Editing Lectio difficilior potior

{{short description|Principle of textual criticism}}
{{italic title}}
'''''{{lang|la|Lectio difficilior potior}}''''' ([[Latin]] for "the more difficult reading is the stronger") is a main principle of [[textual criticism]]. Where different manuscripts conflict on a particular reading, the principle suggests that the more unusual one is more likely the original. The presupposition is that scribes would more often replace odd words and hard sayings with more familiar and less controversial ones, than vice versa.<ref>Maurice A. Robinson, "[http://www.reltech.org/TC/v06/Robinson2001.html New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority]", 2001.</ref> ''Lectio difficilior potior'' is an internal criterion, which is independent of criteria for evaluating the manuscript in which it is found,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Emanuel |last=Tov |title=Criteria for Evaluating Textual Readings: The Limitations of Textual Rules |journal=[[Harvard Theological Review]] |volume=75 |issue=4 |date=October 1982 |pages=429–448 esp. pp. 439 ff |doi=10.1017/S0017816000031540 |s2cid=165577319 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/48032678/Criteria-for-Evaluating-Textual-Reading |accessdate=2012-12-16}}</ref> and that it is as applicable to manuscripts of a ''[[roman courtois]]'', a classical poet, or a Sanskrit epic as it is to a biblical text.

The principle was one among a number that became established in early 18th-century text criticism, as part of attempts by scholars of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] to provide a neutral basis for discovering an ''[[wikt:urtext|urtext]]'' that was independent of the weight of traditional authority.

==History==
[[Rabbeinu Tam]] (1100-1171) expressed the idea in his work 'Sefer Hayashar': 
"ובעל התלמוד כתבו, שתלמידים המגיהים אינם מגיהים דברים של תימה"
("it was written by the author of the Talmud, since students who correct the text do not correct it in order to make the text difficult", responsum 44).
[[Erasmus]] expressed the idea in his ''Annotations'' to the [[Novum Instrumentum omne|New Testament]] in the early 1500s: "And whenever the Fathers report that there is a variant reading, that one always appears to me to be more esteemed (by them is the one) which at first glance seems the more absurd-since it is reasonable that a reader who is either not very learned or not very attentive was offended by the specter of absurdity and changed the text."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bentley |first1=Jerry H. |title=Erasmus, Jean Le Clerc, and the Principle of the Harder Reading |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |date=1978 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=309–321 |doi=10.2307/2860228 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2860228 |issn=0034-4338|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to Paolo Trovato, who cites as source [[Sebastiano Timpanaro]], the principle was first codified by [[Jean Leclerc (theologian)|Jean Leclerc]] in 1696 in his ''Ars critica''.<ref>Page 117 in  Trovato, P. (2014). Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Lachmann's Method. libreriauniversitaria.it.</ref>
It was also laid down by [[Johann Albrecht Bengel]], as {{lang|la|"proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua"}}, in his ''Prodromus Novi Testamenti Graeci Rectè Cautèque Adornandi'', 1725, and employed in his ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', 1734.<ref>Noted in an observation by [[Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener]] in ''A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New testament'' (E. Miller, ed. 1894: vol. ii, p. 247) by [[William Laughton Lorimer|W.&nbsp;L. Lorimer]], "Lectio Difficilior", ''The Classical Review'' '''48'''.5 (November 1934:171).</ref> It was widely promulgated by [[Johann Jakob Wettstein]], to whom it is often attributed.<ref>E.g. by [[H. J. Rose]] in ''The Classical Review'' '''48''' (126, note 2), corrected by Lorimer 1934.</ref>

==Usefulness==
Many scholars considered the employment of {{lang|la|lectio difficilior potior}} an objective criterion that would even override other evaluative considerations.<ref>Tov 1982:432.</ref> The poet and scholar [[A.&nbsp;E. Housman]] challenged such reactive applications in 1922, in the provocatively titled article "The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism".<ref>A.&nbsp;E. Housman, "[http://cnx.org/content/m11803/latest/ The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism]", ''Proceedings of the Classical Association'' '''18''' (1922), pp. 67–84. DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8247611</ref>

On the other hand, taken as an axiom, the principle {{lang|la|lectio difficilior}} produces an [[eclectic text]], rather than one based on a history of manuscript transmission. "Modern eclectic [[praxis (process)|praxis]] operates on a variant unit basis without any apparent consideration of the consequences", [[Maurice A. Robinson]] warned. He suggested that to the principle "should be added a corollary, difficult readings created by individual scribes do not tend to perpetuate in any significant degree within transmissional history".<ref>Robinson 2001</ref>

A noted proponent of the superiority of the [[Byzantine text-type]], the form of the Greek New Testament in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, Robinson would use the corollary to explain differences from the [[Majority Text]] as scribal errors that were not perpetuated because they were known to be errant or because they existed only in a small number of manuscripts ''at the time''.

Most textual-critical scholars would explain the corollary by the assumption that scribes tended to "correct" harder readings and so cut off the stream of transmission. Thus, only earlier manuscripts would have the harder readings. Later manuscripts would not see the corollary principle as being a very important one to get closer to the original form of the text.

However, {{lang|la|lectio difficilior}} is not to be taken as an absolute rule either but as a general guideline. "''In general'' the more difficult reading is to be preferred" is [[Bruce Metzger]]'s reservation.<ref>Italics supplied. [[Bruce Metzger]], ''The Text of the New Testament'', II.i.1, p. 209.</ref> "There is truth in the maxim: {{lang|la|lectio difficilior lectio potior}} ('the more difficult reading is the more probable reading')", write Kurt and Barbara Aland.<ref>Aland, ''The Text of the New Testament'', pp. 275–276; the Alands' twelve basic principles of textual criticism are [http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/text_crit.html reported on-line].</ref>

However, for scholars like [[Kurt Aland]], who follow a path of reasoned eclecticism based on evidence both internal and external to the manuscripts, "this principle must not be taken too mechanically, with the most difficult reading ({{lang|la|lectio difficillima}}) adopted as original simply because of its degree of difficulty".<ref>Aland 1995, p. 276.</ref> Also, [[Martin Litchfield West]] cautions: "When we choose the 'more difficult reading' ... we must be sure that it is in itself a plausible reading. The principle should not be used in support of dubious syntax, or phrasing that it would not have been natural for the author to use. There is an important difference between a more ''difficult'' reading and a more ''unlikely'' reading".<ref>West 1973, p. 51.</ref>

Responding to [[Tetyana Vilkul]]'s review of his 2003 [[Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle|critical edition of the ''Primary Chronicle'' (PVL)]], [[Donald Ostrowski]] (2005) phrased the principle as follows: 'The more difficult reading is preferred to a smoother reading, except, again, where a mechanical copying error would explain the roughness. The rationale is that a copyist is more likely to have tried to make a rough reading smoother than to have made a smooth reading more difficult to understand.'{{sfn|Ostrowski|2005|p=49}}

== See also ==

* [[Bayes' theorem]]
* ''[[Lectio brevior]]''
* [[Criterion of embarrassment]]

== References ==
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{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/vol06/Robinson2001.html Maurice A. Robinson, 2001. "New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980208023120/http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/cbmw/rbmw/chapter6.html#ref8 D. A. Carson, 1991. "Silent in the Churches"] in ''[[Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood]]: A Response to Evangelical Feminism'', Wayne Grudem and John Piper, eds. (Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood).
* Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, rev, ed. 1995. ''The Text of the New Testament an Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism''
* Martin L. West, 1973. ''Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique applicable to Greek and Latin texts'' (Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner)
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ostrowski |first1=Donald |authorlink1=Donald Ostrowski |date=2005 |title=Scribal Practices and Copying Probabilities in the Transmission of the Text of the ''Povest’ vremennykh let'' |url=https://donostrowski2.bitbucket.io/pvl/scribal.pdf |journal=Palaeoslavica |publisher= |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=48–77 |doi= |access-date=29 May 2024}}
{{Historicity}}
[[Category:Biblical criticism]]
[[Category:Latin literary phrases]]
[[Category:Textual criticism]]
[[Category:Textual scholarship]]
[[Category:Heuristics]]