Editing Lerner and Loewe

{{short description|20th-century American songwriting team}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Lerner and Loewe (1962 publicity portrait).jpg|thumb|Lerner and Loewe, {{circa}}{{nbsp}}1962]]
'''Lerner and Loewe''' is the partnership between [[lyricist]] and [[Libretto|librettist]] [[Alan Jay Lerner]] and composer [[Frederick Loewe]].<ref name="KennySalem">{{Cite journal |last1=Kenny |first1=Ellen |last2=Salem |first2=James M. |date=December 1968 |title=A Guide to Critical Reviews, Part II: The Musical from Rodgers-and-Hart to Lerner-and-Loewe |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/894002 |journal=Notes |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=245 |doi=10.2307/894002|jstor=894002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Spanning three decades and nine [[musical theatre|musicals]] from 1942 to 1960 and again from 1970 to 1972, the pair are known for being behind the creation of critical on stage successes such as ''[[My Fair Lady]]'', ''[[Brigadoon]]'', and ''[[Camelot (musical)|Camelot]]'' along with the musical film ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''.<ref name =LernerLahr />

==Background and previous work==
Growing up in Austria, Frederick or "Fritz" Loewe was a child prodigy concert pianist and son to a Viennese Operetta star, Edmond Loewe.<ref name =LernerLahr /> After moving to New York City, he worked as a pianist in German clubs and was accompanist for silent films but never had a partnership before working with Lerner.<ref name=Lees1990>Lees, Gene. ''Inventing Champagne: the Worlds of Lerner and Loewe.'' St. Martin's Press, 1990.</ref>
Conversely, Alan Lerner was born in New York City and attended Harvard where his first musical theater contributions came from working on collegiate [[Hasty Pudding Theatricals|Hasty Pudding]] musicals.<ref name =LernerLahr /> Early in his career at Harvard he collaborated with [[Leonard Bernstein]] but also did not have any official partnerships until he crossed paths with Loewe.<ref name=MassoBano>Masso, Giverny, and Tim Bano. "Lerner and Loewe's The Day Before Spring Revived for First Time since 1950s." ''The Stage'', April 3, 2017.</ref>

==Meeting==
In August 1942 at the [[Lambs Club]] in [[New York City]] 24 year old American, Alan Jay Lerner and 41 year old Austrian, Frederick Loewe, officially met each other.<ref name=Lees1990 /> As recounted by Lerner, the two met by chance when Loewe took a wrong turn on his way to the bathroom. Loewe asked Lerner if he wrote lyrics and upon affirmation, Loewe asked if he wanted to write with him. The two began working together immediately afterward.<ref name =LernerLahr />

==Early work==

While the two were quick to work with each other, the initial two musicals Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe worked on were not a commercial success and would be heavily regarded today as "flops."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The musical worlds of Lerner and Loewe|first=Gene|last=Lees|date=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0803280408|oclc=57168821}}</ref> 
The very first of their collaborations, ''[[Life of the Party (musical)|Life of the Party]]'', was worked on in 1942 at a stock company in Detroit, ran for 9 weeks and never made it to a Broadway stage. The first of their productions to make it to Broadway was [[What's Up? (musical)|''What's Up?'']], which received generally (if mildly) favorable reviews but was not a commercial success.  Lerner later wrote that the musical ran for only one week before closing,<ref name=LernerLahr /> but it in fact ran from November 11, 1943, to January 4, 1944, closing after 63 performances.

The pair achieved some small success in 1945 with ''[[The Day Before Spring]]''.<ref name=MassoBano /> This production opened at the [[Nederlander Theatre|National Theatre]] in late November and closed approximately one year later in April 1946. Despite the short run, a ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine critic gave the musical a favorable review from its opening at the [[Shubert Theatre (Boston)|Shubert Theatre]] in Boston and deemed Lerner and Loewe "potential supermen."<ref>Pearson, Barbara. "Out-of-Town Openings: 'The Day Before Spring'", ''Billboard Magazine,'' November 10, 1945, p. 38</ref>

===''Brigadoon''===
{{Main|Brigadoon}}
''Brigadoon'' was the pair's first significant hit.<ref name="Oates">{{Cite journal |last=Oates |first=Jennifer |date=2009-08-01 |title=Brigadoon: Lerner and Loewe's Scotland |url=https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/smt.3.1.91_1 |journal=Studies in Musical Theatre |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=91–99 |doi=10.1386/smt.3.1.91_1 |issn=1750-3159|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Loewe and Lerner reportedly auditioned their music fifty times before successfully finding investors to help mount their production.<ref name="KennySalem" />
''Brigadoon''<nowiki/>'s plot centers on two New York natives who are visiting the highlands of Scotland. While there, they happen upon a village that is enchanted by magic to appear only once every century.<ref name="Oates" /> The material was said to be inspired by the stories of [[James M. Barrie]] and also a direct quote from Frederick Loewe: "faith can move mountains."<ref name="Oates" /> The original Broadway production opened in 1947 at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]] and won the [[Drama Critics Award]] for Best Musical of the Year.<ref name =LernerLahr /> In 1949 ''Brigadoon'' opened at the [[West End Theatre]] in London. It has been revived successfully several times. A [[Brigadoon (film)|film]] starring [[Gene Kelly]] and [[Cyd Charisse]] was also made.<ref name="Oates" />

===''Paint Your Wagon''===
{{Main|Paint Your Wagon (musical)}}
Regarded by the duo as a "success, but not a hit", [[Paint Your Wagon (musical)|''Paint Your Wagon'']] opened in 1951 at the [[Shubert Theatre (Boston)|Shubert Theatre]] to mixed reviews.<ref name =LernerLahr /> The story takes place in California during the Gold Rush and focuses on the relationship between a father who works as a miner and his daughter.<ref name="McLamore" />
Two years after its New York opening, the musical made its West End debut in 1953 and ran for nearly 500 performances.<ref name="McLamore" />
Years later, in 1969, Lerner asked Loewe to return to the project to specifically write new songs for the film version. Loewe, who had since retired, declined, but gave Lerner permission to collaborate with [[Andre Previn]] for the additional songs.<ref name =LernerLahr /> The one rule Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe abided by for the entirety of their partnership was that if one wished to work with another lyricist or composer, he must tell the other; this also applied for any time someone requested to work with either one of them.<ref name =LernerLahr /> While Lerner received permission and created new songs with Previn specifically for the film, the reception of the movie musical was predominantly negative.<ref name="McLamore" /> The most popular songs from this musical were written in its earliest stages with both Lerner and Loewe at the helm, including "[[Wand'rin' Star|I Was Born Under a Wand'rin' Star]]", "[[They Call the Wind Maria]]" and "[[I Talk To The Trees]]."

===''My Fair Lady''===
{{Main|My Fair Lady}}
''My Fair Lady'' opened on Broadway at the [[Mark Hellinger Theatre]]. While both Lerner and Loewe were interested in adapting [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play [[Pygmalion (play)|''Pygmalion'']] into a musical, early on in the process they struggled significantly with creating a musical that would fit the musical constructs in place at the time, i.e. a flashy chorus and large ballet sequences.<ref name=LernerLahr>Lerner, Alan Jay, and John Lahr. ''The Street Where I Live: a Memoir.'' W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.</ref>
After many frustrated work sessions and the input of [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Oscar Hammerstein]], who had also tried to adapt the play with [[Richard Rodgers]] and failed, Lerner and Loewe abandoned the project.<ref name=LernerLahr />

During their break from what would be regarded by many as their most successful musical, Lerner concentrated his efforts on a musical based on the ''[[Li'l Abner]]'' comic, but was one day reminded of ''Pygmalion'' when he came across news of the passing of [[Gabriel Pascal]], the film producer who had brought the opportunity to the duo in the first place.<ref name="McLamore">{{Cite book |last=McLamore |first=Alyson |title=Musical Theater |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317191049/chapters/10.4324/9781315563770-28 |chapter=Lerner and Loewe |date=2017-09-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-56377-0 |edition=2 |pages=276–287 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315563770-28}}</ref>

After reevaluating the state of the musical theater "rules"—or, rather, the new lack of them—and determining that it was no longer necessary to have a subplot or a larger-than-life ensemble, in 1954 both Lerner and Loewe resumed the project and continued their efforts on the adaptation.<ref name=LernerLahr />

The main goal of Lerner and Loewe was not simply to do justice to the original text, but to create the right songs to emphasize character. It took many failed attempts, tossing out unneeded songs and long hours at the piano before coming across the style they both wished to utilize, the dramatization of characters' inner turmoil.<ref name=LernerLahr /> It was during work on this musical that Lerner and Loewe spent the most time perfecting songs. This came not just from playing music at the piano, but of talking out moments in the musical and what they both wanted to achieve from these moments.<ref name="McLamore" />

Lerner has said of Loewe's style that, when they were at the piano, he would often enter dreamlike states where he would continuously play until a musical moment appeared that they were both overjoyed with.<ref name=LernerLahr />

It wasn't until the tail end of the process, with previews looming, that Lerner and Loewe finally decided on a name for the musical. Loewe's vote was for "Fanfaroon," but Lerner believed that bore too close a resemblance to ''Brigadoon''. He, along with the rest of the creative team, decided that out of all their options, they disliked ''My Fair Lady'' the least.

The year it opened ''My Fair Lady'' won 6 of the 10 [[Tony Award|Tony]] Awards for which it was nominated and also won the [[Theatre World Award]] for Outstanding New York City Stage Debut Performance.<ref name=Lees1990 /> During the time it played it set the record for the longest running Broadway musical, and has had numerous revivals since the original production.<ref name=Mordden>Mordden, Ethan. "Rodgers and Hammerstein and Lerner and Loewe." ''When Broadway Went to Hollywood,'' Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 126–183.</ref>

===''Gigi''===
{{Main|Gigi (1958 film)}}
Four years after ''My Fair Lady'' opened, Lerner sought to collaborate with Loewe on a film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=James Ross |date=February 2000 |title=Lerner, Alan Jay (1918-1986), lyricist, librettist, and author |url=https://www.anb.org/display/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1802284 |access-date=2025-04-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802284 |volume=1}}</ref> Due to it being outside of stage work, Loewe at first passed on the opportunity, but relented after reading the script.<ref name =LernerLahr />

While in Paris preparing to shoot, Lerner, being more likely to make impulsive decisions, bought a blue Rolls-Royce and convinced Loewe to buy a grey one in an exchange that lasted less than five minutes at the car dealership.<ref name =LernerLahr /> The very first film preview of ''Gigi'' was not well-received, and it was a combination of the reactions and Lerner and Loewe's own unhappiness with the film that led them to rewrite and re-shoot it, costing them $300,000.<ref name =LernerLahr />

However, these changes were well-received and ''Gigi'' won nine [[Academy Awards]],<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051658/awards ''Gigi'' - Awards], imdb.com. Retrieved August 5, 2021.</ref> at that time holding the record for the most Oscars won by a single film production.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051658/trivia?item=tr0788366 ''Gigi'' - Trivia], imdb.com. Retrieved August 5, 2021.</ref>

===''Camelot''===
{{Main|Camelot (musical)}}

Much like ''Pygmalion'', inspiration for ''Camelot'' came to Lerner from a book, this time, T.H White's ''[[The Once and Future King]]''.<ref name=Mordden /> Loewe had to be more strongly convinced of its commercial appeal, but ultimately was won over.<ref name =LernerLahr />

''Camelot'' was an immensely difficult production for the duo, with the opening preview running four and a half hours and the director, [[Moss Hart]], hospitalized with a heart attack in the middle of previews, forcing Lerner to take over as director and causing tension between Lerner and Loewe.<ref name =LernerLahr /> While it was at first difficult to gain the traction they were looking for, the cast's appearance on the ''[[Ed Sullivan Show]]'' brought the production great success and ended up resulting in ''Camelot's'' total profits grossing over seven figures.<ref name =LernerLahr />

Loewe had previously stated to Lerner that ''Camelot'' would be his final show before his retirement and, true to his word, he parted ways with Lerner.<ref name =LernerLahr />

==Working relationship and personalities==
One element Lerner stated was instrumental to his partnership with Loewe was Loewe's patience.<ref name =LernerLahr /> Lerner's creative process could take as little as a few hours, and as much as a few weeks, yet he never felt pressured nor shamed by his counterpart.<ref name =LernerLahr /> While Loewe did not require as long periods of time to compose his music as Lerner required to write lyrics, he could often be very uncertain in his choices and Lerner was able to provide him with reassurance.<ref name =LernerLahr />

The two were also partial to working in the early morning, particularly Lerner, who believed all his best writing was done as soon as he awakened.<ref name =LernerLahr />

In terms of personality, the two could not be more opposite. Lerner, the younger of the two who was raised in New York, always had an eagerness about him and was quick speaking and moving. Loewe, the older of the two who was brought up in Austria, was more experienced and cynical. However, each understood the other and they developed a very deep friendship.<ref name=Lees1990 />

==Final collaboration==

Their final collaboration was on the 1974 [[musical film]] ''[[The Little Prince (1974 film)|The Little Prince]]''. The ''All Movie'' reviewer wrote: "Although Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe crafted a hummable and entertaining score, it is not among their best work; worse, its tone and style are frequently at odds with the story."<ref>Butler, Craig. [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-little-prince-v29587/review#XUqBQa3ztH6fs4Rh.99 "Review"] ''All Movie'', retrieved May 28, 2018</ref>

Lerner said this of Loewe:
<blockquote>"There will never be another Fritz... Writing will never again be as much fun. A collaboration as intense as ours inescapably had to be complex. But I loved him more than I understood or misunderstood him and I know he loved me more than he understood or misunderstood me."<ref name="LernerLahr" /></blockquote>In ''The New York Times'' obituary for Loewe, it was written: "Near the creative peak of their collaboration, Mr. Lerner characterized his working relationship with Mr. Loewe as pleasant and respectful."<ref>Holden, Stephen. [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/15/obituaries/frederick-loewe-dies-at-86-wrote-my-fair-lad-score.html "Frederick Loewe Dies at 86; Wrote 'My Fair Lady' Score"], ''The New York Times'', February 15, 1988</ref>

==List of theatre works==

* ''[[Life of the Party (musical)|Life of the Party]]'' (1942)
* ''[[What's Up? (musical)|What's Up?]]'' (1943)
* ''[[The Day Before Spring]]'' (1945)
* ''[[Brigadoon (musical)|Brigadoon]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Paint Your Wagon (musical)|Paint Your Wagon]]'' (1951)
* ''[[My Fair Lady]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Camelot (musical)|Camelot]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Gigi (musical)|Gigi]]'' (1973) – stage version adapted from the film

==Films and film adaptations==

*''[[Brigadoon (film)|Brigadoon]]'' (1954)
*''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]'' (1958)
*''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964)
*''[[Camelot (film)|Camelot]]'' (1967)
*''[[Paint Your Wagon (film)|Paint Your Wagon]]'' (1969)
*''[[The Little Prince (1974 film)|The Little Prince]]'' (1974)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Lees, Gene (2005, originally published 1991). ''The Musical Worlds of Lerner and Loewe''.  University of Nebraska Press (bisonbooks.com), {{ISBN|0-8032-8040-8}}
*Green, Benny, Editor (1987). ''A Hymn to Him: The Lyrics of Alan Jay Lerner''. Hal Leonard Corporation. {{ISBN|0-87910-109-1}}
*Lerner, Alan Jay (1985). ''The Street Where I Live''. Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-306-80602-9}}
*Green, Benny. "Frederick Loewe, a prince of musical comedy", ''The Guardian'', February 16, 1988, p.&nbsp;33

{{Lerner and Loewe}}
{{My Fair Lady}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:American musical theatre composers]]
[[Category:American male musical theatre composers]]
[[Category:American songwriting teams]]
[[Category:American musical duos]]