Editing Leon Edel

{{short description|American literary critic and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| name  = Leon Edel
| image  = 
| alt  = 
| caption  = 
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1907|09|09|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1997|09|05|1907|09|09|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| occupation  = {{hlist|Literary critic|biographer}}
| known_for  = Biography of [[Henry James]]
| awards  = {{Unbulleted list|[[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize for Biography]] | [[National Book Award for Nonfiction]]}}
| education  = {{Unbulleted list|[[McGill University]] | [[University of Paris]]}}
| workplaces  = {{Unbulleted list|[[Sir George Williams University]] | [[New York University]] | [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]}}
}}

'''Joseph Leon Edel''' (1907 &ndash; 1997) was an American/Canadian [[literary critic]] and [[biographer]]. He was the elder brother of North American philosopher [[Abraham Edel]].<ref name="psu">{{cite web |url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Edel__Leon.html |title=Leon Edel |website=pabook.libraries.psu.edu |accessdate=2012-07-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311192645/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Edel__Leon.html |archivedate=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=Independent>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-leon-edel-1238535.html| title=Obituary: Professor Leon Edel| last1=Garnett| first1=Richard| last2=Adam Smith| first2=Janet| date= 11 September 1997| work=The Independent }}</ref>

The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' calls Edel "the foremost 20th-century authority on the life and works of [[Henry James]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leon Edel {{!}} American critic and biographer |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Edel |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> His work on James won him both a [[List of winners of the National Book Award#Nonfiction|National Book Award]] and a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography#1960s|Pulitzer Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leon Edel Biography |url=https://www.infoplease.com/biographies/art-entertainment/leon-edel |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.infoplease.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
<!-- FAIR USE of Henry James Biography.JPG: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Henry James Biography.JPG for rationale -->
[[File:Henry James Biography.JPG|right|thumb|125px|Cover of volume one of Leon Edel's five-volume biography of Henry James, Avon Books paperback edition 1978]]
Edel was born on 9 September 1907 in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], the son of Fannie (Malamud) and Simon Edel.<ref name="psu"/> Edel grew up in [[Yorkton]], [[Saskatchewan]]. He attended [[McGill University]] and the [[University of Paris]]. While at the former he was associated with the [[Montreal Group]] of [[modernist literature|modernist]] writers, which included [[F. R. Scott|F.R. Scott]] and [[A. J. M. Smith|A.J.M. Smith]], and with them founded the influential ''McGill Fortnightly Review''. Edel taught English and American literature at [[Sir George Williams University]] (now [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]], 1932&ndash;1934), [[New York University]] (1953&ndash;1972),<ref>{{cite web |last=Pace |first=Eric |title=Leon Edel, 89, Prize-Winning Biographer of Henry James, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/08/books/leon-edel-89-prize-winning-biographer-of-henry-james-dies.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 January 2023 |date=8 September 1997}}</ref> and at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] (1972&ndash;1978). For the academic year 1965–1966, he was a Fellow on the faculty at the Center for Advanced Studies of [[Wesleyan University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/schome/FAs/ce1000-137.html#series2 |title=Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958 - 1969. Wesleyan University, June 2008  |publisher=Wesleyan.edu |accessdate=2012-07-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314083709/http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/schome/FAs/ce1000-137.html#series2 |archivedate=14 March 2017}}</ref> During WWII, Edel trained at Camp Ritchie and is one of the [[Ritchie Boys]]. He discussed his time at camp in his memoir ''The Visitable Past''. From 1944 to 1952, he worked as a reporter and feature writer for the left-wing New York newspapers [[PM (newspaper)|PM]] and the [[Daily Compass]].

Though he wrote on [[James Joyce]] (''James Joyce: The Last Journey'', 1947), [[Willa Cather]] (''Willa Cather: A Critical Biography'', 1953) and the [[Bloomsbury group]], his lifework is summed up in his five-volume biography of [[Henry James]] (''Henry James: A Biography'' 1953&ndash;1972). Edel discussed the notion of biography in ''[[biography in literature|Literary Biography]]'' (1957), in particular his conviction that [[literary biography]] should enfold a subjective author's self-perceptions into his output. Edel's second and third volumes of the James biography earned him the 1963 [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography]]<ref name=pulitzer>
[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Biography-or-Autobiography "Biography or Autobiography"]. ''Past winners and finalists by category''. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-19.</ref> and a [[National Book Award for Nonfiction]]<ref name="nba1963">
{{Cite web |title=National Book Awards 1963 |url=https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1963/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=National Book Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> in 1963. He also edited many collections of James' fiction, plays, literary criticism and personal letters. Edel enjoyed privileged access to letters and documents from James' life housed in the Widener Library at Harvard University, after gaining the blessing of members of James' family. He referred to other scholars who sought access in vain as 'trespassers'.<ref name="Anesko">{{cite book |last=Anesko |first=Michael |title=Monopolizing the Master: Henry James and the Politics of Modern Literary Scholarship |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref>

The discovery of impassioned but inconclusive letters written in 1875&ndash;1876 by James to the Russian aristocrat Paul Zhukovski, while Edel was deep in 
the process of finishing his biography caused an ethical crisis; his decision was to continue to ignore what he considered a peripheral aspect of the self-identified "celibate" and sexually diffident James's life. Edel did treat James's relationships with novelist [[Constance Fenimore Woolson]] and sculptor [[Hendrik Christian Andersen]] at length, especially in volumes three and four of the biography. After weighing all the evidence, Edel confessed that he was 
unable to decide whether James experienced a consummated sexual relationship. Although later scholarship and new materials have called into question the accuracy of his portrait of James,<ref name="Anesko"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Tóibín |first=Colm |title=Colm Tóibín: how Henry James's family tried to keep him in the closet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/colm-toibin-how-henry-james-family-tried-to-keep-him-in-the-closet |website=The Guardian |date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
Edel's work remains an important source for studies of the author.

In October 1996, about a year before Leon Edel died, Sheldon M. Novick published ''Henry James: The Young Master'' (in 2007 Novick also published ''Henry James: The Mature Master'').  Novick's volume "caused something of an uproar in Jamesian circles"<ref name="Leavitt">{{Cite news |last=Leavitt |first=David |date=2007-12-23 |title=A Beast in the Jungle |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/books/review/Leavitt2-t.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as, like other more recent biographies of Walt Whitman and John Singer Sargent, it challenged the notion, deriving from a once-familiar paradigm in biographies of homosexuals when direct evidence was non-existent, that James lived a celibate life.  Novick also criticized Edel for following a discounted Freudian interpretation of homosexuality "as a kind of failure."<ref name="Leavitt"/> The difference of views led to a series of exchanges between Edel and Novick that were published by ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh Henry! |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1996/12/oh-henry.html |website=Slate |date=12 December 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry James' Love Life |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1996/12/henry-james-love-life-2.html |website=Slate |date=19 December 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry James' Love Life |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1996/12/henry-james-love-life-3.html |website=Slate |date=21 December 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry James' Love Life |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1996/12/henry-james-love-life-4.html |website=Slate |date=31 December 1996}}</ref>

Edel also edited the notebooks and diaries of literary critic [[Edmund Wilson]]. His edition (1975-93) appeared in five volumes covering the decades from the 1920s to the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edel to Edit Edmund Wilson Diaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/18/archives/edel-to-edit-edmund-wilson-diaries-prodigious-scrutiny-seminar-on.html |website=[[The New York Times|New York Times]] |date=18 January 1973}}</ref> He died on 5 September 1997.

==Personal life==
Edel was married three times. He married his first wife Bertha Cohen in 1935. The marriage ended in divorce in 1950. He then married Roberta Roberts and in 1979 that marriage also ended in divorce. His third marriage, to Marjorie Sinclair, lasted until his death in 1997.<ref name="Independent" />

==Selected bibliography==
* ''James Joyce: The Last Journey'' (1947)
* ''Willa Cather: A Critical Biography'' (1953) (with Edward Brown)
* ''Henry James: The Untried Years 1843&ndash;1870'' (1953)
* ''Henry James: Selected Fiction'' (Everyman's Library [New American Edition], no. 649A, 1953)
* ''The Psychological Novel, 1900-1950'' (1955)
* ''The Selected Letters of Henry James'' (1955) (editor)
* ''Henry James: Parisian Sketches'' (1957) (editor with Ilse Dusoir Lind)
* ''Literary Biography'' (1957)
* ''The Complete Tales of Henry James'' (1961-64) (editor)
* ''Henry James: The Conquest of London 1870&ndash;1881'' (1962) {{ISBN|0-380-39651-3}}
* ''Henry James: The Middle Years 1882&ndash;1895'' (1962) {{ISBN|0-380-39669-6}}
* ''Henry James: Twentieth Century Views'' (1963) (editor)
* ''Henry James: The Treacherous Years 1895&ndash;1901'' (1969) {{ISBN|0-380-39677-7}}
* ''Henry James: Stories of the Supernatural'' (1970) (editor) {{ISBN|0-8008-3829-7}}
* ''Henry James: The Master 1901&ndash;1916'' (1972) {{ISBN|0-380-39677-7}}
* ''Henry James Letters (1843-1875)'' (1974) (editor) {{ISBN|0-674-38780-5}}
* ''Henry James Letters (1875-1883)'' (1975) (editor) {{ISBN|0-674-38781-3}}
* ''Edmund Wilson: The Twenties'' (1975) (editor) {{ISBN|0-374-27963-2}}
* ''Bloomsbury: A House of Lions'' (1979) {{ISBN|0-140-58024-7}}
* ''Henry James Letters (1883-1895)'' (1980) (editor) {{ISBN|0-674-38782-1}}
* ''Edmund Wilson: The Thirties'' (1980) (editor) {{ISBN|0-374-27572-6}}
* ''A Bibliography of Henry James: Third Edition'' (1982) (with Dan Laurence and James Rambeau) {{ISBN|1-58456-005-3}}
* ''Henry James Letters (1895-1916)'' (1984) (editor) {{ISBN|0-674-38783-X}}
* ''Henry James Literary Criticism – Essays on Literature, American Writers, English Writers'' (1984) (editor with Mark Wilson) {{ISBN|0-940450-22-4}}
* ''Henry James Literary Criticism – French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition'' (1984) (editor with Mark Wilson) {{ISBN|0-940450-23-2}}
* ''Writing Lives: Principia Biographica'' (1984) {{ISBN|0-393-01882-2}}
* ''Edmund Wilson: The Forties'' (1984) (editor) {{ISBN|0-374-51835-1}}
* ''Henry James: Selected Letters'' (1987) (editor) {{ISBN|0-674-38793-7}}
* ''The Complete Notebooks of Henry James'' (1987) (editor with [[Lyall H. Powers]]) {{ISBN|978-0-19503782-1}}
* ''Edmund Wilson: The Fifties'' (1987) (editor) {{ISBN|0-374-52066-6}}
* ''The Complete Plays of Henry James'' (1990) (editor) {{ISBN|0-19-504379-0}}
* ''Edmund Wilson: The Sixties'' (1993) (editor) {{ISBN|0-374-26554-2}}
* ''The Visitable Past: A Wartime Memoir'' (2000) {{ISBN|0-8248-2431-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.usask.ca/archives/history/hondegrees.php?id=373&view=detail&keyword=&campuses= Leon Edel biography at University of Saskatchewan archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220084526/http://www.usask.ca/archives/history/hondegrees.php?id=373&view=detail&keyword=&campuses= |date=20 February 2012 }}
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2844/the-art-of-biography-no-1-leon-edel| title=Leon Edel, The Art of Biography No. 1| journal=The Paris Review| date=Winter 1985| author=Jeanne McCullough | volume=Winter 1985| issue=98}}

{{PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1951–1975}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Edel, Leon}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Ritchie Boys]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
[[Category:American male biographers]]
[[Category:National Book Award winners]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners]]
[[Category:Writers from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Concordia University]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:New York University faculty]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University faculty]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:National Book Critics Circle Award winners]]