Editing Lilium bulbiferum

{{Short description|Species of lily}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Lilium bulbiferum var. bulbiferum 01.JPG
| genus = Lilium
| species = bulbiferum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Thunb. 1794
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=uy>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=280683|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Lilium atrosanguineum'' <small>H.Vilm.</small>
|''Lilium aurantiacum'' <small>Weston, 1772</small>
|''Lilium biligulatum'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium chaixii'' <small> Maw</small>
|''Lilium croceum'' <small> Chaix</small>
|''Lilium elatum'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Lilium fulgens'' <small>E.Morren ex Spae</small>
|''Lilium fulgens'' <small>W.H.Baxter</small>
|''Lilium haematochroum'' <small>Lem.</small>
|''Lilium humile'' <small>Mill., 1768</small>
|''Lilium lateritium'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium latifolium'' <small>Link</small> 
|''Lilium luteum'' <small>Gaterau, 1789</small>
|''Lilium pictum'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium pubescens'' <small>Bernh. ex Hornem.</small>
|''Lilium sanguineum'' <small>Lindl.</small>
|''Lilium scabrum'' <small>Moench, 1794</small>
|''Lilium sibiricum'' <small>Willd.</small>
|plus many names at the [[Variety (botany)|varietal]] level
}}}}

'''''Lilium bulbiferum''''', common names '''orange lily''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LIBU|taxon=Lilium bulbiferum|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref> '''fire lily,''' '''Jimmy's Bane,''' '''tiger lily''' and '''St. John's Lily''', is a  [[herbaceous]] European [[lily]] with underground bulbs, belonging to the [[Liliaceae]].<ref name=uy/><ref name=yu/>

The Latin name ''bulbiferum'' of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies.

==Description==
''Lilium bulbiferum'' reaches on average {{convert|20|-|90|cm}} of height, with a maximum of  {{convert|120|cm}}. The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and can reach about {{convert|1.5|cm}} of diameter. The stem is erect, the leaves are lanceolate, up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence has one to five short-haired flowers. They are hermaphroditic and scentless, have six upright [[tepal]]s, the outer are slightly narrower than the inner ones. The flowers can reach 4–6 centimeters in length and are bright yellow-orange with reddish-brown dots. The [[stamen]]s are erect, about half as long as the [[tepal]]s, with red [[anther]]s. The style is orange, {{convert|35|mm}} of height. The flowering period extends from May through July.<ref>Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 Vol. III. pa. 362</ref>

There are two varieties, ''L. b.'' var. ''croceum'' <small>(Chaix) Baker</small> in the western part of the range, and ''L. b.'' var. ''bulbiferum'' in its eastern part. Only the last one always produces secondary aerial bulbs (''bulbils'') in the axils of the upper leaves.  These ''bulbils'' fall to the ground and mature after two to three years. When manually separated from the stem they can easily be used for propagating the plant.

The dwarf plants from the [[Maritime Alps]], formerly described as var. ''chaixii'' <small>(Elwes) Stoker</small>, and the large plants from the region of [[Naples]], formerly described as var. ''giganteum'' <small>N. Terracc.</small>, are now considered as local variants of var. ''croceum''.

[[Extrafloral nectaries]] on the species were first noted by Zimmerman 1932, at least for ''var. croceum''.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6|pmc=3662505 }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''L. bulbiferum'' is widely distributed in much of [[Europe]] from [[Spain]] to [[Finland]] and [[Ukraine]].<ref name=yu>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=lilium+bulbiferum Altervista Flora Italiana, Giglio rosso, Orange Lily, ''Lilium bulbiferum'' L.] includes many photos plus European distribution map</ref> It grows in mountain meadows and on hillsides. They prefer calcareous soils in warm, sunny places, but also grow on slightly acid soils. They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|500|-|1900|m}} above sea level.

==In culture==
The orange lily has long been recognised as a symbol of the [[Orange Order]] in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://designresearchgroup.wordpress.com/2007/06/27/a-kinder-gentler-image-modernism-tradition-and-the-orange-order-redesign/|title=A kinder gentler image? Modernism, Tradition and the new Orange Order logo.|first=Reinventing the Orange Order: A. superhero for the 21st century « Design Research Group 12 12 07 /|last=8pm|date=27 June 2007|publisher=|accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref>

==Toxicity==

===Cats===
[[Cats]] are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal;<ref>[http://www.noliliesforcats.com/faq1.pml Frequently Asked Questions] No Lilies For Cats.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 21147474 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006 | volume=25 | title=Lily toxicity in the cat | year=2010 | journal=Top Companion Anim Med | pages=213–7 | last1 = Fitzgerald | first1 = KT| issue=4 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/tiger-lily/ Tiger Lilly] Pet Poison Helpline.</ref> households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention.<ref name="petmd" /> Rapid treatment with [[activated charcoal]] or induced [[vomiting]] can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases veterinarians may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by [[Intravenous injection|IV]] can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.<ref name="petmd">[http://www.petmd.com/cat/emergency/poisoning-toxicity/e_ct_lily_poisoning Lily Poisoning in Cats]. Pet MD.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q163766}}

[[Category:Lilium|bulbiferum]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Plants with extrafloral nectaries]]