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{{About|the city in Lombardy|other uses|Legnano (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Legnago|Legnaro}} {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Legnano | official_name = | native_name = {{native name|lmo|Legnàn}} | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Legnano S Magno.jpg | image_caption = [[Basilica of San Magno, Legnano|Basilica of San Magno]] | image_size = | image_alt = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Legnano-Stemma.svg | shield_size = 85px | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | map = Map of comune of Legnano (province of Milan, region Lombardy, Italy).svg | map_caption = Legnano within the Province of Milan | mapsize = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|34|41|N|08|55|06|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | metropolitan_city = [[Metropolitan City of Milan|Milan]] (MI) | province = | established_title = | established_date = | frazioni = | mayor = Lorenzo Radice | mayor_party = Democratic Party | area_total_km2 = 17 | area_footnotes = | elevation_m = 199 | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 60282 | population_as_of = 30 November 2011 | population_footnotes = | population_demonym = Legnanesi | postal_code = 20025 | area_code = 0331 | istat = | saint = [[Magnus (bishop of Milan)|St. Magnus]] | day = 5 November | website = {{official website|http://www.legnano.org}} | footnotes = }} '''Legnano''' ({{IPA|it|leɲˈɲaːno}};{{sfn|Canepari|2009}} {{Langx|lmo|label=[[Legnanese dialect|Legnanese]]|Legnàn}} or ''Lignàn''){{efn|''Legnàn'' has more cultured origins, while ''Lignàn'' is the most popular version: this distinction, however, has disappeared during the 20th century, and now the only diction used is the first{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=19}}}} is a town and ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Metropolitan City of Milan|province of Milan]], about {{convert|20|km|mi}} from central [[Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Legnano|url=http://www.promocomune.it/schedacomune.php?id_comune=15118&sez=territorio&init=|website=promocomune.it|language=it|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210023626/http://www.promocomune.it/schedacomune.php?id_comune=15118&sez=territorio&init=|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> With 60,259, it is the thirteenth-most populous township in [[Lombardy]]. Legnano is located in the [[Alto Milanese]] and is crossed by the [[Olona]] River.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lista principali città della Regione Lombardia|url=http://www.comuni-italiani.it/03/lista.html|language=it|access-date=8 May 2014|website=comuni-italiani.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925041510/http://www.comuni-italiani.it/03/lista.html|archive-date=25 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[history of Legnano]] and its municipal area has been traced back to the [[1st millennium BC]] via archaeological evidence.{{sfn|Di Maio|1998|p=85}} Already in remote times, in fact, the hills that line the Olona had proved to be habitable places.<ref name="istituzionale">{{cite web|url=http://www.legnano.org/default.cfm?docs=profilo%2Fstorico.htm|title=Profilo storico|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417163728/http://www.legnano.org/default.cfm?docs=profilo%2Fstorico.htm|archive-date=17 April 2007}}</ref> The town was established in 1261.{{sfn|Vv.Aa.|2015|p=22}} Because of the historic [[Battle of Legnano|victory of the Lombard League over Frederick Barbarossa]] at Legnano, it is the only town other than [[Rome]] named in the [[Il Canto degli Italiani|Italian national anthem]] ("[...] ''Dall'Alpi a Sicilia dovunque è Legnano'' [...]", en. "From the [[Alps]] to [[Sicily]], Legnano is everywhere").<ref name="quirinale">{{cite web|title=Fratelli d'Italia|url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm|language=it|website=quirinale.it|publisher=[[President of Italy]]|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803032738/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm|archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Every year the people of Legnano commemorate the battle with [[Palio di Legnano]]. In the institutional sphere, on 29 May, the date of the battle of Legnano, it was chosen as the regional holiday of Lombardy.<ref name="festa">{{cite web|url= http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=Evento&childpagename=Regione%2FDetail&cid=1213672646579&pagename=RGNWrapper|title= Festa della Lombardia|access-date= 30 May 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085701/http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=Evento&childpagename=Regione%2FDetail&cid=1213672646579&pagename=RGNWrapper|archive-date= 24 September 2015}}</ref> == Geography == === Territory === {{Main|Geography of Lombardy|Legnanese (region)}} Located in the south of the [[Varese Prealps]] along the {{ill|Olona valley|it|Valle Olona}}, the ''comune'' of Legnano has an area of {{convert|12.72|km2|sp=us}}, has an elevation of {{convert|192|-|227|m|ft|sp=us}} above [[sea level]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Legnano: clima e dati geografici|url=http://www.comuni-italiani.it/015/118/clima.html|language=it|website=comuni-italiani.it|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> and is {{ill|Seismic classification of Italy|it|Classificazione sismica dell'Italia|lt=seismically classified}} in Zone 4 (Irrelevant seismology).<ref>{{cite web|title=Gli effetti dell'introduzione di una nuova mappa di pericolosità sulla valutazione del rischio sismico in Italia|url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/3313/1/2007-CrowleyEtAl_Anidis.pdf|language=it|website=earth-prints.org|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061348/http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/3313/1/2007-CrowleyEtAl_Anidis.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The valley soil is mainly composed of [[sand]], [[gravel]], and [[clay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cenni di botanica nel percorso dei fontanili|url=http://www.parcodelrugareto.it/index.asp?p=56|language=it|website=parcodelrugareto.it|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129150103/http://www.parcodelrugareto.it/index.asp?p=56|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> A thin layer of [[humus]] also used to coat the valley, rendering it a [[moorland]] useless to [[agriculture]].{{sfn|Agnoletto|1992|p=99}} === Hydrography === [[File:Olona river Legnano.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Olona]] River in Legnano.]] Legnano is crossed by the [[Olona]] River, which cuts Legnano into two nearly equally sized portions. The Olona has a number of deviations both natural, such as the {{ill|Olonella|it}}, located near [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle]], and artificial. The latter of these are the diversionary channels and [[levee]]s that encase much of the river as it flows through Legnano, especially around the former {{ill|Cantoni cotton mill|it|Cotonificio Cantoni|lt=Cantoni}} and {{ill|Dell'Acqua cotton mill|it|Cotonificio Dell'Acqua|lt=Dell'Acqua}} cotton mills. These were built because the Olona was prone to damaging [[flood]]s,{{sfn|Macchione|Gavinelli|1998|pp=26, 49}}{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=188–95}} but consequently made the Olona one of the most [[Water pollution|polluted rivers]] in Italy. The pollution of the river is gradually lessening, however,<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Olona, fiume dell'EXPO, adesso può tornare a vivere|url=http://www.consorziofiumeolona.org/dettaglio.asp?id_articolo=374&id_categoria=Rassegna%20stampa|language=it|website=consorziofiumeolona.org|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Piano di governo del territorio 2010|url=http://www.comune.legnano.mi.it/get_content/getfile.cfm?id=6661|language=it|website=legnano.mi.it|publisher=City of Legnano|format=CFM|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> while the last damaging flood occurred on 13 September 1995,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rotondo|first=Roberto|title=Maltempo, Varese sott'acqua – Esonda l'Olona|url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/14_luglio_29/esonda-lago-varese-sott-acqua-sindaco-non-usate-l-auto-d945c56e-172d-11e4-ad95-f737a6cb8946.shtml|work=Milano Corriere|date=29 July 2014|language=it|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> and the last in chronological order occurred in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/14_luglio_29/esonda-lago-varese-sott-acqua-sindaco-non-usate-l-auto-d945c56e-172d-11e4-ad95-f737a6cb8946.shtml|title=Maltempo, Varese sott'acqua – Esonda l'Olona|date=29 July 2014|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> For the vast majority of the city's stretch, the waterway is pernilted into [[levee]] or stone embankments, which were built to minimize flooding. The Olona, before the construction of embankments and [[drainage]] channels, was in fact a river that scourged with frequent floods the areas it crosses.{{sfn|Macchione|Gavinelli|1998|p=49}} In the past there were deviations of the course of the river: natural, such as the Olonella, and artificial, such as the canals and the disclaimed by the peasants. The latter were necessary to reach, for [[irrigation]] purposes, the land farthest from the Olona. The extraction of water from the river, and more generally the activities related to the exploitation of the Olona, were regulated, over the centuries, by contracts and regulations.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=188–195}} === Urban planning === [[File:Mosaico Di Via Dei Bambini - Legnano.jpg|thumb|The mosaic of ''via dei bambini'', located on the area once belonging to the Cantons cotton mill. In the background, the church of San Domenico.]] The urban fabric of Legnano has developed around the [[old town]]; its growth was influenced by three barriers: the [[Olona]] River, the ''strada statale del Sempione'' and the [[Domodossola–Milan railway]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=347}} The city was the protagonist of a progressive [[urbanization]] that led to a considerable expansion of the population center.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=347–357}} At the origin of this phenomenon was the birth of many [[Industry (economics)|industries]] that attracted workers from different parts of Italy. As can be seen from the [[Demographic transition|demographic evolution]], between 1871 and 1921 the population of Legnano quadrupled. Due to the need for water, the mussel industries born in the 19th century sprung up along the shores of the Olona.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=347}} As a result, the new residential districts have occupied the free areas beyond the river valley. As a result of the growth of Legnano, the companies have built their locations more and more on the outskirts. Then, the various [[Financial crisis|economic crises]] that followed in the decades of the 20th century led to the birth of many [[Brownfield land|brownfield sites]] that are recovering.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=352}} The most important urban intervention, which was carried out at the beginning of the 21st century, was the recovery from the former [[Cotonificio Cantoni]], an area of 110,000 square meters that was destined to [[Residential area|residential]] and [[commercial area]]. === Historical subdivisions === In Legnano there is a historical subdivision into [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]]. The historic neighborhoods of Legnano are ''Mazzafame'', ''Ponzella'', ''Frati'', ''Olmina'', ''Canazza'', ''Gabinella'', ''Legnanello'', ''Colli di Sant'Erasmo'' and ''Costa San Giorgio''. The part of the town to the west of the railway is called ''oltrestazione'', while the part to the east of the ''strada statale del Sempione'' is called ''oltresempione''. The [[Contrade of Legnano|eight historical ''contrade'']] competing at the [[Palio di Legnano]] are ''[[Bernardino of Siena|San Bernardino]]'', ''La Flora'', ''Legnarello'',{{efn|''Legna<u>n</u>ello'' is the [[Neighbours|neighbour]], ''Legna<u>r</u>ello'' is the ''contrada''}} ''[[Saint Dominic|San Domenico]]'', ''[[Saint Magnus of Anagni|San Magno]]'', ''[[Martin of Tours|San Martino]]'', ''[[Ambrose|Sant'Ambrogio]]'' and ''[[Erasmus of Formia|Sant'Erasmo]]''. == Climate == [[File:Castello Di San Giorgio Nella Nebbia.jpg|thumb|left|Fog at the [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle of Legnano]].]] According to {{ill|Climatic classification of Italian comunes|it|Classificazione climatica dei comuni italiani|lt=the climatic classification of Italian ''comunes''}}, Legnano is in Zone E with a rating of 2451 GR/G.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classificazione climatica Lombardia, dati Confedilizia|url=http://www.confedilizia.it/clima-LOMBARDIA%202.htm|language=it|website=confedilizia.it|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125012837/http://www.confedilizia.it/clima-LOMBARDIA%202.htm|archive-date=25 January 2015}}</ref> Due to its location in the upper [[Po Valley]], Legnano has a [[Continental climate]] with cold winters characterized by many days of snowfall and fog. Summers are hot humid, and moderately wet; temperatures can exceed {{convert|30|C|F}} and humidity 80%. That humidity persists for the entire year because of precipitation brought on by [[cyclone]]s originating in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] or in the [[Far North (Russia)|Russian north]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Il clima della Lombardia|url=http://www.centrometeoitaliano.it/clima-lombardia/|language=it|publisher=Centro Meteo Italiano|website=centrometeoitaliano.it|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031607/http://www.centrometeoitaliano.it/clima-lombardia/|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> That precipitation itself remains in the [[Po Valley]] because of its poor ventilation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlante Eolico dell'Italia|url=http://www.ricercadisistema.it/pagine/notiziedoc/61/index.htm|language=it|publisher=[[University of Genoa]]|date=November 2002|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315101043/http://www.ricercadisistema.it/pagine/notiziedoc/61/index.htm|archive-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> Data from the {{ill|Milan Malpensa meteorological station|it|Stazione meteorologica di Milano Malpensa}} indicates that, based on the more than thirty years (1961–1990) of reference accumulated by the [[World Meteorological Organization]], that the average temperature of the Milan area the coldest month, January, is {{convert|-4|C|F}} and that of the hottest month, July, is {{convert|28|C|F}}. Rainfall averages at {{convert|1000|mm|in|adj=on}} and has peaks in spring and autumn, countered by a relative drop during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Milano-Malpensa|url=http://www.eurometeo.com/italian/climate/city_LIMC/meteo_Milano-Malpensa|website=eurometeo.com|language=it|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tabelle e grafici climatici|url=http://www.meteoam.it/|language=it|website=meteoam.it|publisher=[[Italian Ministry of Defense]]|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> The basic climatic data of Legnano are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/IY.html|title=Medie climatiche 1961–1990|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurometeo.com/italian/climate|title=Dati climatologici medi|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteoam.it|title=Tabelle e grafici climatici|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Milano Malpensa |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 21.0 |Feb record high C = 24.4 |Mar record high C = 25.4 |Apr record high C = 28.0 |May record high C = 30.7 |Jun record high C = 34.3 |Jul record high C = 37.0 |Aug record high C = 35.8 |Sep record high C = 33.9 |Oct record high C = 28.1 |Nov record high C = 22.8 |Dec record high C = 21.1 |Jan high C = 6.1 |Feb high C = 8.6 |Mar high C = 13.1 |Apr high C = 17.0 |May high C = 21.3 |Jun high C = 25.5 |Jul high C = 28.6 |Aug high C = 27.6 |Sep high C = 24.0 |Oct high C = 18.2 |Nov high C = 11.2 |Dec high C = 6.9 |Jan mean C = |Feb mean C = |Mar mean C = |Apr mean C = |May mean C = |Jun mean C = |Jul mean C = |Aug mean C = |Sep mean C = |Oct mean C = |Nov mean C = |Dec mean C = |Jan low C = -4.4 |Feb low C = -2.5 |Mar low C = 0.4 |Apr low C = 4.3 |May low C = 9.0 |Jun low C = 12.6 |Jul low C = 15.3 |Aug low C = 14.8 |Sep low C = 11.5 |Oct low C = 6.4 |Nov low C = 0.7 |Dec low C = -3.6 |Jan record low C = -18.0 |Feb record low C = -15.6 |Mar record low C = -12.2 |Apr record low C = -6.1 |May record low C = -5.2 |Jun record low C = 0.6 |Jul record low C = 4.7 |Aug record low C = 4.7 |Sep record low C = 0.5 |Oct record low C = -5.3 |Nov record low C = -13.6 |Dec record low C = -15.2 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 67.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 77.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 99.7 |Apr precipitation mm = 106.3 |May precipitation mm = 132.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 93.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 66.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 97.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 73.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 107.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 106.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 54.6 |Jan humidity = 78 |Feb humidity = 76 |Mar humidity = 69 |Apr humidity = 73 |May humidity = 74 |Jun humidity = 74 |Jul humidity = 74 |Aug humidity = 73 |Sep humidity = 74 |Oct humidity = 77 |Nov humidity = 80 |Dec humidity = 80 |Jan precipitation days = 6 |Feb precipitation days = 6 |Mar precipitation days = 8 |Apr precipitation days = 9 |May precipitation days = 10 |Jun precipitation days = 9 |Jul precipitation days = 6 |Aug precipitation days = 8 |Sep precipitation days = 6 |Oct precipitation days = 7 |Nov precipitation days = 8 |Dec precipitation days = 6 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan snow days = |Feb snow days = |Mar snow days = |Apr snow days = |May snow days = |Jun snow days = |Jul snow days = |Aug snow days = |Sep snow days = |Oct snow days = |Nov snow days = |Dec snow days = |Jan sun = |Feb sun = |Mar sun = |Apr sun = |May sun = |Jun sun = |Jul sun = |Aug sun = |Sep sun = |Oct sun = |Nov sun = |Dec sun = |source 1 = |source 2 = |date = June 2019}} == Toponymy == [[File:Ritrovamenti epoca romana (I sec. d.C.) (2).JPG|thumb|left|Roman finds, dating to the 1st century AD, discovered in Legnano in 1925–26. They are preserved at the [[Museo civico Guido Sutermeister]] in Legnano.]] The [[toponymy]] of the name "Legnano" is uncertain, as the early settlement was known by several names, but it is obvious that Legnano's name is older than that of the surrounding municipalities. "Legnano" could have originated as a [[predial adjective]], formed from the name of the most prominent [[Land tenure|landowner]] in the area. In Legnano's case, this landowner's name could have been ''Lemennius'' or ''Limenius'', to which was adjoined the [[suffix]] -''anum''. This land ownership was more extensive than the modern ''comune'' of Legnano having a surface corresponding to his modern urban area, the "[[Legnanese (region)|Legnanese]]".{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=17–18}} This would confirm the complete [[Romanization (cultural)|Latinization]] of the Legnano area around 1st century [[Anno Domini|AD]]; in other places where [[Celts|Celtic]] influence was still substantial, the suffix ''-acum'' would have been used.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=17}} Thus, the ancient name of Legnano became ''Lemoniano'', ''Leminiano'' or ''Lemegniano'', later ''Limnianum'' and finally ''Legnanum''.{{sfn|Dizionario|2006|p=410}}{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=17–18}} Another theory advances that one of the names that Legnano was known by in the [[Middle Age]]s, ''Ledegnanum'', derives from the name for the region, ''Latinanium''. Therefore, any suppositions linking the name of the city to the Celtic toponym ''Lemonianum'' ("place of the [[sacred grove]]") or the predial adjective ''Laenianum'', referring to a potential landowner named ''Laenius'' are false.{{sfn|Dizionario|2006|p=410}} The period of foundation Legnano is unknown: the name would have at least medieval origins.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=17}} According to the most important hypotheses, the genesis of ancient Legnano, whose most likely name is ''Latinanium'', dates back to [[Anno Domini|before the birth of Christ]], in [[Ancient Rome|Roman times]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=20}} == Coat of arms == [[File:Legnano-Stemma.svg|thumb|The coat of arms of Legnano.]] The origin of this [[coat of arms]] can be clearly traced back to a coat of arms reproduced on page 193 of the [[Stemmario Trivulziano]]. In this ancient volume it can be read that the coat of arms of Legnano is very similar to that of [[Stemmario Cremosano]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanmagno.com/origini.php|title=Contrada San Magno – Le origini|language=it|publisher=sanmagno.com|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082725/http://www.sanmagno.com/origini.php|archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> The subject and the colors in the coat of arms of the municipality of Legnano are linked to a [[legend]]. In an unspecified historical period, in today's ''Piazza San Magno'', a large [[Quercus cerris|Turkey oak]]. On the day of the [[patron saint]] [[Magnus (bishop of Milan)|san Magno]], 5 November, a [[farmer]] began to contemplate the tree admiring its ability to withstand frost and snow. The farmer thus expressed a desire to be able to withstand the difficulties of life in the same way. At that moment, san Magno appeared, offering to satisfy man's desire by giving him the vigour, recklessness, and power of a lion. The saint ordered the farmer to kill a rabbit and advance on the snow-soaked ground, where the animal's blood had been shed. The farmer followed orders and then san Magno fulfilled his dream by turning him into a [[lion]]. After the prodigy, the saint suddenly disappeared without appeasing the farmer who asked to return man, thus chastising his pride. The tree and the lion, along with the white of the snow and the red blood of the rabbit, became the symbols of Legnano, and were included in the coat of arms and in the municipal skirt. On 15 August 1924, the municipality of Legnano was granted the [[Town privileges|title of city]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=118}} == History == {{main|History of Legnano}} === Prehistory and Roman times === [[File:Ritrovamenti Cultura di Golasecca recente.JPG|thumb|left|Findings linked to the Culture of Golasecca recent (V sec. BC) found in 1937 in Legnano and preserved at the Museo civico Guido Sutermeister.]] The most ancient evidence of [[Human settlement|settlement]] in Legnano dates to the [[Remedello culture]] (21st–19th centuries BC). Later it was a [[Celts|Celt]]ic center, conquered by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] in the 1st century BC. Since ancient times the inhabitants of Legnano lived on the edge of the river [[Olona Valley]]. These land, higher than the river, were not [[flood]]ed by the regular floods of the waterway.{{sfn|Agnoletto|1992|p=31}} As a result, the most important [[Artifact (archaeology)|archaeological finds]], from [[prehistory]] to Roman rule, were discovered along the edges of the Olona valley; these finds mainly refer to [[Burial|inhumations]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=9}}{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=278}} The oldest [[Decorative arts|furnishings]] found in Legnano are fragments of a vase that can be traced back to Remedello's culture.{{sfn|Di Maio|1998|p=85}} They were born between 1926 and 1928 near the border between [[Castellanza]] and Legnano, dating from between [[34th century BC]] and 22nd century BC.{{sfn|Di Maio|1998|p=83}} [[Bronze]]s dating back to the 4th century BC and 1st century BC (linked to [[La Tène culture]]) have been found from an archaeological site near the ''strada statale del Sempione''.<ref name="istituzionale"/> The ancient ''[[vicus]]'' of ''Legnanum'', which belonged to the ''[[regio XI Transpadana]]'', one of [[Italy's Augustean regions]], was connected to the surrounding areas through important communication routes, the most important of which was a [[Roman roads|Roman road]] built in the 1st century AD, the ''[[Via Severiana Augusta]]'', which skirted the Olona River at the modern ''strada statale del Sempione'', which connected ancient ''[[Mediolanum]]'' (the modern [[Milan]]o) to [[Lake Maggiore]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=2014|title=Di città in città – Insediamenti, strade e vie d'acqua da Milano alla Svizzera lungo la Mediolanum-Verbannus|url=http://www.archeologica.lombardia.beniculturali.it/getFile.php?id=239|journal=Soprintendenza Archeologia della Lombardia|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> The most important Roman-era finds were discovered in 1925 in a [[necropolis]] in the east of the city.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=10}} The necropolis contained [[coin]]s, [[Plate (dishware)|plates]], [[cup]]s, [[glass]]es, [[balsamar]]i, [[mirror]]s, and iron utensils.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=10}} Other tombs dating back to the same period were found in 1985 near the old town,{{sfn|Ferrarini|Stadiotti|2003|p=39}} while other archaeological excavations revealed late Roman objects.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=10}} This kit consisted of [[pebble]]s, [[Knife|knives]], [[razor]]s and [[buckle]]s. All these objects are on display in the [[Museo civico Guido Sutermeister]].{{sfn|Volonté|Cattaneo|2014|pp=1–35}} === Middle Ages === [[File:Mappa Legnano 1850.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|A map of Legnano from 1850: it can still see the two inhabitants of Legnano (on the left) and Legnanello (on the left) at the time still distinct and divided by the Olona and the Olonella. The two towns then settled into a single urban conglomerate with the construction expansion of the 20th century.{{efn|See the two [[topographic map]]s of Legnano (dated 1925 and 1938) which are present in the text of D'Ilario, Gianazza, Marinoni and Turri (1984) at p. 352 and p. 353.}}]] The first document received on the history of Legnano concerns the [[Neighbours|quartier]] of ''Legnanello''.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=17}}{{sfn|Agnoletto|1992|p=31}} This act, which refers to a [[trade]] in land located in the small neighbour, is dated 23 October 789.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=17}}{{sfn|Agnoletto|1992|p=31}} Within this written testimony can be read:{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=17}}{{sfn|Agnoletto|1992|p=31}} {{Blockquote |text = [...] ''curtem proprietatis nostre in Leunianello'' [...] |source = Longobard diplomatic code, LIV number }} This written testimony in English means "[...] with our properties in ''Legnanello'' [...]". It seems that ''Legnanello'' existed as early as 687, when the religious celebration of the [[Candlemas]] (the ''Candelora'') began, introduced by [[Pope Sergius I]], who officiated every 2 February.<ref>{{cite journal|last=D'Ilario|first=Giorgio|title= La chiesa della Purificazione (oggi S. Rita) per tre secoli utilizzata come Parrocchia|url=http://www.legnano.org/reteciv/martinella/chiese/srita.htm|journal=La Martinella|volume= 8|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070526223744/http://www.legnano.org/reteciv/martinella/chiese/srita.htm|archive-date=26 May 2007|access-date=9 May 2014|language=it}}</ref> The first mention of the main settlement of Legnano is related to the capture of [[Arialdo]], head of the [[pataria]], which took place inside the [[castle of the Cotta]] in Legnano, that was built in 10th century and demolished in 13th/14th century{{sfn|Autori vari|2015|p=17}} (this fortification was one of military outpost of [[Lombard League]] during the [[Battle of Legnano]], fought on 29 May 1176). [[File:The battle of Legnano (1859-1870), by Amos Cassioli.jpg|thumb|left|The defense of the [[Carroccio]] during the Battle of Legnano by [[Amos Cassioli]] (1860)]] On the ''Historia Mediolanensis'' written by [[Landulf Junior]] in the 11th century which deals with the history of [[Milan]] in the Middle Ages, it can in fact be read that Arialdo was captured:{{sfn|Autori vari|2015|p=17}} {{Blockquote |text = [...] ''iuxta locum Legnani'' [...] |source = Historia Mediolanensis }} This testimony in English means "[...] near ''Legnano'' [...]". [[Leone da Perego]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Bishop of Milan]] from 1241 to 1257, also stayed in Legnano. He lived in the palace of the same name, [[Palazzo Leone da Perego]], where he died on 14 October 1257. At first he was buried in the [[Church of Sant'Ambrogio, Legnano|Church of Sant'Ambrogio]], but then the body disappeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milanoggi.it/legnano/chiesa_ambrogio.htm|title=Chiesa di San'Ambrogio|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025214/http://www.milanoggi.it/legnano/chiesa_ambrogio.htm|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> In 1258, the community of Legnano approved its first statutes, a deliberation that formally gave birth to the municipality of modern Legnano.{{sfn|Ferrarini|Stadiotti|2003|p=56}} [[File:Battle of Legnano 1176-05-29.gif|thumb|upright=1.8|A video showing the stages of the Battle of Legnano, highlighting the movements of the troops]] In April 1273, the [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle of Legnano]] hosted the royals [[Edward I of England]] and [[Eleanor of Castile]] on their way back from their trip to the [[Middle East]].{{sfn|Ferrarini|Stadiotti|2003|p=57}}{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=222–223}} [[Bonvesin da la Riva]], the greatest poet and writer of Lombardy in the 13th century and one of the exponent more prominent of the didactic poetic movement of northern Italy, lived in the city until 1288. The literary man described Legnano with these verses:<ref name="istituzionale"/> {{Blockquote |text = [...] ''Among all the cities of Lombardy is lauded as the rose or lily among the flowers, such as cedar in Lebanon, as the lion among the quadrupeds, like the eagle among the birds, so as to appear as the sun among the celestial bodies, for the fertility of the soil and the availability of the necessities fundamental for the men '' [...] |author = Bonvesin de la Riva }} In the [[Middle Age]]s, the city was the location of the [[Battle of Legnano]] in which [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick I]] was defeated by the [[Lombard League]] (1176). Because of the historic [[Battle of Legnano|victory of the Lombard League over Frederick Barbarossa]], it is the only town other than [[Rome]] named in the [[Il Canto degli Italiani|Italian national anthem]] ("[...] ''Dall'Alpi a Sicilia dovunque è Legnano'' [...]", en. "From the [[Alps]] to [[Sicily]], Legnano is everywhere").<ref name="quirinale"/> Every year the people of Legnano commemorate the battle with [[Palio di Legnano]]. In the institutional sphere, on 29 May, the date of the battle of Legnano, it was chosen as the regional holiday of Lombardy.<ref name="festa"/> Although the presence of the enemy in the surroundings was already known to both sides, they met suddenly without having time to plan any [[strategy]]. The Battle of Legnano was crucial in the long war waged by the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman German Empire]] to try to assert its power over the municipalities of northern Italy, who decided to put aside each other's rivalries by allied themselves in a military-led union symbolically by [[Pope Alexander III]], the [[Lombard League]], whose symbol was the [[Carroccio]]. The battle ended the fifth and final descent into Italy of Emperor Federico Barbarossa, who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by attempting the [[Diplomatics|diplomatic]] approach. This resulted a few years later in the [[peace of Constance]] (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League by granting administrative, political and judicial concessions to the municipalities and officially ending his attempt to hegemonize Northern Italy. === From 13th century to 15th century === [[File:La Colombera (Legnano).JPG|thumb|The fifteenth-century Torre Colombera.]] Already in the [[Middle Age]]s Legnano was not considered a village, but a ''borgo'', a denomination reserved in Italy for ''[[Comune|comuni]]'' with a market and a [[fortification]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=41}} These infrastructures generally stood in the most populous centers and also served the neighboring centers. During the [[Renaissance]], Legnano was dominated by several [[Nobility|noble families]]. The main ones were the Lampugnani, Vismara, [[Visconti of Milan|Visconti]], Crivelli, Maino and Caimi.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=54}} During the 15th century Legnano was enriched with many noble dwellings, which built to the Visconti Castle of Legnano, that replaced in the role of fortification of the ''borgo'' the already mentioned [[castle of the Cotta]], and the Palazzo Leone da Perego, that was built by the eponymous archbishop. The only civil built in the 15th century that has not been demolished is ''Torre Colombera'', which is now located between ''corso Garibaldi'' and ''via Del Gigante'', near the [[Church of San Domenico, Legnano|Church of San Domenico]], embedded in a building over the street.<ref name="provincia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/altomilanese/alto_milanese_da_vivere/TURISMO/Legnano.html|title=Legnano sul Portale dell'Altomilanese della Provincia di Milano|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117165927/http://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/altomilanese/alto_milanese_da_vivere/TURISMO/Legnano.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> In 1549 the population, decimated by the [[Plague (disease)|plague epidemics]] of 1529 and of 1540, was 576 inhabitants, spread to 184 families.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=55}} Already in these centuries the agriculture was very diverse. The main crops were [[cereal]]s ([[Proso millet|millet]] and [[wheat]]), [[Vitis|grapevine]] and [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]], which is the basis of the breeding of [[Bombyx mori|silkworms]]. In addition to cereal farming, the [[wood economy]] was also based on livestock [[farm]]ing and [[craft]]s.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=55–56}} The construction of the [[convent]]s and most of the churches of Legnano, on the other hand, dates back to the [[Counter-Reformation]]: the noble families of the time competed to win the favor of the Milanese archbishops by tying their name to works of [[Charity (practice)|charity]] or to works for the benefit of the community.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=50}} === From 16th century to 19th century === [[File:Mulino arcivescovile (Legnano).JPG|thumb|left|The demolished ''Mulino Arcivescovile'' in Legnano in 1849.]] The hallmark of the 18th and 19th centuries was the construction of many [[Olona mills|watermills along the Olona]]. In the period of maximum expansion of the activity of watermills, in Legnano, seventeen mills could be counted, exploiting the driving force of the Olona river. The last seven in Legnano were demolished between the 19th and 20th centuries to be replaced by more modern plants, which exploited the driving force of the Olona river more efficiently.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=197–200}} The low incomes that were provided by the [[Agriculture|agricultural]] and [[livestock]] economy of these centuries stimulated the peasants to integrate the use in the fields with other jobs, in which women also participated during the day. In the evening, the farmers became [[Spinning (textiles)|spinners]] and [[Weaving|weavers]] of [[silk]], [[wool]] and [[cotton]], as well as [[Dyeing|dyers]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=84}} [[File:Legnano - corso Garibaldi - cartolina.jpg|thumb|''Corso Garibaldi'' to ''Piazza San Magno'' in Legnano. On the extreme left, the balcony from which [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] spoke to the ''legnanesi'' urging them to erect a monument to remember the [[Battle of Legnano]], which was later built.]] During the [[Napoleonic era]], a work was enhanced that would be decisive, together with the [[artisan]]al activities above, for the birth of industries. The government improved the ''strada statale del Sempione'' road that connected [[Milan]] with [[Paris]] on the [[Rho, Lombardy|Rho]] – Legnano – [[Gallarate]] – [[Arona, Piedmont|Arona]] – [[Domodossola]] – [[Brig-Glis|Brig]] crossing the [[Alps]]. Nowadays in Legnano the ''strada statale del Sempione'' still exists. This important communication route also greatly contributed to the strategic importance of Legnano, the second [[mail]] station from Milan.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=83}} In the 19th century the municipal administration of Legnano was governed by large landowners and members of the wealthiest [[bourgeoisie]]. She was often forced to intervene to dictate rules on agriculture, [[grazing]] and land protection, and to resolve heated disputes between farmers and [[miller]]s, especially during lean Olona river periods.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=87}} On 16 June 1862, from a balcony of a building no longer existing (there was later built the headquarters of the [[Banca di Legnano]]), Giuseppe Garibaldi urged the ''legnanesi'' to build a monument in memory of the famous battle of 29 May 1176.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=96}} The municipality of Legnano, stimulated by the speech of Garibaldi, erected a statue in honor of the battle, initially created by the sculptor Egidio Pozzi and then replaced in 1900 by the nowadays [[Monument to the Warrior of Legnano]], which is the work of Enrico Butti{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=98}} and that it is often mistakenly associated with the legendary [[Lombard League]] leader [[Alberto da Giussano]].{{sfn|Grillo|2010|p=155}} In 1882 the city was invaded by a disastrous flood of the Olona: for the courageous and [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] actions of its inhabitants, as can be read in the motivation of the honor, Legnano was awarded the [[Award for Civil Valor|Gold Medal of Civil Valor]].<ref name="onorificenza">{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=4093|title=Legnano – Bandiera del Municipio|access-date=9 May 2014|publisher=quirinale.it}}</ref> * [[File:Valor civile gold medal BAR.svg|100px]] Gold Medal for Civil Valor. === Industrialisation === [[File:Stabilimento-tessitura-dell'acqua.JPG|thumb|left|Cotonificio Dell'Acqua in Legnano.]] The first documented [[manufacturing]] activities date back to the 12th century and are linked to the [[Industrial processes|processing]] of [[wool]] in [[convent]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legnano.org/default.cfm?docs=profilo%2Feconomico.htm|title=Profilo economico|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=10 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027124548/http://www.legnano.org/default.cfm?docs=profilo%2Feconomico.htm|archive-date=27 October 2007}}</ref> while the first [[Proto-industrialization|proto-industrial]] activities, in the modern sense of the term, arose around 1830, with the opening of the nucleus of [[Cotonificio Cantoni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legnano.org/homepage/framer.cfm?link=%2Freteciv%2Fcantoni%2Fintro.htm|title=Il dado è tratto|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=10 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202104714/http://www.legnano.org/homepage/framer.cfm?link=%2Freteciv%2Fcantoni%2Fintro.htm|archive-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> The process of industrialization in Legnano lasted from 1820 to 1880. The secular traditions of [[Workmanship#Workmanship and craftsmanship|craftsmanship]] and home [[craft]]ing, practiced to integrate work in the fields, played a decisive role in the [[Industrial Revolution|birth of the industry]] in Legnano. The [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]] soured in the first decades of the 19th century then [[History of industrialisation|turned into real industries]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=101}} Some of them grew steadily to become among the main [[cotton mill]]s in [[Lombardy]]. Legnano was ideal for opening up [[textile]] industries thanks to the presence of important communication routes and that of the Olona River, which provided the energy necessary to move the [[Water wheel|hydraulic wheels]] before the installation of [[steam engine]]s. By the second half of the 19th century, the [[Wood industry|timber companies]] achieved a wider production, thanks in part to the technological improvement that led some industries to have an importance that transcended national borders.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=101–102}} Among the Legnano's industries, the main, for organization and technology, was the Cotonificio Cantoni, according to an 1876 document kept in the archive of the municipality of Legnano.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=101}} Among the largest companies operating in Legnano between the 19th and 20th centuries were, in addition to those already mentioned, the [[Cotonificio Bernocchi]], [[Cotonificio Dell'Acqua]], [[De Angeli-Frua]], the [[Manifattura di Legnano]], the mechanical companies [[Franco Tosi Meccanica]], the [[Mario Pensotti]] and [[Andrea Pensotti]], the [[FIAL]], who mainly produced cars, and the cycling company [[Legnano (company)|Legnano]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=102–106}} Some of these industrialists also made contributions to the construction of the hospital and high schools. [[File:Stazione tranvia Milano-Gallarate a Legnano.jpg|thumb|The Milan-Gallarate tramway in Legnano]] Between 1885 and 1915, the original [[Agriculture|agricultural economy]] of Legnano finally became an industrial system.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=102}} However, industrial development led to an agricultural crisis in the area, as many [[farmer]]s abandoned their activities in the fields to work in the factories of Legnano. At the turn of the two centuries there was therefore a strong industrial and [[Commerce|commercial]] development. For this expansion, the infrastructure for the transport of people and [[goods]] was very important. Next to the ''strada statale del Sempione'' was built the [[Train station|railway station]] of Legnano along the [[Domodossola–Milan railway]] line and, along the latter, the Milan-Gallarate tramway, which connected Legnano to Milan. The Milan-Gallarate tramway was later abolished in the second half of the 20th century.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|pp=289–292}} During the [[industrialisation]] of Legnano there was a large use of child labor. In the early 1980s, the first [[Strike action|strikes]] were organized in the industry, while the first [[Trade union|working-class societies]] were born.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=103}} === 20th century === ==== World War I ==== [[File:Palazzo Malinverni (Municipio di Legnano).JPG|thumb|[[Palazzo Malinverni]], Legnano town hall. It was built from 1908 to 1909 in the medieval style.]] In 1915, when [[Italy]] entered into [[World War I]], Legnano had a population of 28,757.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=108}} Between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, there was a strong population increase due to [[immigration]], driven by the development of industry, which constituted a lure of workers and service workers. During the war, the industries of Legnano also converted their plants for the production of war supplies. Franco Tosi Meccanica, in particular, helped equip the [[Royal Italian Army]]'s [[artillery]] units. Two natural disasters, in 1917, worsened the situation caused by the war: the epidemic of [[Spanish flu]], which mowed down the population, and a devastating flood of the Olona River, which broke the embankments and invaded the town.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=116}} ==== Between the two world wars ==== [[File:"Quella casa in fondo al parco".jpg|thumb|left|View of one of the building of the former sanatorio Regina Elena.]] At the end of the World War I, in 1918, Legnano was also embroiled in deep social tensions that led, at the national level, into the ''[[Biennio Rosso]]'' period first and then [[fascism]]. The first groups inspired by the political movement founded by [[Benito Mussolini]] were formed in 1920.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=115}} In the early post-war years, the timber industry resumed its strong growth which had characterized it until before the outbreak of the conflict;{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=116}} this development took place despite the transformation of the Italian economy from [[Economic liberalism|liberal]] to [[Corporatism|corporate]]. In addition to the growth of the [[Textile industry|textile]] and [[Mechanics|mechanical]] industries, in 1927 the company Emilio Bozzi took over the bicycle construction business from Franco Tosi Meccanica, relaunching the [[Legnano (company)|brand Legnano]]. [[File:Centrale termoelettrica Regina Margherita Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg|thumb|[[Thermal power station Regina Margherita]], exposed to the [[Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]] in [[Milan]]. It was built by Franco Tosi Meccanica in 1895.]] The [[sanatorio Regina Elena]] is linked to two visits by members of the royal family: on 19 June 1924 by [[Margherita of Savoy]] on the occasion of the inauguration of the structure and on 27 April 1925 by King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]], who visited the complex.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=112}} According to a 1927 census, the population of Legnano was about 30,000, with 677 industrial and artisanal [[Factory|establishments]]. The workforce consisted of 9,926 textile plant employees, 4,056 mechanical factory workers, 1,762 employees in commerce, [[credit]], [[insurance]] and other services, and 287 workers in [[transport]]ation and [[communication]]s.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=118}} The constant economic growth and strong population growth (Legnano passed, from 1881 to 1924, from 8,098 to 29,117 inhabitants) led to the [[Town privileges|elevation of the municipality to the city]], which was conferred by [[Decree|royal decree]] on 15 August 1924 by king Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=118}} * [[File:Corona di città.svg|70px]] ''Titolo di Città'' (en. "[[Town privileges|title of city]]"). During fascism, many public works were conceived, designed and performed. The most important one that touched Legnano was the first section of the [[Autostrada dei Laghi]], connecting to the time [[Milan]] with [[Gallarate]]. It was inaugurated on 20 September 1923 in the presence of king Victor Emmanuel III. It was the first [[Controlled-access highway|motorway]] built in the world, and was designed by the engineer [[Piero Puricelli]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=118}} In May 1935, the first edition of the [[Palio di Legnano]] was organized to commemorate the victory of the municipalities of the [[Lombard League]] against [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]] in the [[Battle of Legnano]] of 29 May 1176.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=118}} ==== World War II ==== [[File:Sfilata storica - Palio di Legnano 1939 (2).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Reggimento "Savoia Cavalleria" (3º)|Reggimento "Savoia Cavalleria"]]'' as the [[Company of Death]] for the [[Palio di Legnano]] 1939.]] In 1940 Italy entered the [[World War II]] alongside [[Nazi Germany]], and the events of the war were also reflected in Legnano. Many soldiers died on the battlefield, and the effects of deprivation became more acute as the months and years passed. The industries of Legnano were converted for [[Arms industry|military orders]]. On the night of 13–14 August 1943, planes dropped bombs on the town, resulting in a dozen deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altomilaneseinrete.it/notizie/2009/08/14_1.htm|title=Legnano 1943 – 2009|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025912/http://www.altomilaneseinrete.it/notizie/2009/08/14_1.htm|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> The decisive turning point of the war was the [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice of 8 September 1943]] between Italy and the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. The next day, German [[Armored car (military)|armoured cars]] began menacing lytry through the streets of Legnano. The industry of Legnano, now controlled by the [[Nazism|Nazis]], began supplying the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] with the artifacts needed to continue the war.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=122}} In October 1943, the first armed teams made up of workers, students and soldiers were formed in Legnano, and in neighbouring countries after 8 September. The [[Italian resistance movement|partisan brigades]] "Carroccio" were formed, [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]-inspired, "Garibaldi", of [[Socialism|socialist]]-[[Communism|communist]] extraction, and some autonomous compatriots, among them the "Sicilia". The "Carroccio" and "Garibaldi" operated together with the partisan compatriots of Northern Italy under the provisions of the [[National Liberation Committee]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=122}} Legnano is one of the cities decorated after the war, having been awarded the Bronze [[Medal of Military Valor]] for the sacrifices of its people and for its activity in the partisan struggle during [[World War II]].<ref name="onorificenza2">{{cite web|url=http://www.istitutonastroazzurro.it/comunedilegnano.html|title=Istituto del Nastro Azzurro – Istituzioni Decorate di Medaglia di Bronzo al Valor Militare – Comune di Legnano|language=it|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> * [[File:Valor militare bronze medal BAR.svg|100px]] Bronze Medal for War Valor. ==== From the end of World War II to 21st century==== [[File:Manifattura di Legnano.jpg|thumb|left|A glimpse of the ''legnanese'' plant of the Manifattura di Legnano.]] After the war Legnano was hit, like the rest of Italy, by the severe [[Recession|economic recession]] following the conflict. Basic food was insufficient, public transport was limited and roads were rough. On 2 May 1945, for the first time [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|since the fascist dictatorship]], the municipal council met. The time for a return to democracy and reconstruction, after the destruction of the war, was long and tiring.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=126}} After regularized national political life, Legnano's economy returned to growth, resuming the strength of the period before the World War II. During Italy's strong economic growth during the economic boom, Legnano achieved, between 1951 and 1961, the Italian record of the highest [[employment]] index in [[Industrial sector|industry]] compared to the total population (65.2%), second after [[Sesto San Giovanni]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=127}}{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=140}} The golden age of the Legnano industry began at the beginning of the 20th century and ended in the 1960s. The [[crisis]] progressively worsened, damaging the economy, employment and the industrial fabric. Many companies closed, especially in [[Textile industry|textiles]], [[clothing]] and [[footwear]], and many others were involved in a downsizing process, such as [[Franco Tosi Meccanica]]. The latter is the only major timber industry still active having closed its doors, in 2014, Giovanni Crespi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilgiorno.it/legnano/crespi-fallita-buscate-1.239286|title=Buscate, la Crespi è fallita: 150 operai senza lavoro|language=it|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Attempts were made to target the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=135}} In 1977 in Legnano was founded [[Antenna 3 Lombardia]] that was, that time, the most important private TV station in Italy.These alternative fields did not, however, lead to a sufficient rate of development to make up for the closure of large industrial activities. An exception to this dynamic was the foundation in Legnano, in 1985, of the fashion company [[Dolce & Gabbana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dolce-gabbana_(Dizionario-di-Economia-e-Finanza)/|title=Dolce & Gabbana|language=it|access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> A phase began with the birth of small businesses.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=131}} These processes continue to this day, making [[Legnanese (region)|Legnanese]] a highly developed and industrialised area. == Main sights == [[File:Legnano banner Castle.JPG|thumb|750px|center|View of [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle of Legnano]].]] === Religious architecture === [[File:Palazzo Malinvenri con chiesa S. magno.jpg|thumb|Basilica di San Magno and Palazzo Malinverni.]] [[File:S Ambrogio Legnano.jpg|thumb|Church of Sant'Ambrogio.]] [[File:Castello Di San Giorgio - Verso Sera.jpg|thumb|Castello Visconteo of Legnano.]] [[File:Alberto Da Giussano Statua.jpg|thumb|Monument to the Warrior of Legnano.]] [[File:Palazzo Leone da Perego (Legnano) - facciata principale 2.JPG|thumb|Palazzo Leone da Perego.]] [[File:Cimitero Monumentale Legnano.jpg|thumb|Cimitero monumentale di Legnano.]] [[File:Museo Civico "Guido Sutermeister" (Legnano) 2.JPG|thumb|Museo civico Guido Sutermeister.]] [[File:Ospizio di Sant'Erasmo (Legnano).JPG|thumb|Ospizio Sant'Erasmo.]] [[File:Palazzo Italia Legnano.JPG|thumb|Palazzo Italia.]] [[File:Gallerie Cantoni di Legnano.JPG|thumb|The "Gallerie Cantoni" shopping centre in Legnano, which is partly made from the former factories of the cotton mill of the same name.]] [[File:Teatro città di Legnano.JPG|thumb|In the center of the image, the ''Teatro città di Legnano''.]] [[File:Parco Castello Legnano 5.jpg|thumb|Parco castello.]] [[File:Parco Bosco dei Ronchi - Legnano (1).jpg|thumb|Parco Bosco dei Ronchi.]] [[File:Fitness trail of the Parco Alto Milanese park in Legnano.JPG|thumb|Parco Alto Milanese.]] * [[Basilica of San Magno, Legnano|Basilica of San Magno]]. It is dedicated to the [[Magnus (bishop of Milan)|Saint Magnus]], who was [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archbishop of Milan]] from 518 to 530. The church was built from 1504 to 1513 in the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance-style]] and likely design by [[Donato Bramante]]. The [[bell tower]] was added between the years 1752 and 1791. On 18 March 1950, [[Pope Pius XII|Pope Pious XII]] named the Basilica of San Magno a [[minor basilica]]. The interior of the basilica church is adorned with numerous first-class examples of [[Renaissance in Lombardy|Lombard Renaissance]] artwork. Examples are [[Gian Giacomo Lampugnani]]'s [[fresco]]es of the main [[Vault (architecture)|vault]], the remains of 16th century paintings by Evangelista Luini, the frescoes of the main [[chapel]] by [[Bernardino Lanini]], and the [[altarpiece]] by [[Giampietrino]]. The item of greatest significance, however, is a [[polyptych]] by [[Bernardino Luini]] that is widely considered by art historians to be his masterpiece. * [[Church of Sant'Ambrogio, Legnano|Church of Sant'Ambrogio]]. It is the oldest church in the city. The chapel on which the church was built was dedicated to [[Nazarius and Celsus|Saint Nazaro]]. It was later dedicated to [[Ambrose|Saint Ambrose]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archbishop of Milan]] between 374 and 397. The first quotation of a church dedicated to Saint Ambrose in Legnano is contained in a document of 1389 written by Geoffrey da Bussero. * [[Santuario of Madonna delle Grazie, Legnano|Santuario of Madonna delle Grazie]]. It was named after [[Our Lady of Graces]] in 1610 for a miracle against three [[deaf-mute]] boys. In the 16th-century where the [[miracle]] happened was built a chapel then enlarged in the Santuario of Madonna delle Grazie. * [[Santuario of Santa Teresa del Bambin Gesù, Legnano|Santuario of Santa Teresa del Bambin Gesù]]. It is a church-sanctuary of the [[Discalced Carmelites]]. Laying the first stone on 2 October 1931, it was consecrated on 13 September 1933 by cardinal [[Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster]]. He has been a parish priest since 1964. It is dedicated to [[Thérèse of Lisieux]]. * [[Church of Sant'Erasmo, Legnano|Church of Sant'Erasmo]]. The history of the church of Sant'Erasmo is linked to the hospice probably founded by [[Bonvesin da la Riva]], a 13th-century Lombard poet and writer. It was consecrated to [[Erasmus of Formia]] and opened to worship in 1490. * [[Church of San Bernardino, Legnano|Church of San Bernardino]]. It is dedicated to [[Bernardino of Siena]]. Consecrated in the 17th century, it was built on the ruins of an ancient oratory on the proposal of [[Charles Borromeo|Carlo Borromeo]]. The first traces of documents date back to 1650. * [[Church of Santa Rita, Legnano|Church of Santa Rita]]. The first documented reports of the church of Santa Rita (or of the Purificazione, en. "of the [[Candlemas|Purification]]") date back to 1584, when cardinal Carlo Borromeo elevated it to a religious building of reference for the quartier of Legnanello. On 13 August 1898 cardinal [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]] erected it as a [[Priest#Christianity|parish priest]], a function he had until 1902, when the new [[church of Santissimo Redentore, Legnano|church of Santissimo Redentore]] was inaugurated. It is dedicated to [[Rita of Cascia]] * [[Church of San Martino, Legnano|Church of San Martino]]. Today's church of San Martino is from the 15th century, but a building with this name and dedicated to [[Martin of Tours]] was on the list left by the historian [[Geoffrey da Bussero]], dated 1389. The church is therefore a refurbishment building of another much older one. * [[Church of Madonnina dei Ronchi]]. It was built in 1641 after a descendant of Oldrado II Lampugnani gave permission to turn the family chapel into a church. It is located along ''strada statale del Sempione''. It is dedicated to [[Mary, mother of Jesus]]. * [[Church of Santa Maria Maddalena, Legnano|Church of Santa Maria Maddalena]]. It was built in 1728 to give to quartier of Ponzella a church. It was the religious landmark building of the community until 1975 when the church of San Giovanni Battista was consecrated. It is dedicated to [[Mary Magdalene]]. * [[Church of Santi Magi]]. Dedicated to the [[Biblical Magi]], it is a reference to the quartier of Olmina and its construction dates back to the early 18th century. It is located near farmhouses known in legnanese dialect as ''cascina dul Mina'', named after changed in ''cascina Ulmina'' (it. "cascina Olmina"). * [[Church of Santa Teresa d'Ávila]]. Located in the quartier of Mazzafame, it was built between 1728 and 1779. It was built on small oratory (11 x 5.5 m). The exteriors are simple plaster to hide the stone mixed with the [[brick]]s. Worth mentioning is a [[Crucifix|wooden crucifix]], the work of [[County of Tyrol|Tyrolean]] [[craft]]s from the early 1800s, preserved inside the church. There is also a processional crucifix, formerly used for [[Rogation days|rogations]], which bears on the back the dates of the rites and the signatures of those who carried it in procession. It is dedicated to [[Teresa of Ávila]]. * [[Church of Santissimo Redentore, Legnano|Church of Santissimo Redentore]]. It was inaugurated in 1902 in the quartier of Legnanello. Prior to this church, the ward religious community referred from 1603 to the small [[Church of Santa Rita, Legnano|church of Santa Rita or of the Purificazione]]. It is dedicated to [[Salvation in Christianity|Christ the Redeemer]]. * [[Church of San Domenico, Legnano|Church of San Domenico]]. The original idea had been to build a [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]] on the area where the church is located. A priest opposed the plan and began work of church construction in April 1900. It was later dedicated to [[saint Dominic]]. * [[Church of Santi Martiri, Legnano|Church of Santi Martiri]]. Completed in 1910 it became a parish church in 1912 and is dedicated to saints [[Vigilius of Trent|Sisinnius, Martyrius and Alexander]], whose relics were kept in the [[basilica of San Simpliciano]] in [[Milan]]. For this reason is linked to [[Battle of Legnano]] (29 May 1176). === Cemetery === * [[Cimitero monumentale di Legnano]]. It is the most important [[cemetery]] in Legnano. It is located along ''corso Magenta'', on the southern outskirts of the city, and was inaugurated in 1898 and had an initial surface area of 18,942 square meters. The monumental cemetery was expanded in 1907 to an area of 50,000 square meters. : Legnano is also equipped with a cemetery [[park]], which is more recent construction and is located on the outskirts of the city in the modern quartier of San Paolo. Its construction was decided in the 1960s because the monumental cemetery had become insufficient for the needs of the community. It was inaugurated on 15 July 1979, and has an area of 60,000 square meters. === Civil architecture === * [[Castle Visconteo, Legnano]]. It was enlarged by the [[Della Torre]] in 13th century re-using a former [[convent]]. Later it was owned by the Lampugnani family. It is a [[medieval fortification]] located south of Legnano on a natural island of the Olona River. It is also known as Castle of Saint George (lat. ''Castrum Sancti Georgi'') since the 13th century. The architectural complex is located along ''viale Toselli'', between the [[Parco locale del bosco di Legnano|Parco castello]] and ''piazza I Maggio''. In 1277 the building passed to the [[Visconti of Milan|Visconti]] remaining in their possessions until 1437 when it passed to the Lampugnani. In 1798 the castle was purchased by the Cornaggia family. The purchase process by ''comune'' of Legnano ended in 1973, with the acquisition of the castle, the [[watermill]] Cornaggia and 240,000 square meters of surrounding land. * [[Monument to the Warrior of Legnano]]. It is a [[Bronze sculpture|bronze statue]] dedicated to a fighter of the medieval [[battle of Legnano]]. Located in the ''piazza Monumento'', the statue depicts a soldier in a pose that later became famous, with the [[shield]] in his left hand and the [[sword]] raised in his right so as to symbolize the jubilation for the end of the [[Battle of Legnano]] and for the defeat of [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Federico Barbarossa]]. Built by Enrico Butti, it was inaugurated on 29 June 1900. It is often mistakenly attributed to [[Alberto da Giussano]]. * [[Palazzo Leone da Perego]]. It is a historic building in Legnano. It was rebuilt in 1898 with some decorations from the former medieval building of the same name. Located a short walk from [[Basilica of San Magno, Legnano|basilica of San Magno]], it has two entrances, one in ''corso Magenta'' and the other in ''via Girardelli''. It is named after [[Leone da Perego]], archbishop of Milan who died in Legnano in 1257. Together with ''Palazzo Visconti'' he forms the ''Corte Arcivescovile'' (en. "Archbishop's Court"). * [[Casa Corio]]. It is located in the quartier of Legnanello along ''strada statale del Sempione''. Built in the 15th century, it has a long, all-round arched portie with columns, which is spread on two neighboring sides of the inner courtyard. * [[Casa del Balilla, Legnano|Casa del Balilla]]. It was originally intended for [[Opera Nazionale Balilla#Casa del Balilla|Casa del Balilla]], the home of Legnano of the [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], from which the name is derived. Originally named after [[Arnaldo Mussolini]], duce's younger brother, it was inaugurated in December 1933 by the then President of the National Opera Balilla [[Renato Ricci]]. * [[Colonia elioterapica, Legnano|Colonia elioterapica]]. Designed by architecture firm [[BBPR]] and built in a few months between 1937 and 1938, it is one of the most important examples of [[Rationalism (architecture)|Italian rationalism]]. The function of heliothematic colonies was the cure of childhood [[rickets]] which affected, according to some estimates at the time, about 10% of the population of schoolchildren * [[Cotonificio Cantoni]]. It was Italy's largest cotton company for a long time.<ref name="mediobanca">{{cite web|url=http://www.archiviostoricomediobanca.mbres.it/documenti/studi_COTONIFICIO_CANTONI.pdf|title=Il Cotonificio Cantoni – Analisi delle attività|access-date=30 April 2014|publisher=archiviostoricomediobanca.mbres.it}}</ref> The original nucleus of the Cantoni cotton mill was a spinning house opened in 1828 in Legnano. In the mid-19th century, during the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], the artisanal business became a modern industry. The two most important facades architecturally (actually the only ones not yet demolished), those of the [[velvet]] department of the 1931 overlooking ''strada statale del Sempione'', have been preserved and are an integral part of the new [[commercial building]]s. The rest of the complex, including other architecturally interesting buildings, was demolished. * [[Galleria di Legnano]]. It is a covered passageway inserted into a building, connecting ''piazza San Magno'' with ''via XXV Aprile''. It is located in the city center. This covered passage is located within a building that was built by the INA in 1954 after the demolition of a monastery dating back before the year 1398, the [[convent]] of the [[Humiliation|Humiliated]], and which was renovated in 1991. In Galleria di Legnano is located the Gallery Theatre. * [[Torre Colombera, Legnano|La Colombera]]. It is the only building of Legnano that has come to us from 15th century. It is incorporated in a Lombard court that stands between ''corso Garibaldi'' and ''via Del Gigante'', near the church of San Domenico. Also known as ''La Colombera'', it owes its name to one of the uses that in the past were often carried out in similar structures, namely the breeding of [[Columbidae|pigeons]] (in Italian, "colombi"). * [[Museo civico Guido Sutermeister]]. It is an [[Archaeology museum|archaeological museum]] named after the archaeologist [[Guido Sutermeister]], who wanted to be founded. It was staged in 1929 thanks to the will of Guido Sutermeister, who did a major archaeological research on the territory between 1925 and 1964. The collections were then enriched with material that came to the museum from excavations of the Archaeological Superintendent of Lombardy and donations from private individuals. * [[Civil Hospital of Legnano|Ospedale civile di Legnano]]. The first pavilion of the hospital in Legnano was built in 1903 in ''via Candiani'' thanks to the contribution of the citizens of Legnano, with the local industrialists who played a leading role. During the 20th century, the nosocomio lumina, which was a lumberjack, expanded several times. The old pavilions have been replaced by the new hospital, which is located in ''via Papa Giovanni Paolo II'' in Legnano and which was inaugurated on 4 February 2010. * [[Ospizio Sant'Erasmo]]. The original [[hospice]], which was built between the 13th and 14th centuries, was demolished in 1926. It was replaced in 1927 by a modern building with the same function and name. It stands next to the church of the same name, the church of Sant'Erasmo. * [[Palazzo Italia, Legnano|Palazzo Italia]]. The building was built in 1929 in [[Novecento Italiano]] style. It was originally destined for the [[Casa del Fascio]] and then, until the [[fall of the Fascist regime in Italy]], was home to the Legnano Fighting Band of the [[National Fascist Party]]. After the end of [[World War II]], he was partly assigned to command the [[State police]]. * [[Palazzo Malinverni]]. It is home to the [[Seat of local government|city hall]]. It is located in the central ''piazza San Magno'' next to the basilica of the same name and was inaugurated on 28 November 1909 during the period of the city's greatest – industrial and demographic – growth. It has a [[Medieval architecture|medieval style]] with exposed [[brick]] and ''bifore'' to which are added parts that recall other architectural styles such as [[Art Nouveau|Liberty]] and the neo-[[Renaissance]]. The upper cornice is decorated with the [[Coat of arms|coats of arms]] of the municipalities that were part of the [[Lombard League]] and with those of the Italian provincial capitals, including the coats of arms of [[Pula]], [[Rijeka]] and [[Zadar]], which belonged to Italy between the two world wars. * [[Sanatorio regina Elena]]. It is a former [[sanatorium]] located in Legnano, which finished its original function of [[tuberculosis]] treatment in 1970. Later part of the building became a socio-educational centre for the physically and mentally disabled and home to some voluntary associations, as well as the headquarters of part of the offices of the local ''Azienda sanitaria locale''. The ex-ILA park is also part of the structure once earmarked for sanatorium * [[Stadio Giovanni Mari]]. It is a multi-use [[stadium]] in Legnano. It is currently used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches and is the home ground of [[A.C. Legnano]]. The stadium holds 5,000 people. It is also used for the horse race of [[Palio di Legnano]]. On 2 July 1994 the Giovanni Mari stadium hosted the 14th Italian Superbowl, won by the [[Frogs Legnano]] over the [[Rhinos Milano]] 37 to 27, thanks to which the Frogs won their fifth ''[[scudetto]]''. * [[Teatro città di Legnano]]. It is a [[theatre]] in Legnano that is dedicated to Talisio Tirinnanzi, a well-deserved citizen of the city. Construction work on the building complex that houses the theatre lasted from 1928 to 1929. The building continued to be used as a theatre and cinema until 2002, when it closed its doors. The theatre reopened on 31 March 2016. * [[Villa Bernocchi, Legnano|Villa Bernocchi]]. It is a historic building in Legnano located in ''via Cavour'', houses the [[Public library|municipal library]], which was later named after Augusto Marinoni. The building was built in the early 20th century. It was originally inhabited by [[Antonio Bernocchi]], owner of the cotton mill of the same name. * [[Villa Dell'Acqua-Lazzati-Bombelli]]. The building, located in the center of the city in ''via Lampugnani'', on the left bank of the river [[Olona]], is a classic example of a manor [[villa]] of the early 20th century. Built in 1904, it was originally inhabited by the Dell'Acqua brothers, the founders of the cotton mill of the same name. * [[Villa Jucker]]. The building complex was built from 1905 to 1906. Villa Jucker was originally home to the eponymous family of executives who operated in the adjacent Cantoni Cotonificio, textile company active from 1828 to 2004. The building, located in the center of the city in ''via Matteotti'', on the right bank of the river Olona, is a classic example of a manor villa of the early 20th century. Since 1976 it is home to the Legnanese Family Association. === Natural areas === * [[Parco locale del bosco di Legnano|Parco castello]]. It is a local [[park]] that develops around the Olona. It has an area of about 25 hectares and extends entirely over the territory of the ''comune'' of Legnano. Located on the edge of the city, it borders the municipalities of [[Canegrate]] and [[San Vittore Olona]] and extends around the [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle of Legnano]]. Established in 1976 as a local park of super-communal interest, since 2008 it is part of the Park of the [[Watermill|Mills]], a park of super-communal interest that extends for about 500 hectares. * [[Parco Bosco dei Ronchi e Parco ex-ILA]]. The two parks are not adjacent but are located a short distance away. The Parco ex-ILA and the Parco Bosco dei Ronchi are part of a single urban protected area established by the decision of City Council in 1992. The Parco Bosco dei Ronchi extends entirely within the city limits and is not enclosed by any fence. This allows free access by citizens. The boundaries of the ex-ILA Park are delimited by a belt enclosing the entire perimeter of [[sanatorio Regina Elena]]. The access of the ex-ILA Park is opened to the citizenship every weekend. * [[Parco Alto Milanese]]. It is recognized by the Lombardy Region with deliberation of 27 October 1987 on the proposal of the three municipalities concerned. The area covers about 360 hectares, of which about 178 on the ''comune'' of Legnano, 126 on the ''comune'' of [[Busto Arsizio]] and 53 hectares on the ''comune'' of [[Castellanza]]. The borders are bounded by the peripheries of the three municipalities and include a large area with a predominantly agricultural vocation. == Demographics == {{Historical populations |type = |footnote = [[Italian National Institute of Statistics|Istat]] historical data 1861–2011<ref>''[http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx Statistiche I.Stat]'' – [[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]; URL consultato in data 22-06-2019</ref> |1861 |6501 |1871 |6949 |1881 |8098 |1901 |18364 |1911 |25087 |1921 |27218 |1931 |29556 |1936 |31961 |1951 |38014 |1961 |42473 |1971 |47736 |1981 |49687 |1991 |50018 |2001 |53797 |2011 |57647 }} === Ethnic groups === As of 31 December 2014, foreigners living in Legnano with regular residence permits (ISTAT data) amounted to 7,236<ref name="DemoIstat">{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html|title= Statistiche demografiche su "demo.istat.it"|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=demo.istat.it}}</ref> corresponding about 12% of the total population. Over the years, there has been a steady increase in the number of foreigners in 2005 with residence permits living in Legnano amounting to 3,451 corresponding to 6.1% of the total population.<ref name="stranieri">{{cite web|url=http://www.comuni-italiani.it/015/118/statistiche/stranieri.html|title=Cittadini stranieri – Legnano|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> The ten most represented nationalities as of 31 December 2014 were (ISTAT data<ref name="DemoIstat"/>): # [[Albania]], 1,508 # [[Morocco|Marocco]], 576 # [[Ecuador]], 553 # [[Romania]], 546 # [[Peru|Perù]], 509 # [[China]], 474 # [[Pakistan]], 348 # [[Ukraine]], 276 # [[Bangladesh]], 266 # [[Senegal]], 247 === Religion === The patron saint of Legnano is [[Magnus (bishop of Milan)|Saint Magno]], archbishop of Milan from 518 to 530, whose anniversary is celebrated on 5 November. The majority of the population is [[Catholic Church]]. The immigration of EU and non-EU citizens has led to the establishment of large [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Orthodox]], [[Muslims]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] minorities. There is also a small [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] community in the city.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} There are nine Catholic [[parish]]es in the municipality that belong to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parrocchiemap.it/parrocchiemap/ricerca_pm.jsp?diocesi=Milano&tiporicerca=tipo_libera&lay=elenco&denominazione=Legnano|title=Parrocchie di Legnano|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> The oldest parish churches are San Magno and Sant'Ambrogio. The [[church of Madonnina dei Ronchi]] is one of the few churches of the archdiocese of Milan where masses are celebrated in the ancient [[Ambrosian Rite]], that is officiated in the Latin language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambrosianeum.net/|title=Home|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> == Transportation == [[File:Legnano Station 1.JPG|thumb|Legnano railway station.]] The town is served by [[Legnano railway station]]. Located on the common section of the lines [[Domodossola–Milan railway|Domodossola–Milan]], [[Luino–Milan railway|Luino–Milan]] and [[Porto Ceresio–Milan railway|Porto Ceresio–Milan]], it serves the city of Legnano. Legnano is served by the line S5 of the [[Milan S Lines|Milan suburban railway network]] and by the regional line [[Milan]]–[[Varese]]. Between 1880 and 1966 the city was also served by the Milan-Gallarate tramway, an infrastructure managed by ''STIE''. Legnano has an exit along the [[Autostrada A9 (Italy)|Highway of the Lakes]], is crossed by two [[State highway|state roads]] (''strada statale 33 del Sempione'' and ''strada statale 527 Bustese'') and is crossed by the [[State highway|provincial road]] SP12 Legnano-[[Inveruno]]. Legnano is connected with [[Milan]] and the neighboring municipalities by several long-distance bus routes operated by the companies ''[[MOVIBUS]]'' and ''[[FNM Autoservices]]''. == Economy == [[File:Agricultural field near the "Fratelli Di Dio" entrance to Parco Alto Milanese, Legnano, May 2nd, 2015.JPG|thumb|left|Agricultural area near the ''legnanese'' quartier of Mazzafame.]] [[Agriculture]] of Legnano has been the basis of the economic development of the territory. First, it was affected by the process of mechanization and restructuring. Mechanization, thanks to the use of increasingly complex machinery, has led to an increase in [[Primary sector of the economy|agricultural production]]. In the 21st century{{sfn|Vecchio|Borsa|2001|p=264}} it is no longer an important activity for the timber economy. The few areas free of construction and infrastructure are grown from [[cereal]]s, mainly [[wheat]] and [[maize]]. The [[Secondary sector of the economy|golden age of Legnano's industry]] began at the beginning of the 20th century and ended in the 1960s. The crisis progressively worsened, damaging the economy, employment and the industrial fabric. Many companies closed, especially in [[Textile manufacturing|textiles]], [[Clothing industry|clothing]] and [[footwear]], and many others were involved in a downsizing process. Between the 1980s and the 1990s there was a real phenomenon of [[deindustrialization]] of the territory, which was not accompanied by the birth of new activities. [[File:A.N.M.I.L. Monumento "Ai Caduti sul lavoro" di Gianluigi Bennati, 1984 Legnano.JPG|thumb|''Monumento ai [[Occupational fatality|Caduti sul lavoro]]'' di Gianluigi Bennati]] Attempts have therefore been made to target the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]].{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=135}} In 1977 in Legnano was founded [[Antenna 3 Lombardia]] that was, that time the most important private TV station in Italy. However, these alternative fields did not lead to a sufficient rate of development to make up for the closure of industrial activities. It began at a time when the number of small businesses grew considerably.{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=135}} These processes continue to this day. The municipality was home to the [[Banca di Legnano]], a regional lender. Founded on 11 June 1887, on 14 September 2013 it merged with [[Banca Popolare di Milano]]. In 2008 it had 846 employees employed in 119 branches, mostly located in Lombardy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpm.it/documenti/bil_sociale/2008/Bilancio_sociale_2008.pdf|title=Bilancio sociale 2008 del gruppo Bipiemme|language=it|publisher=legnano.org|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117165927/http://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/altomilanese/alto_milanese_da_vivere/TURISMO/Legnano.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> == Institutions and associations == [[File:Famiglia Legnanese.jpg|thumb|Villa Jucker, home of the association ''Famiglia Legnanese''.]] The city has the following public institutions: * Decentralized office of the [[Lombardy|Lombardy Region]] * Decentralized office of the [[Metropolitan City of Milan]] * [[Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale|INPS]] headquarters * [[Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro|INAIL]] headquarters On 4 February 2010 the new hospital was inaugurated, located in the area of ''via Novara'', which replaced the previous nosocomium of ''strada statale del Sempione''. The non-profit cultural association ''Famiglia Legnanese'', which is based in the historic [[Villa Jucker]], is active in the municipality. One of the first and most important achievements of the association was to restore, from May 1952, the [[Palio di Legnano]]. In fact, this event, created in 1935, had been interrupted after the 1939 edition because of the [[World War II]] events. In Legnano is home to the ''Società arte e storia'', a cultural association that deals with the dissemination and promotion of the history and art of Legnano and which was founded in 1927 by Guido Sutermeister, who wanted the museum of city too, [[Museo civico Guido Sutermeister]]. == Culture == [[File:La battaglia di Legnano di Amos Cassoli.jpg|thumb|The ''Battaglia di Legnano'' (en. [[Battle of Legnano]]) by [[Amos Cassioli]] (1860), a painting preserved at the Gallery of Modern Art at [[Palazzo Pitti]] in [[Florence]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amos Cassoli, La battaglia di Legnano, 1860|url=http://www.musica.san.beniculturali.it/web/musica/gallery/dettaglio-oggetto-digitale?pid=san.dl.SAN:IMG-00669548&titolo_origine=galleria%20multimediale&css_tit=gallery-result-tit#|website=beniculturali.it|language=it|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604090054/http://www.musica.san.beniculturali.it/web/musica/gallery/dettaglio-oggetto-digitale?pid=san.dl.SAN%3AIMG-00669548&titolo_origine=galleria%20multimediale&css_tit=gallery-result-tit|archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref>]] [[File:Chiesa di San Magno (Legnano) - interni 2.JPG|thumb|A 17th-century fresco by Francesco e Giovanni Battista Lampugnani decorated the basilica of San Magno and depicting the [[Assumption of Mary]].]] [[File:Corsa ippica - Palio di Legnano 2014.JPG|thumb|The horse race of the [[Palio di Legnano]] 2014]] [[File:1956–57 Associazione Calcio Legnano.jpg|thumb|A.C. Legnano 1956–1957.]] [[File:Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg|thumb|[[Ossobuco]] served with {{lang|it|[[risotto alla milanese]]}}]] [[File:Polenta e bruscitti (2).jpg|thumb|''[[Bruscitti]]'' served with ''[[polenta]]'' porridge]] [[File:Legnano cycling team 1963.jpg|thumb|The Legnano racing bicycles team of 1963.]] [[File:Coppa Bernocchi, mezzogiorno di fuoco.jpg|thumb|Coppa Bernocchi 2014. In the background, the church of Saints Gervasio and Protasio in [[Parabiago]].]] [[File:Piccolo Stelvio Go - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The "Little Stelvio", which is located between [[Castiglione Olona]] and [[Morazzone]] and which is called in this way because there is a difference of about 153 meters:<ref name="piccolo-stelvio">{{cite web|title=Piccolo Stelvio|url=https://www.ciclistiamo.it/altimetrie/salite/lombardia/piccolo-stelvio/|website=ciclistiamo.it|language=it|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905005638/https://www.ciclistiamo.it/altimetrie/salite/lombardia/piccolo-stelvio/|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> it is one of the fixed passages of the Coppa Bernocchi.]] === Palio di Legnano === On the last Sunday of May, the historical re-enactment of the [[Battle of Legnano]] takes place with a [[parade]] in [[Middle Age|medieval period]] [[costume]]s through the streets of the city, followed by an [[Equestrianism|equestrian race]] attended by the [[Contrade of Legnano|eight historical ''contrade'']]: ''San Bernardino'', ''La Flora'', ''Legnarello'', ''San Domenico'', ''San Magno'', ''San Martino'', ''Sant'Ambrogio'' and ''Sant'Erasmo''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paliodilegnano.it/il-palio-delle-contrade|title=Il Palio delle contrade|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> The event, born in 1935,{{sfn|D'Ilario|Gianazza|Marinoni|Turri|1984|p=335}} is known as "[[Palio di Legnano]]". The winning contrada of the Palio has the right to keep in its church, until the following year, a copy of the [[crucifix]] of [[Ariberto da Intimiano]], a sculpture of 1936 by the artisan of the worker of Luciano Sai, on a scale original medieval cross.{{sfn|Autori vari|2015|p=154}} === Museums and art galleries === The [[Museo civico Guido Sutermeister]] preserves, in particular, material from the city and the surrounding area, the "[[Legnanese (region)|Legnanese]]". Most of the [[Artifact (archaeology)|archaeological find]]s on display at the museum date back to a period between [[prehistory]] and the medieval [[Lombards|longobard era]], with particular reference to the [[Roman Empire|Roman imperial era]]. The preserved finds testify to the frequenting of the area since the [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]] and the existence of a sedentary civilization since the [[Bronze Age]]. Another notable exhibition space in Legnano is the Alfa Romeo ''Fratelli Cozzi'' museum, which is housed in the basement of the dealership of the same name. The museum, strongly wanted by Pietro Cozzi, founder of the dealership, was opened in 2015 and houses about fifty [[Alfa Romeo]] models, including two models with unique features.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legnanonews.com/news/1/52755/60_anni_di_alfa_romeo_nel_museo_della_f_lli_cozzi_|title=60 anni di Alfa Romeo nel Museo della F.lli Cozzi|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> === Music === Because of the [[Battle of Legnano]], in which [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick I]] was defeated by the [[Lombard League]] (1176), Legnano is the only other city mentioned, together with Rome, in the [[Il Canto degli Italiani|Italian national anthem]] by [[Goffredo Mameli]]. [[Giuseppe Verdi]] worked on ''[[La battaglia di Legnano]]'' in 1849, an opera in four acts with an Italian-language [[libretto]] by [[Salvadore Cammarano]]. It was based on the [[Play (theatre)|play]] ''La Bataille de Toulouse'' by [[Joseph Méry]], later the co-librettist of ''[[Don Carlos]]''. === Music Festival === Every year, since 2017, for about ten days, starting from the end of June, the [[Rugby Sound Festival]] takes place inside the [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Editorial board |date=12 July 2023 |title=Rugby Sound Festival 2023, l'edizione dei record |url=https://www.sportlegnano.it/2023/07/rugby-sound-festival-2023-ledizione-dei-record/297994/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=SportLegnano.it |language=it}}</ref> after being relocated from the municipality of [[Parabiago]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mastrillo |first1=Orlando |date=31 January 2017 |title=Il Rugby Sound trasloca all'isola del castello |language=it |work=VareseNews |url=https://www.varesenews.it/2017/01/il-rugby-sound-trasloca-allisola-del-castello/590689/}}</ref> This festival is an annual music and cultural event featuring a diverse lineup of musical genres. The event is able to combine musical performances with a variety of street food offerings === Fashion and design === The fashion house [[Dolce & Gabbana]] was founded<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dolce-gabbana_(Dizionario-di-Economia-e-Finanza)/|publisher=Dizionario di Economia e Finanza – Enciclopedia italiana|access-date=17 November 2014|title=Dolce & Gabbana|language=it}}</ref> and has its administrative offices in Legnano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dolcegabbana.com/corporate/en/office/office-dg.html|title=Dolce&Gabbana – Offices|publisher=Dolcegabbana.com|access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> Founded in 1985, by the end of the 1990s the company's revenues were around [[United States dollar|US$]]500 million and in 2003 their revenue reached $633 million. By 2005, their turnover was [[Euro|€]]600 million.<ref name="Vogue.com UK">{{cite web|title=Who's Who – Dolce & Gabbana Biography|work=Vogue UK|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/biographies/080421-dolce--gabbana-biography.aspx|access-date=27 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907145531/http://www.vogue.co.uk/biographies/080421-dolce--gabbana-biography.aspx|archive-date=7 September 2008 }}</ref> === Languages and literature === Around Legnano it's spoken [[Legnanese dialect]], [[dialect]] of the [[Lombard language]] (belonging to the [[Western Lombard dialect|western branch]]), spoken by about 30% of the population of the area where it is spread.<ref name="treccani">{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)/|title=Lombardi, dialetti|author=Giovanni Bonfadini|date=2010|publisher=[[Treccani]]|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> Like all Western Lombard dialects, legnanese is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] derived from [[Latin]] with a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] [[Substratum (linguistics)|substrate]] and [[Lombardic language|longobard]] [[Stratum (linguistics)#Superstratum|superstratum]].{{sfn|Dizionario legnanese|2003|p=29}} In Legnanese dialect there are those who find traces of the languages of the peoples prior to the [[Romanization (cultural)|Latinization]] of the region, in particular the [[Ligurian language (ancient)|ancient Ligurian]], although the data on the actual influence of this linguistic substrate are few and of varying interpretation.{{sfn|Dizionario legnanese|2003|p=28}} The linguistic influence of the Celts on the local speakers of Altomilanese was conspicuous, so much so that even today the dialect of Legnano is classified as "[[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]]".{{sfn|Agnoletto|1992|p=120}} However, it was the Roman domination, which supplanted the Celtic one, that shaped the local idiom spoken in Legnanese, so much so that the [[lexicon]] and [[grammar]] of this dialect is of Romance derivation.{{sfn|Dizionario legnanese|2003|p=29}} In the dialect of Legnano are written the performances of the Italian [[dialect]] company ''[[I Legnanesi]]''. Founded by Felice Musazzi and Tony Barlocco in 1949, it is the most famous example of ''[[Travesti (theatre)|en travesti]]'' [[theatre]] in Italy:<ref name="ilgiorno">{{cite web|url= http://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/cronaca/2014/03/23/1042734-antonio-provasio-legnanesi-intervista.shtml#1|title= Antonio Provasio, capocomico dei Legnanesi: "Milano mi dà il pane e mi riempie il cuore"|access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> it is one of the best-known companies in the [[Europe]]an dialectal theatre scene.<ref name="ilgiorno"/> === Cuisine === In Legnano are widespread many dishes of [[Lombard cuisine]] like ''[[risotto]]'' (above all ''risotto alla milanese'', which contains [[saffron]]), ''[[ossobuco]]'', ''[[mostarda]]'', ''[[cotoletta]]'', ''[[cassoeula]]'' and ''[[panettone]]''. Common in the whole [[Insubria]] area are ''[[bruscitti]]'', originating from [[Alto Milanese]], which consist in a braised meat dish cut very thin and cooked in wine and [[Fennel|fennel seeds]], historically obtained by stripping leftover meat. === Sport === {| class="wikitable" |- !Club !Sport !Founded !Failed !League !Palmares |- |[[A.C. Legnano]] |Men's [[Association football|football]] |1913 |''active'' |[[Serie D]] |Founded in 1913, it played three seasons in [[Serie A]] and a total of eleven seasons in the top tier of the Italian football league system. |- |[[Legnano Basket Knights]] |Men's [[basketball]] |1966 |''active'' |[[Serie B Basket|Serie B]] | It played for some seasons in [[Serie A2 (basketball)|Serie A2]] |- |[[Frogs Legnano]] |Men's [[American football]] |1977 |''active'' |Seconda Divisione |Among the most important American football teams in Italy, they were European champions in 1989 (with two appearances in the [[Eurobowl]]) and won 6 league titles (with 11 appearances in the [[Italian Superbowl]]) and a [[Coppa Italia (American football)|Coppa Italia]] (1993). The youth team won 2 Youngbowl (1991, 1992). |- |[[Baseball Softball Club Legnano]] |[[Baseball]] and [[softball]] |1950 |''active'' |Serie A2 (softball); Serie C1 (baseball) |The [[softball]] team won an Italian Serie A2 Cup (2005), a ''[[scudetto]]'' (2007), four Coppa Italia (2006, 2007, 2008 and 2015), a Cup Winners' Cup (2007) and a European Cup (2008). |- |[[Gruppo Sportivo Bernocchi Legnano]] |Women's [[basketball]] |1945 |1956 | – |It played for eleven seasons in Serie A, winning four ''[[Scudetto|scudetti]]''. |- |[[SAB Volley]] |Women's [[volleyball]] |2016 |2018 | – |It played one season in Serie A1 |- |} Legnano hosted the 25th edition of [[European Fencing Championships]]. The [[2012 European Fencing Championships]] took place from 15 to 20 June 2012 in the [[Visconti Castle (Legnano)|Visconti Castle of Legnano]] and in the [[PalaBorsani]] in [[Castellanza]]. In Legnano held the [[Coppa Bernocchi]], a [[Europe]]an [[Road bicycle racing|bicycle race]]. Since 2005, the bicycle race has been organised as a [[UCI race classifications|1.1]] event on the [[UCI Continental Circuits#UCI Europe Tour|UCI Europe Tour]]. It is the last race of [[Trittico Lombardo]], which includes three races held around the region of Lombardy in three consecutive days. These races are [[Tre Valli Varesine]], [[Coppa Ugo Agostoni]] and Coppa Bernocchi. Coppa Bernocchi is one of the most historic cycling races in Europe, with nearly a hundred years of history, and one of the most important in Italy. "[[Legnano (cycling team)|Legnano]]" is a brand of lightweight racing bicycles, named for the city in which they were produced. Notably, celebrated racers [[Alfredo Binda]], [[Learco Guerra]], [[Gino Bartali]] and [[Fausto Coppi]] rode Legnano bicycles. Active from 1906 to 1966 was its racing team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legnano (1906)|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/pelotons/equipes.php?q=4367|language=fr|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Legnano – Pirelli (1966)|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/pelotons/equipes.php?q=2777|language=fr|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> The "[[Legnano (cycling team)|Legnano]]" cycling team is ranked as the 6th most successful cycling team in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cyclingranking.com/team/1286/legnano|title=Legnano|work=Cyclingranking.com|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> ==International relations== ===Twin towns — sister cities=== Legnano is [[Sister city|twinned]] with: * {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Ebolowa]], since 1964{{sfn|Vecchio|Borsa|2001|p=245}} * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Colombes]], since 1964<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilgiorno.it/legnano/attentati-parigi-1.1484729|title=Attentati terroristici a Parigi: bandiere a lutto a Legnano|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> == See also == * [[Guido Sutermeister Museum]] == Citations == {{notelist}} {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Agnoletto|first=Attilo|title=San Giorgio su Legnano – storia, società, ambiente|language=it|year=1992|id=[[National Library Service of Italy|SBN]] [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/CFI0249761 IT\ICCU\CFI\0249761]}} * {{cite book|last=Autori vari|title=Il Palio di Legnano : Sagra del Carroccio e Palio delle Contrade nella storia e nella vita della città|language=it|year=2015}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Canepari|first=Luciano|author-link=Luciano Canepari|encyclopedia={{ill|Dictionary of Italian Pronunciations|it|Dizionario di pronuncia italiana}}|title=Legnano|url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Legnano|publisher=[[Zanichelli]]|language=it|year=2009|isbn=978-88-08-10511-0}} * {{cite book|last1=D'Ilario|first1=Giorgio|last2=Pierino|first2=Cavalleri|last3=Josti|first3=Gianfranco|last4=Negri|first4=Rino|last5=Serantoni|first5=Ildo|last6=Tajè|first6=Marco|title=Ciclismo a Legnano|language=it|year=1993|publisher={{ill|Famiglia Legnanese|it}}|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/MIL0252489 IT\ICCU\MIL\0252489]}} * {{cite book|last=D'Ilario|first=Giorgio|title=Dizionario legnanese|year=2003|publisher=Artigianservice|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/MIL0625963 IT\ICCU\MIL\0625963]|ref={{sfnref|Dizionario legnanese|2003}}}} * {{cite book|last1=D'Ilario|first1=Giorgio|last2=Gianazza|first2=Egidio|last3=Marinoni|first3=Augusto|author-link3=Augusto Marinoni|last4=Turri|first4=Marco|title=Profilo storico della città di Legnano|year=1984|language=it|publisher=Edizioni Landoni|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/RAV0221175 IT\ICCU\RAV\0221175]}} * {{cite book|last=D'Ilario|first=Giorgio|title=Ospedale di Legnano, un secolo di storia|language=it|year=2003|publisher=Il guado|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO10728856 IT\ICCU\LO1\0728856]}} * {{cite book|last1=Ferrarini|first1=Gabriella|last2=Stadiotti|first2=Marco|title=Legnano. Una città, la sua storia, la sua anima|year=2003|publisher=Telesio editore|language=it|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/RMR0096536 IT\ICCU\RMR\0096536]}} * {{cite book|last1=Fontanelli|first1=Carlo|last2=Zottino|first2=Gianfranco|title=Un secolo di calcio a Legnano|year=2004|publisher=Geo Edizioni|language=it|isbn=978-88-6999-047-2}} * {{cite book|last=Grillo|first=Paolo|title=Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà|year=2010|publisher=Laterza|language=it|isbn=978-88-420-9243-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Macchione|first1=Pietro|last2=Gavinelli|first2=Mauro|title=Olona. Il fiume, la civiltà, il lavoro|language=it|year=1998|publisher=Macchione Editore|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO10479205 IT\ICCU\LO1\0479205]}} * {{cite book|last=Di Maio|first=Paola|title=Lungo il fiume. Terre e genti nell'antica valle dell'Olona|language=it|year=1998|publisher=Teograf|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/PUV0677891 IT\ICCU\PUV\0677891]}} * {{cite book|last1=Vecchio|first1=Giorgio|last2=Borsa|first2=Gianni|title=Legnano 1945 -2000. Il tempo delle trasformazioni|date=2001|publisher=Nomos Edizioni|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/CFI0528579 IT\ICCU\CFI\0528579]}} * {{cite book|author=[[Various authors]]|title=Il Palio di Legnano : Sagra del Carroccio e Palio delle Contrade nella storia e nella vita della città|language=it|year=2015|publisher=[[Banca di Legnano]]|id=SBN [http://opac.sbn.it/bid/TO01145476 IT\ICCU\TO0\1145476]|ref={{sfnref|Vv.Aa.|2015}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Volonté|first1=Anna Maria|last2=Cattaneo|first2=Patrizia|title=Museo civico Guido Sutermeister Legnano – Guida alle collezioni|language=it|year=2014|publisher=Tipografia Menini}} * {{cite book|title=Dizionario di toponomastica: storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani|year=2006|publisher={{ill|UTET|it}}|language=it|isbn=978-88-02-07228-9|ref={{sfnref|Dizionario|2006}}}} {{refend}} == External links == {{commons|Legnano}} * {{wikivoyage inline|Legnano}} * {{in lang|it}} [http://www.legnano.org/ Official website] {{Province of Milan}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Legnano| ]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy]]
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