Editing Limelight

{{short description|Type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Limelight diagram.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of a limelight burner]]

'''Limelight ''' (also known as '''Drummond light''' or '''calcium light''')<ref name=smith>James R. Smith (2004). ''San Francisco's Lost Landmarks'', Quill Driver Books.</ref> is a non-electric type of [[stage lighting]] that was once used in [[Theater (structure)|theatres]] and [[music hall]]s. An intense illumination is created when a flame fed by [[Oxyhydrogen|oxygen and hydrogen]] is directed at a cylinder of quicklime ([[calcium oxide]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/Lime/lime.html|title=Chemical of the Week – Lime|website=scifun.chem.wisc.edu|access-date=2017-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217232600/http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/Lime/lime.html|archive-date=17 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> due to a combination of [[incandescence]] and [[candoluminescence]]. Although it has long since been replaced by electric lighting, the term has nonetheless survived, as someone in the public eye is still said to be "in the limelight". The actual lamps are called "limes", a term which has been transferred to electrical equivalents.

==History==
===Discovery and invention===
The limelight effect was discovered in the 1820s by [[Goldsworthy Gurney]],<ref>[http://www1.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_19.htm Limelight – Leeds University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219082452/http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_19.htm |date=19 February 2011 }}, Retrieved 18 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iX194mHFAcYC&pg=PA11 | page = 11 | title = The Correspondence of Michael Faraday | isbn = 978-0-86341-251-6 | author1 = Faraday, Michael | author2 = James, Frank A. J. L | year = 1999}}</ref> based on his work with the "oxy-hydrogen [[blowpipe (tool)|blowpipe]]", credit for which is normally given to [[Robert Hare (chemist)|Robert Hare]].  In 1825, a [[Scotland|Scottish]] engineer, [[Thomas Drummond]] (1797–1840), saw a demonstration of the effect by [[Michael Faraday]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carver|first1=Craig M.|title=A history of English in its own words|date=1991|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0-06-270013-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish00carv/page/158 158]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish00carv/page/158}}</ref> and realized that the light would be useful for surveying.  Drummond built a working version in 1826, and the device is sometimes called the ''Drummond light'' after him.

===Early use in the United Kingdom===
The earliest known use of limelight at a public performance was outdoors, over [[Herne Bay Pier]], Kent, on the night of 3 October 1836 to illuminate a juggling performance by magician [[Ching Lau Lauro]]. This performance was part of the celebrations following the laying of the [[cornerstone|foundation stone]] of the [[Clock Tower, Herne Bay|Clock Tower]]. The playbill called it ''koniaphostic'' light and announced that "the whole pier is overwhelmed with a flood of beautiful white light".{{sfn|Bundock|2000|p=6}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRMFAAAAQAAJ |title=The Mechanic and Chemist: A Magazine of the Arts and Sciences |year=1839 |page=354 }}</ref> Limelight was first used for indoor stage illumination in the [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden Theatre]] in [[London]] in 1837 and enjoyed widespread use in theatres around the world in the 1860s and 1870s.<ref>{{cite book
|url = https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00almq
|url-access = registration
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00almq/page/72 72]–73
|title = History of industrial gases
|publisher = Springer Science & Business Media
|isbn = 978-0-306-47277-0
|author1 = Almqvist, Ebbe
|year = 2003
}}</ref>
Limelights were employed to highlight solo performers in the same manner as modern [[spotlight (theatre lighting)|spotlights]].<ref>{{cite book
|last = Reid
|first = Francis
|author-link = Francis Reid
|title = The Stage Lighting Handbook (Stage and Costume)
|publisher = A & C Black Publishers Ltd|edition= 6 Rev
|location = UK
|year = 2001
<!-- 1224 pages -->
|isbn = 0-7136-5396-5
}}</ref>

===Early use in the United States===
During the [[American Civil War]] in July and August 1863 calcium lights were used during the siege of [[Fort Wagner]], allowing [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces to illuminate their artillery target at night while supposedly blinding [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] gunners and riflemen. Calcium lights were also installed on Union Navy ships.<ref>[https://hamptonroadsnavalmuseum.blogspot.com/2016/09/in-limelight-civil-war-military.html In the Limelight: A Civil War Military Innovation]</ref>

Limelight was replaced by electric [[arc lamp|arc lighting]] in the late 19th century.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Homemade Limelight.JPG|Heating [[calcium hydroxide]] (slaked lime) in a stove burner causes it to glow, although this is not as bright as a real limelight
Limelight (19e eeuw).jpg|alt=19th century limelight used for stage lighting|19th century limelight used for stage lighting (collection: Stadsschouwburg (city theatre) Bruges, Belgium)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|limelight|in the limelight}}
* {{annotated link|Black-body radiation}}
* {{annotated link|Timeline of hydrogen technologies}}
* {{annotated link|List of light sources}}
* {{annotated link|Zirconia light}}
* {{annotated link|Nineteenth-century theatrical scenery}}
* {{annotated link|Klieg light}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bundock |first=Mike |date=2000 |title=Herne Bay Clock Tower: A Descriptive History |location=Herne Bay |publisher=Pierhead Publications |isbn=978-0953897704 }} 
* [http://www.artgallery.sa.gov.au/noye/Lantern/Lantlime.htm Art Gallery of South Australia History of Limelights]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Limelight}}

{{Artificial light sources}}

[[Category:Types of lamp]]
[[Category:Stage lighting]]
[[Category:Scottish inventions]]
[[Category:Hydrogen technologies]]