Editing Least bittern

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Least Bittern For Wiki.png
|image_caption = Male
| image2 = Least bittern (71430).jpg
|image2_caption=Female
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Ixobrychus exilis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22697314A93607413 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697314A93607413.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Botaurus
| species = exilis
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789)
| synonyms =
''Ardetta exilis''<br/>''Ardetta neoxena''<br/>''Ixobrychus exilis neoxenus''<br/>''Ixobrychus neoxenus''
| range_map = Ixobrychus exilis map.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''B. exilis'' {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#008000|Year-round range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
}}
{{listen|filename = Ixobrychus exilis - Least Bittern XC251028.mp3|title=Song of the least bittern}}
The '''least bittern''' ('''''Botaurus exilis''''') is a small [[heron]], the smallest member of the family [[Ardeidae]] found in the [[Americas]]. This species was formerly placed in the genus ''Ixobrychus''.

==Taxonomy==
The least bittern was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1789 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the herons, cranes, storks, and bitterns in the [[genus]] ''[[Ardea (bird)|Ardea]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Ardea exilis''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=645 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656138 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on the "minute bittern" from Jamaica that had been included by the English ornithologist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in his multi-volume work ''A General Synopsis of Birds''. Latham did not specify how he had obtained the specimen.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1785 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=3, Part 1 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | pages=66–67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40078823 }}</ref> The least bittern was formerly placed in the genus ''Ixobrychus'' but when a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the heron family Ardeidae published in 2023 found that ''Ixobrychus'' was [[paraphyletic]], ''Ixobrychus'' was merged into the genus ''[[Botaurus]]'' that had been introduced in 1819 by the English naturalist [[James Francis Stephens]]..<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Hruska | first1=J.P. | last2=Holmes | first2=J. | last3=Oliveros | first3=C. | last4=Shakya | first4=S. | last5=Lavretsky | first5=P. | last6=McCracken | first6=K.G. | last7=Sheldon | first7=F.H. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | date=2023 | title=Ultraconserved elements resolve the phylogeny and corroborate patterns of molecular rate variation in herons (Aves: Ardeidae) | journal=Ornithology | volume=140 | issue=2 | pages=ukad005 | doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukad005}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Chesser | first1=R.T. | last2=Billerman | first2=S.M. | last3=Burns | first3=K.J. | last4=Cicero | first4=C. | last5=Dunn | first5=J.L. | last6=Hernández-Baños | first6=B.E. | last7=Jiménez | first7=R.A. | last8=Johnson | first8=O. | last9=Kratter | first9=A.W. | last10=Mason | first10=N.A. | last11=Rasmussen | first11=P.C. | last12=Remsen | first12=J.V.J. | date=2024 | title=Sixty-fifth Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds | journal=Ornithology | volume=141 | issue=3 | pages=ukae019 | doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukae019 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The genus name ''Botaurus'' is [[Medieval Latin]] for a bittern. The specific epithet ''exilis'' is [[Latin]] meaning "little" or "slender".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n75/mode/1up 75], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n155/mode/1up 155]}}</ref>

Six [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''B. e. exilis'' (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – Breeding: east Canada and east, southwest USA. Non-breeding: Central America and West Indies
* ''B. e. pullus'' ([[Adriaan Joseph van Rossem|Van Rossem]], 1930) – northwest Mexico
* ''B. e. erythromelas'' ([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1817) – east Panama and north South America to north Bolivia and north Argentina
* ''B. e. limoncochae'' (Norton, DW, 1965) – east Ecuador
* ''B. e. bogotensis'' ([[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Chapman]], 1914) – central Colombia
* ''B. e. peruvianus'' ([[James Bond (ornithologist)|Bond, J]], 1955) – west central Peru

North American birds were formerly divided into two subspecies, eastern (''B. e. exilis'') and western (''B. e. hesperis''), but this is no longer believed to be a valid distinction.<ref name="Pittaway"/><ref>Gibbs, J.P., FA. Reid, and S.M. Melvin. 1992. Least Bittern. In A. Poole, P. Stettenheim and F. Gill (editors). The Birds of North America, No. 17. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; and American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.</ref>

The least bittern forms a [[superspecies]] with the [[little bittern]] and [[yellow bittern]].<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last1=Martinez-Vilalta | first1=A. | last2=Motis | first2=A. | year=1992 | chapter=Least bittern | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=84-87334-10-5 | page=425 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/425/mode/1up| chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref>

===Cory's least bittern===
A dark [[rufous]] [[morphotype|morph]], ''B. e. neoxenus'', termed "Cory's bittern" or "Cory's least bittern" was originally described by [[Charles B. Cory|Charles Cory]] as a separate species in 1885 from a specimen collected on or near the [[Caloosahatchee River]], near [[Lake Okeechobee]], in southwest Florida. Cory stated that the specimen was "without doubt perfectly distinct from any other known species".<ref name=distinct/> Further specimens followed over the next decades from Florida,<ref name=florida /><ref name=Scott /> Michigan,<ref name=michigan /> Illinois,<ref name=Auk-32-1 /><ref name=Carpenter /> Wisconsin,<ref name=Auk-13-1 /> Ohio,<ref name=Auk-24-3 /> and Ontario.<ref name=ontario />

Initially, Cory's least bittern was accepted as a valid species, with [[Elliott Coues]] and [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe]] both including it in published species lists.<ref name="Carpenter"/> As early as 1892, however, doubts were raised about the validity of Cory's least bittern as a separate species.<ref name="Scott"/> Nonetheless, in 1896 [[Frank Chapman (ornithologist)|Frank Chapman]] wrote a detailed paper supporting its retention as a valid species.<ref name=Auk-13-1_2 /> [[Outram Bangs]] later argued, in 1915, that this view was wrong and proposed that Cory's should become a [[junior synonym]] of least bittern.<ref name=Auk-32-4 /> This view eventually prevailed, with the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] removing the species from their list of North American birds in 1923,<ref name=Auk-40-3 /> although others held dissenting views until at least 1928.<ref name=Auk-45-2 />

Cory's least bittern was once fairly common, but it is now exceptionally rare, with only five sightings since 1950.<ref name=sibley /> More than 50% of the historical records are from the Toronto region of Ontario.<ref name="Pittaway" /> Initially known only from the North American subspecies ''exilis'', it was first recorded in the South America subspecies ''erthyromelas'' in 1967.<ref name=Auk-102-2 />

==Description==
[[File:Least bittern with a crawfish (71370).jpg|thumb|Female with a [[crayfish]]]]
The least bittern is one of the smallest herons in the world, with perhaps only the [[dwarf bittern]] and the [[black-backed bittern]] averaging smaller in length.<ref name=hbw/> It can measure from {{cvt|28|to|36|cm}} in length, and the wingspan ranges from {{cvt|41|to|46|cm}}. Body mass is from {{cvt|51|to|102|g}}, with most least bitterns weighing between {{cvt|73|and|95|g}}, making this perhaps the lightest of all herons.<ref name=heroncons>{{cite web |url=http://www.heronconservation.org/styled-5/styled-34/ |title=Least Bittern |website=HeronConservation.org |date=2011-05-21 |access-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230027/http://www.heronconservation.org/styled-5/styled-34/ |archive-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A recent manual of avian body masses cites another species in this genus, the [[stripe-backed bittern]], as having a mean body mass slightly lower than the least bittern, which is credited with a mean mass of {{convert|86.3|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), {{ISBN|978-1-4200-6444-5}}.</ref>

The bird's underparts and throat are white with light brown streaks. Its face and the sides of the neck are light brown; it has yellow eyes and a yellow bill.<ref name=decnydesc>{{cite web|url=https://dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/least-bittern|title=Least Bittern|website=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref> The adult male is glossy greenish-black on the back and crown;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alden|first1=Peter|last2=Cassie|first2=Brian|last3=Kahl|first3=Jonathan D.W.|last4=Nelson|first4=Gil|last5=Oches|first5=Eric A.|last6=Zirlin|first6=Harry|last7=Zomlefer|first7=Wendy B.|title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Southeastern States|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1999|isbn=978-0-679-44683-5|page=284}}</ref> the adult female is glossy brown on these parts; both have white lines on their shoulders.  They show light brown parts ([[covert feather]]s) on the wings in flight.<ref name=sibley2017>{{cite book|last=Sibley|first=David Allen|title=The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-307-95791-7|year=2017|page=74}}</ref>

These birds make cooing and clucking sounds,<ref name=decnydesc/><ref name=sibley2017/> usually in the early morning or near dusk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/species/description/10877/Ixobrychus-exilis|title=Plants and Animals: ''Ixobrychus exilis''|website=Michigan Natural Features Inventory|publisher=Michigan State University Extension|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
[[Image:Least Bittern.jpg|thumb|right|South Padre Island - Texas]]
The least bittern is an elusive bird. They spend much time straddling reeds. When alarmed, the least bittern freezes in place with its bill pointing up, turns its front and both eyes toward the source of alarm, and sometimes sways to resemble wind-blown marsh vegetation. This is perhaps a predator-avoidance behaviour, since its small size makes the bittern vulnerable to many potential predators. Thanks to its habit of perching among the reeds, the least bittern can feed from the surface of water that would be too deep for the wading strategy of other herons. The least bittern and much larger and different-looking [[American bittern]] often occupy the same wetlands but may have relatively little interaction because of differences in foraging habits, preferred prey, and timing of breeding cycles. The least bittern arrives on its breeding grounds about a month after the American bittern and leaves one or two months earlier. [[John James Audubon]] noted that a young captive least bittern was able to walk with ease between two books standing {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} apart. When dead, the bird's body measured {{convert|5.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} across, indicating that it could compress its breadth to an extraordinary degree.

===Breeding===
These birds nest in large [[marsh]]es with dense vegetation from southern [[Canada]] to northern [[Argentina]]. Nest of strips of rushes woven together to form a platform and fastened to saw grass growing on the bank of a stream.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE BIRD BOOK |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/30000/pg30000-images.html#Page_378}}</ref> The nest is a well-concealed platform built from cattails and other marsh vegetation. The female lays four or five [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s, in extreme cases from two to seven. The eggs are pale blue or green. Both parents feed the young by regurgitating food. A second brood is often produced in a season.

These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] from the northern parts of their range in winter to the southernmost coasts of the United States and areas further south, travelling at night.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Food and feeding===
They mainly eat fish, frogs, crustaceans, insects and small mammals,<ref name=decnydesc/> which they capture with quick jabs of their bill while climbing through marsh plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/least-bittern|title=Least bittern ''Ixobrychus exilis''|website=Chesapeake Bay Program|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

==Status==
The numbers of these birds have declined in some areas due to loss of habitat. They are still fairly common but are more often heard than seen. As the species has a large range and a large total population, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] has assessed its conservation status as being of "[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]". The least bittern is protected under the [[Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061226/http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/intrnltr/mbta/mbtandx.html Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act]. fws.gov</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=distinct>
* {{cite journal|author=Cory, Charles B.|date=April 1886|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v003n02/p0262-p0262.pdf |title=Description of a New North American Species of ''Ardetta''|journal=The Auk| volume= 3|issue= 2|page= 262|doi=10.2307/4625371|jstor=4625371}}
* {{cite journal|author=Cory, Charles B.|date=July 1886|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v003n03/p0408-p0408.pdf |title=More News of ''Ardetta neoxena''|journal=The Auk| volume= 3|issue= 3|page= 408}}
</ref>
<ref name=florida>
* {{cite journal|author=Scott, W. E. D.|date=October 1889|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v006n04/p0317-p0318.pdf |title=A second specimen of Cory's Bittern (''Botaurus neoxenus'')|journal=The Auk |volume=6|issue= 4|pages= 317–318|doi=10.2307/4066876|jstor=4066876}}
* {{cite journal|author=Cory, Charles B.|date=July 1891|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v008n03/p0309-p0309.pdf |title=Capture of a fourth specimen of ''Ardetta neoxena''|journal=The Auk|volume=8|issue= 3|pages=309–310|doi=10.2307/4067875|jstor=4067875}}
</ref>
<ref name="Scott">{{cite journal|author=Scott, W. E. D.|date=April 1892|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v009n02/p0141-p0142.pdf |title=A Description of the Adult Male of ''Botaurus neoxenus'' (Cory), with Additional Notes on the Species|journal=The Auk| volume= 9|issue= 2|pages= 141–142|doi=10.2307/4067935|jstor=4067935}}</ref>
<ref name=michigan>
* {{cite journal|author=Watkins, L. Whitney|date=January 1895|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v012n01/p0077-p0077.pdf |title=Cory's Least Bittern in Michigan|journal=The Auk |volume=12|issue= 1|page= 77|doi=10.2307/4068216|jstor=4068216}}
* {{cite journal|author=Taverner, P. A.|date=January 1905|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v022n01/p0077-p0078.pdf |title=Description of Second Michigan Specimen of Cory's Least Bittern|journal=The Auk |volume=22|issue= 1|pages= 77–78|doi=10.2307/4069881|jstor=4069881}}
</ref>
<ref name=Auk-32-1>{{cite journal|author=Eifrig, C. W. G.|date=January 1915 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v032n01/p0098-p0099.pdf |title=Cory's Least Bittern in Illinois|journal=The Auk |volume=32|issue= 1|pages= 98–99|doi=10.2307/4071623|jstor=4071623 }}</ref>
<ref name="Carpenter">{{cite journal|author=Carpenter, Charles Knapp|date=January 1948|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v065n01/p0080-p0085.pdf |title=An Early Illinois Record of "Cory's Least Bittern"|journal= The Auk |volume=65|issue= 1|pages= 80–85|doi=10.2307/4080230|jstor=4080230}}</ref>
<ref name=Auk-13-1>{{cite journal|author=Cherrie, George K.|date=January 1896|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v013n01/p0079-p0079.pdf |title=''Ardetta neoxena'' from Wisconsin|journal=The Auk |volume=13|issue= 1|pages=79–80|doi=10.2307/4068762|jstor=4068762}}</ref>
<ref name=Auk-24-3>{{cite journal|author=Ruthven, Alexander G.|date=July 1907|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v024n03/p0338-p0338.pdf |title=Another specimen of Cory's Bittern|journal=The Auk |volume=24|issue= 3|page= 338|doi=10.2307/4070385|jstor=4070385}}</ref>
<ref name=ontario>
* {{cite journal|author=Cross, W.|year=1892|title= A new Species for Ontario |journal=Proceeding. of the Ornithological Subsection of the Canadian Institute for 1890–91|page =41}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Brown, Hubert H.  |author2=William Brewster|date=October 1893|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v010n04/p0363-p0364.pdf |title=Capture of another ''Ardetta neoxena'' at Toronto, Ontario|journal=The Auk |volume=10|issue= 4|pages= 363–364|doi=10.2307/4067835|jstor=4067835}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fleming, J. H.|date=January 1902|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v019n01/p0077-p0078.pdf |title=Cory's Bittern|journal=The Auk |volume=19|issue= 1|pages= 77–78|doi=10.2307/4069217|jstor=4069217}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ames, J. H.|year=1894|title= Third specimen of ''Ardetta neoxena'' taken at Toronto |journal=The Biological Review of Ontario|volume= 1|page=52}}
{{cite journal|author1=Pickering, Charles  |author2=William Brodie|year=1894|title= Fourth specimen of ''Ardetta neoxena'' at Toronto|journal=The Biological Review of Ontario|volume=1 |page=54}}
</ref>
<ref name=Auk-13-1_2>{{cite journal|author=Chapman, Frank M.|date=January 1896|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v013n01/p0011-p0019.pdf |title=The Standing of ''Ardetta neoxena''|journal=The Auk |volume=13|issue= 1|pages= 11–19|doi=10.2307/4068734|jstor=4068734}}</ref>
<ref name=Auk-32-4>{{cite journal|author=Bangs, Outram|date=October 1915|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v032n04/p0481-p0484.pdf |title=Notes on Dichromatic Herons and Hawks|journal=The Auk |volume=32|issue= 4|pages= 481–484|doi=10.2307/4072589|jstor=4072589}}</ref>
<ref name=Auk-40-3>{{cite journal|author=Stone, Witmer|author2=Harry C. Oberholser|author3=Jonathan Dwight|author4=T. S. Palmer|author5=Charles W. Richmond|name-list-style=amp|date=July 1923|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v040n03/p0513-p0525.pdf |title=Eighteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds|journal=The Auk| volume= 40|issue= 3|pages= 513–525|doi=10.2307/4074557|jstor=4074557}}</ref>
<ref name=Auk-45-2>{{cite journal|author=Taverner, P. A.|date=April 1928|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v045n02/p0204-p0205.pdf |title=Cory's Least Bittern|journal=The Auk| volume= 45|issue= 2|pages= 204–205|doi=10.2307/4074769|jstor=4074769}}</ref>
<ref name=sibley>[http://www.sibleyguides.com/2011/07/the-mysterious-dark-least-bittern/ The mysterious dark Least Bittern], [[David Allen Sibley|David Sibley]], 23 July 2011</ref>
<ref name="Pittaway">{{cite journal|author1=Pittaway, Ron  |author2=Burke, Peter |year=1996|url=http://www.jeaniron.ca/2010/corysleastbitternRF.pdf |title=Recognizable forms: Cory's Least Bittern|journal=Ontario Birds|volume=14 |issue=1|pages =26–40}}</ref>
<ref name=Auk-102-2>{{cite journal|author1=Martins Teixeira, Dante  |author2=Herculano M. F. Alvarenga|year=1985|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v102n02/p0413-p0413.pdf |title=The First Recorded Cory's Bittern (''lxobrychus "neoxenus"'') from South America|journal=The Auk|volume =102 |issue=2 |page =413|doi=10.2307/4086791|jstor=4086791}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Least_Bittern.html Least Bittern Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* {{InternetBirdCollection|least-bittern-ixobrychus-exilis|Least Bittern}}
* {{VIREO|Least+Bittern|Least Bittern}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q469586}}
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[[Category:Bitterns|Least Bittern]]
[[Category:Botaurus|Least Bittern]]
[[Category:Birds of the Americas]]
[[Category:Birds of the United States]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1789|Least Bittern]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Least Bittern]]