.asp |date=7 August 2013 }}, Le Havre Development, consulted 2 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> additional moorings were installed in the Vauban basin in 2011–2012.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', April 2011, No. 145, p. 30 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The ''Havraise Rowing Society'' has trained many rowers to a high level as Thierry Renault. The ''Club Nautique Le Havrais'' (CNH) is the centre of mixed swimming, synchronized swimming, and men's water polo. The ''Centre Nautique Paul Vatine'' is the fifth largest club in the country for the number of sports licenses it holds; it ranks second in the Division 1 of the Championship France for Catamaran Clubs.<ref>[http://www.vatine.net/ Presentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813054310/http://www.vatine.net/ |date=13 August 2013 }}, Centre nautique Paul Vatine, consulted on 25 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Several major local sportsmen began their career at Le Havre: the swimmer [[Hugues Duboscq]] was an Olympic medallist several times. In judo the French team has two members from Le Havre: Dimitri Dragin and Baptiste Leroy. [[Jerome Le Banner]] is a professional [[Kickboxing|kick-boxer]] at world level who participates in the [[K-1]] championship. Finally the navigator Paul Vatine, who was lost at sea in 1999, won the [[Transat Jacques Vabre]] several times.

===Facilities===
[[File:Stade Océane nuit.jpg|thumb|The [[Stade Océane]]]]
[[File:Le Havre skatepark.jpg|thumb|The skatepark]]

The city has 99 sports facilities including 46 gymnasiums, 23 sports fields, and 5 swimming pools.<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/gymnases-terrains-et-autres-equipements-municipaux-0 Gymnasiums, grounds, and other municipal facilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801205154/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/gymnases-terrains-et-autres-equipements-municipaux-0 |date=1 August 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The [[Stade Océane]] (Ocean Stadium), inaugurated in July 2012, replaced the [[Stade Jules Deschaseaux]]. With 25,000 seats, it can host football matches as well as other sporting and cultural events.<ref>[http://lehavre.fr/annuaire/stade-oceane Océane Stadium], Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Basketball and Handball matches are playued in the [[Dock Océane]] hall (3600 seats) while [[ice hockey]] is played at the ice hockey rink (900 seats). Of the five swimming pools in the city, two are operated by the municipality: the CNH (which has an Olympic pool for competitions) and [[Les Bains Des Docks]] (which was designed by the architect [[Jean Nouvel]]). Le Havre has the largest free outdoor [[skatepark]] in France with approximately 7,000 m2 allocated to the urban [[Boardsport]].<ref>Extract from the Swiss website ''TSR sport'' dated 19 May 2006 [http://www.tsr.ch/tsr/index.html?siteSect=800002&sid=6733335&cKey=1148028975000 Opening at Le Havre of the largest free skatepark in France]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> The port infrastructure allows for many water activities such as sailing, fishing, canoeing, and rowing. Finally, the beach is a place for [[kitesurfing]], [[windsurfing]] and [[surfing]].

===Events===
Le Havre has been and is still the venue of major sports events: the Tour de France has passed a dozen times by the Ocean Gate, the last stage took place here in 2015. Sailing events are often held and the [[Transat Jacques Vabre]] transatlantic race has been held every two years since 1993 linking Le Havre to Latin America. The course of the [[Solitaire du Figaro]] was partly in Le Havre in 2010. Since 2006, weekends of freestyle board sports have been popular (skateboarding, rollerblading, funboard, kiteboarding, skydiving etc.). Every summer roller blade events are organized in the city on Friday evening every fortnight and have great success. The first International Triathlon was held in 2012.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', No. 157, Summer 2012, p. 17 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Finally, there are several opportunities for runners with ten kilometres ({{convert|10|km|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) in Le Havre or the strides of Montgeon.

==Media==
Five newspapers cover the Le Havre agglomeration: the dailies ''Le Havre libre'', ''Le Havre Presse'', ''Paris Normandie'' in its Le Havre edition in collaboration with ''Le Havre Presse'' and ''Liberté-Dimanche'' (communal Sunday edition of the previous three) are part of the Hersant group which is currently in serious financial trouble and looking for a buyer. A free weekly of information, ''Le Havre Infos'' (PubliHebdo group<ref>[http://www.publihebdos.com/ PubliHebdos], PubliHebdos, consulted on 8 June 2013 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>) has been published since 2010 every Wednesday and is available in many places in the city.<ref>[http://www.76actu.fr/ Le Havre Info with listings for Rouen], PubliHebdos, consulted on 8 June 2013 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>[http://www.paris-normandie.fr/ Paris-Normandy with Rouen listings], Hersant, consulted on 8 June 2013 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Several magazines provide local information: ''LH Océanes'' (Municipal magazine) and ''Terres d'Agglo'' (Agglomeration Area magazine) to which must be added several free magazines: ''Aux Arts'' (cultural information more focused on the [[Basse-Normandie]] region) ''Bazart'' (cultural events in Le Havre but now with circulation across all of Normandy), and ''HAC Magazine'' (news about [[Havre Athletic Club|HAC]]). Several newspapers are also available on the Internet: Infocéane, Le Havre on the Internet.

A local televised edition on [[France 3]], ''France 3 Baie de Seine'', is broadcast every evening then again on ''France 3 Haute Normandie''. ''Radio Albatros'' is a local station installed in the Sanvic du Havre district transmitting on FM frequency 88.2.<ref>[http://www.radio-albatros.com Radio Albatros], Radio Albatros, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ''Radio Vallée de la Lézarde'', based in [[Épouville]], ''RESONANCE'' on 98.9, and ''RCF Le Havre'' are other radio stations. It was in Le Havre radio stations that the journalist and television host [[Laurent Ruquier]], who was born in Le Havre in 1963, began his career. Several national and regional radio stations are relays for Le Havre: local information on ''France Bleu Haute Normandie'', local relay from 12 noon to 4pm on ''Virgin radio Normandie 101.8 FM'', local relay for Information from 6am to 9am and from 4pm to 8pm on ''NRJ Le Havre 92.5 FM''. Associations like ''LHnouslanuit'' and ''Only-Hit'' have tried to develop alternative and cultural local radio by featuring local community associations (Papa's Production, Ben Salad Prod, Asso6Sons, Agend'Havre, Pied Nu, I Love LH).<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131025231830/http://only-hit.net/ Only-Hit]}}, Only-Hit, consulted on 5 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:LeHavreCathedrale4.JPG|thumb|The nave of [[Le Havre Cathedral]].]]

At the request of Monsigneur André Mulch, [[Archbishop of Rouen]], [[Pope Paul VI]] decided on 6 July 1974 through the [[papal bull]] ''Quae Sacrosanctum'' on the creation of the [[diocese of Le Havre]] (''Portus Gratiae'' in [[Latin]] meaning "Port of Grace"). The diocese was created from part of the parishes of the [[Archdiocese of Rouen]] to the west of a line joining [[Norville]] to [[Sassetot-le-Mauconduit]]. Monseigneur Michel Saudreau, its first bishop, was ordained on 22 September 1974. The church of Notre Dame was promoted to [[le Havre Cathedral|Cathedral Notre Dame du Havre]]. Today, the commune of Le Havre is divided into eight [[parishes]]<ref name="Diocèse">[http://catholique-lehavre.cef.fr/3_les_paroisses_du_diocese/3_26_zone_le_havre_sainte_adresse/Page%20zone%20Le%20Havre%20Sainte%20Adresse.php Le Havre-Sainte-Adresse], diocèse of Le Havre, consulted on 4 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> and 24 places of worship (churches and chapels). The oldest chapel is Saint-Michel d'Ingouville which dates back to the 11th century. The [[St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre|Church of Saint Joseph du Havre]], built by [[Auguste Perret]], dominates the city with its spire 107m high. There are several monastic establishments (Carmel of the Transfiguration, [[Franciscan]] Monastery, [[Little Sisters of the Poor]], etc.).

The Protestant Church of Le Havre was built in the city centre in 1862. Bombed in 1941, it lost its [[pediment]], its [[bell tower]], and roof. Rebuilt in 1953 by the architects Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier,<ref name="Steiner114">C. Étienne-Steiner, ''Le Havre. City, Port, and conurbation'', Rouen, édition du patrimoine, 1999, p. 114 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> who worked in the Auguste Perret office, is the only building in Le Havre uniting the original architecture of the 19th century with the architecture of the Perret school. Le Havre also has seven evangelical Protestant churches: ''Salvation Army'', ''Seventh Day Adventist'', ''Apostolic Church'', ''Assembly of God'', ''Baptist Church'', ''Good News Church'', et ''Church of Le Havre'' as well as several Protestant churches of African origin.

The city also has seven Muslim places of worship: the socio-cultural association of Muslims in Upper Normandy, En-Nour Mosque on Rue Paul Claudel, El Fath Mosque on rue Victor Hugo, Bellevue mosque on rue Gustavus Brindeau, and three prayer rooms located on rue Audran, Boulevard Jules Durant, and rue Lodi. The synagogue, located in the rebuilt central city, was visited by President [[Jacques Chirac]] in April 2002.<ref>[http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais_archives/interventions/discours_et_declarations/2002/avril/declaration_du_president_de_la_republique_a_la_synagogue_du_havre.2364.html Declaration of the President of the Republic at the synagogue of Le Havre]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Presidency of the Republic, consulted on 4 April 2008 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It is the seat of the ''association consistoriale israélite du Havre'' whose president is Victor Elgressy.

== Notable people ==
Le Havre was the birthplace of:
[[File:GeorgesDeScudery.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Georges de Scudéry]]]]
[[File:Lesueur Charles-Alexandre 1818.JPG|thumb|140px|[[Charles Alexandre Lesueur]], 1818]]
[[File:René Coty - 1954.jpg|thumb|140px|[[René Coty]], 1954]]
* [[Georges de Scudéry]] (1601–1667), novelist, [[Playwright|dramatist]] and poet.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Scudéry |volume = 24 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=487; see para 2 |quote= Georges de Scudéry (1601–1667), the elder....|short=1}}</ref>
* [[Madeleine de Scudéry]] (1607–1701), writer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Scudéry |volume = 24 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=487; see para 3 |quote= His sister Madeleine (1607–1701)....|short=1}}</ref>
* [[Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre]] (1737–1814), writer and botanist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de |volume = 24 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=41 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Charles Alexandre Lesueur]] (1778–1846), naturalist, artist and explorer
* [[Ivan Đaja]] (1884–1957), biologist, physiologist, author and philosopher
* [[Casimir Delavigne]] (1793–1843), poet and dramatist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Delavigne, Jean François Casimir |volume = 7 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=946 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Jacques-François Ancelot]] (1794–1854), dramatist and litterateur.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Ancelot, Jacques Arsène François Polycarpe |volume = 1 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=945 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Frédérick Lemaître]] (1800–1876), actor and playwright.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Frédérick-Lemaître, Antoine Louis Prosper |volume = 11 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=68 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Léon Gautier (historian)|Léon Gautier]] (1832–1897), literary historian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Gautier, Émile Théodore Léon |volume = 11 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=536 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Gabriel Monod]] (1844–1912), historian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Monod, Gabriel |volume = 18 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=730 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Alfred-Louis Brunet-Debaines]] (1845–{{Circa|1935}}), artist
* [[Juliette Heuzey]] (1865-1952), writer
* [[Louis Bachelier]] (1870–1946), mathematician
* [[Raoul Dufy]] (1877–1953), painter
* [[André Caplet]] (1878–1925), composer and conductor
* [[René Coty]] (1882–1962), [[President of the French Republic|French president]] (1954–1959)
* [[Suzanne Balguerie]] (1888–1973), French [[soprano]]
* [[Arthur Honegger]] (1892–1955), composer, a member of [[Les Six]]
* [[Thomas Roberts (archbishop)|Thomas Roberts]] (1893–1976), Roman Catholic archbishop

* [[Jean Dubuffet]] (1901–1985), artist
* [[Jean Mallon]] (1904–1982), palaeographer
* [[Raymond Queneau]] (1903–1976), poet and novelist
* [[Jacques Leguerney]] (1906–1997), composer
* [[Bénédicte Pesle]] (1927–2018), arts patron
* [[Jacqueline Danno]] (1931-2021). actress and singer.
* [[Tristan Murail]] (born 1947), composer
* [[Elvire Murail]] (born 1958), writer for children
* [[Laurent Ruquier]] (born 1963), journalist
* [[govy]], (1981-2023), artist
=== Sport ===
* [[Paul Frère]] (1917–2008), Belgian racing driver
* [[Wilfried Nancy]] (born 1977), football manager
* [[Jérôme Le Banner]] (born 1972), kickboxer and K-1 fighter
* [[Vikash Dhorasoo]], (born 1973), international footballer
* [[Olivier Davidas]] (born 1981), footballer
* [[Dimitri Dragin]] (born 1984), judoka
* [[Julien Faubert]] (born 1983), footballer
* [[Kevin Anin]] (born 1986), footballer
* [[Gueïda Fofana]] (born 1991), footballer
* [[Jaylen Hoard]] (born 1999), French-American basketball player for [[Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
* [[Dan Delaunay]] (born 1995), professional [[Association football|footballer]].

=== Others, associated with the city===
* [[Rex Cherryman]] (1896–1928), American actor, died here
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (1905–1980), philosopher, taught at the Lycée François-Ier
* [[Patrick Demarchelier]] (1943–2022), fashion photographer, spent his childhood in Le Havre
* [[Christine Lagarde]] (born 1956), IMF managing director, grew up in Le Havre
* [[René Viénet]] (born 1944), sinologist
*Suzzane Fontaine (1894-1979), paternal grandmother of Pope [[Leo XIV]]

==See also==
{{Portal|France}}

*[[Pierre-Marie Poisson]], Le Havre War Memorial
*[[Jean-Marie Baumel]], sculpture of several bas-reliefs in Le Havre

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

*{{in lang|fr}} Michel de Boüard, ''History of Normandy'', Toulouse, 2001, {{ISBN|2-7089-1707-2}}
*{{in lang|fr}} Pierre Gras, ''The Time of Ports, Decline and Recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 pages, {{ISBN|978-2-84734-675-6}}
*{{in lang|fr}} Claire Étienne-Steiner, Le Havre. City, Port, and Agglomeration, Connaissance du patrimoine de Haute-Normandie, Rouen, 1999, {{ISBN|2-910316-19-X}}

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
'''French'''
*Joseph Abram, ''Le Havre: Modern City, 2011
*Nathalie Castetz, Le Havre, Seine Estuary, Paris, Héliopoles, 2012, {{ISBN|978-2-919006-10-6}}
*Franck Godard and Olivier Bouteiller, ''Le Havre'', Déclics, 2011, {{ISBN|978-2-84768-231-1}}
*''Unusual Le Havre'', Renée Grimaud, Les beaux jours, 2012, {{ISBN|978-2-35179-101-1}}
*Jean-François Massé, ''Le Havre, attached port'', Acanthe, 2003, {{ISBN|2-84942-003-4}}
*Tristan Gaston-Breton, ''Le Havre 1802–2002: Two centuries of economic adventure'', Le Cherche midi, 2002, {{ISBN|2-7491-0028-3}}
*E. Simon, A. Fiszlewicz, Le Havre: What an Estuary!, Petit à Petit, 2002, {{ISBN|2-914401-26-4}}
*Madeleine Brocard, Atlas of the Estuary of the Seine, Rouen, Presses de l'université de Rouen, 1996
*Emanuelle Real, ''The Industrial Landscape of Basse-Seine'', Connaissance du patrimoine en Haute-Normandie, 2009, {{ISBN|2-910316-33-5}}, 264 pages
*Jacques Basile and Didier Guyot, ''Another Blue City'', Editions Point de Vues, 2011, 120 pages, {{ISBN|978-2-915548-63-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Le Havre}}
{{Wikivoyage|Le Havre}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060104003254/http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/ Le Havre Official website] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.lehavretourisme.com/en/ Official tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223121023/https://www.lehavretourisme.com/en/ |date=23 December 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051014081744/http://ex.ville-lehavre.fr/anglais/sommaire/cadre.htm Le Havre Information website] (Archive)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090212120156/http://lion1906.com/departements/seine-maritime/le-havre-.php Le Havre on Lion1906]
* [http://www.normandythenandnow.com/the-slave-streets-of-le-havre/ Slave streets of Le Havre; article on the slave trade here in 17th and 18th century]
*[http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil?c=0.10,49.49&z=7.92265E-5&l=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS.3D$GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS@aggregate(1)&l=ADMINISTRATIVEUNITS.BOUNDARIES$GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes Le Havre on Géoportail], [[Institut géographique national|National Geographic Institute]] (IGN) website {{in lang|fr}}
* {{Wikisource inline|list=
**{{Cite EB9|wstitle=Havre, Le|volume=11 |pages=527-528|noicon=x |short=x}}
**{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Havre, Le|volume=13 |pages=83–84 |noicon=x |short=x}}
**{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Havre |noicon=x |short=x}}
**{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Havre |noicon=x |short=x}}
**{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Havre |noicon=x |short=x}}
}}

{{Cities in France}}
{{World Heritage Sites in France}}
{{Seine-Maritime communes}}
{{1900 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{1924 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues sailing}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Havre}}
[[Category:Le Havre| ]]
[[Category:Cities in France]]
[[Category:Communes of Seine-Maritime]]
[[Category:Olympic sailing venues]]
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