Editing Lepiota

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Lepiota clypeolaria.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Lepiota clypeolaria]]'', the [[type species]]
| taxon = Lepiota
| authority = ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] (1821)
| type_species = ''[[Lepiota clypeolaria]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Paul Kummer|P.Kumm.]]
| synonyms = *''Fusispora'' <small>[[Victor Fayod|Fayod]] (1889)</small>
*''Lepidotus'' <small>[[Frederic Clements|Clem.]] (1902)</small>
*''Lepiotula'' <small>([[René Maire|Maire]]) [[Marcel Locquin|Locq.]] ex [[E.Horak]] (1968)</small>
*''Morobia'' <small>E.Horak (1979)</small>
*''Amogaster'' <small>Castellano (1995)</small>
}}

'''''Lepiota''''' is a [[genus]] of gilled [[mushroom]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Agaricaceae]]. All ''Lepiota'' species are ground-dwelling [[saprotrophs]] with a preference for rich, [[calcareous]] soils. [[Basidiocarps]] (fruit bodies) are [[agaric]]oid with whitish [[spores]], typically with scaly [[pileus (mycology)|caps]] and a [[annulus (mycology)|ring]] on the [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]]. Around 400 species of ''Lepiota'' are currently recognized worldwide. Many species are [[poisonous mushroom|poisonous]], some lethally so.

==Taxonomy==

===History===
''Agaricus'' [[section (botany)|section]] ''Lepiota'' was originally published in 1797 by South African-born [[mycologist]] [[Christian Hendrik Persoon]].<ref name="Persoon 1797"/> It was subsequently raised to the rank of genus by [[Samuel Frederick Gray]]. As originally conceived, the genus was a mix of agarics with rings on their stems, including species now placed in ''[[Armillaria]]'', ''[[Cortinarius]]'', and ''[[Pholiota]]''.<ref name=Gray1821/> In 1822, however, the influential Swedish mycologist [[Elias Magnus Fries]] restricted ''Lepiota'' to white-spored, ringed agarics.<ref name=Fries1822/>

Based on macro- and micromorphology, later authors gradually refined the generic concept of ''Lepiota''. Some unrelated genera, such as ''[[Cystoderma]]'' ([[Victor Fayod|Fayod]] 1889) and ''[[Limacella]]'' ([[Franklin Sumner Earle|Earle]] 1909), were removed from the genus whilst several related genera, including ''[[Leucocoprinus]]'' ([[Narcisse Théophile Patouillard|Patouillard]] 1888), ''[[Macrolepiota]]'' and ''[[Leucoagaricus]]'' ([[Rolf Singer|Singer]] 1948), ''[[Cystolepiota]]'' (Singer 1952), and ''[[Echinoderma]]'' ([[Marcel Bon|Bon]] 1991) were separated off. These segregated genera, together with ''Lepiota'' itself, are still often grouped together as ''Lepiota s.l.'' (''[[sensu lato]]'' = "in the wide sense") or as the "lepiotoid" fungi.<ref name=Candusso/><ref name = Johnson&Vilgalys/><ref name ="Aberdeen"/><ref name="Bon1991"/>

The [[secotioid fungus|secotioid]] species ''Amogaster viridiglebus'', described in 1996 and initially placed in the order [[Boletales]],<ref name="Castellano 1995"/> was later determined to be a member of ''Lepiota'', and officially transferred to the genus in 2013.<ref name="Ge 2013"/>

===Current status===
Following some discussion over the [[type species]],<ref name = "Donk62"/> ''Lepiota'' has now been conserved under the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]], typified by ''Agaricus colubrinus'' Pers. (= ''[[Lepiota clypeolaria]]'').<ref name = "Code"/> Recent [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] research, based on [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequences]], suggests that the [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] concept of ''Lepiota s.s.'' (''sensu stricto'' = in the strict or narrow sense) is soundly based.<ref name = Johnson&Vilgalys/><ref name = Vellinga2003/><ref name = Vellinga2004/>

The name "Lepiota" is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] λεπις (= "scale") + οὖς (= "ear").<ref name=Rea1922/>

==Description==
Fruit bodies of ''Lepiota'' species are almost all [[agaric]]oid (''[[Lepiota viridigleba]]'' is the sole [[secotioid|sequestrate]] species in the genus<ref name="Ge 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=((Ge Z-W)), Smith ME |title=Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences indicates that the sequestrate ''Amogaster viridiglebus'' is derived from within the agaricoid genus ''Lepiota'' (Agaricaceae) |journal=Mycological Progress |year=2013 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=151–5 |doi=10.1007/s11557-012-0841-y|bibcode=2013MycPr..12..151G |s2cid=18543761 }}</ref>), most (but not all) having comparatively small caps (less than {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter) and slender stems. The cap cuticle (surface skin) typically splits as the cap expands, breaking up into concentric rings of scales towards the margin. The gills beneath the cap are white to cream (rarely yellow) and are free (not joined to the stem). The gills are covered by a partial veil when young, which typically ruptures to leave a cuff-like ring (sometimes ephemeral) often with additional scaly remains on the stem. Several species have a distinct, often rubbery, smell. The spore print is white to cream. The spores are usually (but not always) [[dextrinoid]] (turning red-brown in an [[iodine]]-based reagent).<ref name=Candusso/><ref name=Bon1993/>

==Habitat and distribution==
Most if not all ''Lepiota'' species are [[nitrophilic]], with a preference for [[calcareous]] soils. They typically occur in rich humus in broadleaf or conifer woodland, in northern Europe often among nettles (''[[Urtica dioica]]'') or dog's mercury (''[[Mercurialis perennis]]''). A few species are more frequently found in calcareous grassland or in dunes.<ref name=Bon1993/> The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], but with a preference for warm areas, meaning there are fewer species in colder climates. Around 400 species are currently recognized worldwide.<ref name ="Dictionary"/>

==Toxicity==
Several species contain [[amatoxins]] and are lethally poisonous, if consumed.<ref name ="Benjamin95"/> Those known to have caused fatalities include ''[[Lepiota brunneoincarnata]]'',<ref name=Hernandez/><ref name = "Ben Khelil"/> ''[[Lepiota brunneolilacea|L. brunneolilacea]]'',<ref name = "Boiffard"/> ''[[Lepiota castanea|L. castanea]]'',<ref name = "Paydas"/> ''[[Lepiota helveola|L. helveola]]'',<ref name = "Paydas"/><ref name = "Mustafa"/> and ''[[Lepiota subincarnata|L. subincarnata]]'' (synonym ''L. josserandii'').<ref name=Haines/> No ''Lepiota'' species is recommended as edible.<ref name=Bon1993/>

==Literature==
No comprehensive monograph of the genus has yet been published. In Europe, however, species of ''Lepiota'' were illustrated and described in a regional guide by Candusso & Lanzoni (1990)<ref name=Candusso/> and more briefly in descriptive keys by Bon (1993).<ref name=Bon1993/> Dutch species were illustrated and described by Vellinga (2001).<ref name ="Vellinga01"/> No equivalent modern guides have been published for North America, but Vellinga (2008) has published an online bibliography of the relevant literature.<ref name = "Vellinga08"/> In Australia, a guide to the ''Lepiota'' species of south-eastern Queensland was published by Aberdeen (1992).<ref name ="Aberdeen"/> In Asia, a study of ''Lepiota'' diversity in northern Thailand revealed 73 species.<ref name="Sysouphanthonga 2013"/>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
File:Lepiota subincarnata 117620.jpg|{{center|''[[Lepiota subincarnata]]''}}
File:Lepiota magnispora 39264.jpg|{{center|''[[Lepiota magnispora]]''}}
File:Lepiota castanea 70848.jpg|{{center|''[[Lepiota castanea]]''}}
File:Lepiota cristata 20070819w.jpg|{{center|''[[Lepiota cristata]]''}}
File:Lepiota_castaneidisca_AlanRockefeller.JPG|{{center|''[[Lepiota castaneidisca]]''}}
File:Lepiota lilacea.jpg|{{center|''[[Lepiota lilacea]]''}}
</gallery>

==List of species==
{{See also|List of Lepiota species}}
The following species have individual entries:
*''[[Lepiota ananya]]''
*''[[Lepiota anupama]]''
*''[[Lepiota babruka]]''
*''[[Lepiota babruzalka]]''
*''[[Lepiota bengalensis]]''
*''[[Lepiota brunneoincarnata]]'' 
*''[[Lepiota castanea]]'' 
*''[[Lepiota clypeolaria]]''
*''[[Lepiota harithaka]]''
*''[[Lepiota helveola]]''
*''[[Lepiota ignivolvata]]''
*''[[Lepiota nirupama]]''
*''[[Lepiota shveta]]''
*''[[Lepiota spheniscispora]]''
*''[[Lepiota subincarnata]]'' (synonym ''L. josserandii'')
*''[[Lepiota zalkavritha]]''
*''[[Lepiota locanianisis]]'' † (extinct)

The following species have individual entries, but are now placed in different genera:

*''Lepiota aspera'' = ''[[Echinoderma asperum]]''
*''Lepiota lutea'' = ''[[Leucocoprinus birnbaumii]]''
*''Lepiota molybdites'' = ''[[Chlorophyllum molybdites]]''
*''Lepiota naucina'' = ''[[Leucoagaricus leucothites]]''
*''Lepiota procera'' = ''[[Macrolepiota procera]]''
*''Lepiota rhacodes'' = ''[[Chlorophyllum rhacodes]]''

==See also==
*[[List of Agaricaceae genera]]
*[[List of Agaricales genera]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Bon1991">{{cite journal |author=Bon M. |title=Les genres ''Echinoderma'' (Locq. ex Bon) st. nov. et ''Rugosomyces'' Raithelhuber ss lato |journal=Documents Mycologiques |year=1991 |volume=21 |issue=82 |pages=61–66 |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Castellano 1995">{{cite journal |title=NATS truffle and truffle-like fungi 4: ''Amogaster viridigleba'' gen. et sp.nov., a new truffle-like fungus from the Sierra Nevada |journal=[[Mycotaxon]] |year=1995 |author=Castellano MA. |volume=55 |pages=185–8 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0055/0185.htm}}</ref>

<ref name=Gray1821>{{cite book |title=A natural arrangement of British plants |volume=1 |author=Gray SF. |author-link=Samuel Frederick Gray |year=1821 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock and Joy |location=London |page=601 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTc-AAAAcAAJ&q=Natural%20arrangement%20inauthor%3AGray&pg=PA601 |access-date=2011-08-05 }}</ref>

<ref name=Fries1822>{{cite book |title=Systema Mycologicum |volume=1 |author=Fries EM. |author-link=Elias Magnus Fries |year=1821 |publisher=Ex Officina Berlingiana |location=Lund, Sweden |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj8-AAAAcAAJ&q=fries%20Systema%20mycologicum%201821&pg=PA19 |access-date=2011-08-05 }}</ref>

<ref name="Code">''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature'' (Vienna Code, 2006), Appendix III {{cite web|url=http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm |title=INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE online |access-date=2011-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm |archive-date=2012-10-06 }}</ref>

<ref name = "Donk62">{{cite journal| author=Donk MA.| author-link=Marinus Anton Donk| title=The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae | journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia | pages=1–320 | volume=5 | year=1962 | issn= 0078-2238}}</ref>

<ref name=Candusso>{{cite book |title=Fungi Europaei 4: ''Lepiota s.l.'' |vauthors=Candusso M, Lanzoni G |year=1990 |publisher=Edizioni Candusso |location=Alassio, Italy |pages=743 }}</ref>

<ref name = Johnson&Vilgalys>{{cite journal|vauthors=Johnson J, Vilgalys R | title=Phylogenetic systematics of ''Lepiota sensu lato'' based on nuclear large subunit rDNA evidence | journal=Mycologia | pages=971–979| volume=90 | year=1998| doi=10.2307/3761269| issue=6| jstor=3761269 }}</ref>

<ref name="Persoon 1797">{{cite book |author=Persoon CH. |title=Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum |year=1797 |publisher=Wolf |location=Leipzig, Germany |page=68 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29568294}}</ref>

<ref name = Vellinga2003>{{cite journal| author=Vellinga EC. | title=Phylogeny of ''Lepiota'' (Agaricaceae) - Evidence from nrITS and nrLSU sequences | journal=Mycological Progress | pages=305–322 | volume=2 | year=2003| doi=10.1007/s11557-006-0068-x| issue=4| bibcode=2003MycPr...2..305V | s2cid=13944947 }}</ref>

<ref name = Vellinga2004>{{cite journal| author=Vellinga EC. | title=Genera in the family Agaricaceae – Evidence from nrITS and nrLSU sequences | journal=Mycological Research | pages=354–377 | volume=108 | year=2004| doi=10.1017/S0953756204009700| pmid=15209277| issue=Pt 4| s2cid=42847042 }}</ref>

<ref name=Rea1922>{{cite book |title=British Basidiomycetaceae: a handbook of the larger British fungi |author=Rea C. |author-link=Carleton Rea |year=1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=799 }}</ref>

<ref name=Bon1993>{{cite book |title=Flore mycologique d'Europe 3: Les Lepiotes |author=Bon M. |year=1993 |publisher=CRDP de Picardie |location=Amiens Cedex |pages=153 }}</ref>

<ref name ="Benjamin95">{{cite book |title=Mushrooms, poisons and panaceas: A handbook for naturalists, mycologists, and physicians |author=Benjamin DR. |year=1995 |publisher=W H Freeman & Co. |location=New York |pages=422 |isbn=978-0-7167-2649-4}}</ref>

<ref name=Haines>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00437009 | last1 = Haines | first1 = JH | last2 = Lichstein | first2 = E | last3 = Glickerman | first3 = D. | year = 1986 | title = A fatal poisoning from an amatoxin containing ''Lepiota'' | journal = Mycopathologia | volume = 93 | issue = 1| pages = 15–7 | pmid = 3960099 | title-link = amatoxin | s2cid = 28756785 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hernandez>{{Cite journal | last1 = Puig Hernández | first1 = A | last2 = Chumillas Córdoba | first2 = C | last3 = Camprodón Calveras | first3 = J | last4 = De Francisco Enciso | year = 2002 | first4 = E | last5 = Furió Marco | first5 = MP | last6 = Ferrán Martínez | first6 = G | title = Intoxicación fatal por ''Lepiota bruneoincarnata'' | journal = Anales de Medicina Interna | volume = 18 | issue = 9| pages = 481–2 | pmid = 11715136 | doi=10.4321/s0212-71992001000900007| doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name = "Mustafa">{{cite journal|vauthors=Işiloğlu M, Watling R | title=Poisonings by ''Lepiota helveola'' Bres. in southern Turkey | journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany | pages=91–100 | volume=48 | year=1991| doi=10.1017/S0960428600003668 }}</ref>

<ref name = "Ben Khelil">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ben Khelil M, etal | title=Intoxication mortelle par ''Lepiota brunneoincarnata'' : à propos de 4 cas | journal=Annales de Biologie Clinique | pages=561–567 | volume=68 | year=2010| pmid=20870578| issue=5| doi=10.1684/abc.2010.0467 }}</ref>

<ref name = "Boiffard">{{cite journal| author=Boiffard J. | title=Une intoxication familiale par ''Lepiota brunneolilacea'' | journal=Documents Mycologiques | pages=21–23 | volume=69 | year=1987 }}</ref>

<ref name = "Paydas">{{cite journal| author=Paydas, S| title=Poisoning due to amatoxin-containing ''Lepiota'' species | journal=British Journal of Clinical Practice | pages=450–453 | volume=44 | issue=11 | year=1990 | pmid = 2282295 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

<ref name ="Dictionary">{{cite book  |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Sysouphanthonga 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sysouphanthonga P, Hyde KD, Vellinga EC |title=Diversity of ''Lepiota'' (Agaricales) in northern Thailand |journal=Mycology |year=2013 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1080/21501203.2013.764358|s2cid=82743099 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name ="Vellinga01">{{cite book |title=Genus ''Lepiota'' in Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 5 |author=Vellinga EC. |year=2001 |publisher=AA Balkema |location=Lisse, Netherlands |pages=109–151 |isbn=978-90-5410-494-0}}</ref>

<ref name = "Vellinga08">Vellinga EC. (2008). Bibliography of North American ''Lepiota'' species – v. 2.1 http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/ev/americanlepiotaliterature_2.1.pdf</ref>

<ref name ="Aberdeen">{{cite book |title=Lepiotoid genera (Agaricales) in south-eastern Queensland |author=Aberdeen EC. |year=2001 |publisher=Aberdeen Publications |location=Gailes, Queensland |pages=34 |isbn=978-0-9596526-4-2}}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1090886}}
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[[Category:Lepiota| ]]
[[Category:Agaricales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]