Editing Limpkin

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Limpkin, Florida 05.jpg
| image_caption = At St. John's River, Florida
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Aramus guarauna'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22692174A93339530 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692174A93339530.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = G5
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104955/Aramus_guarauna |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Aramus
| species = guarauna
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| range_map = Limpkin-03.jpg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. guarauna''
| synonyms = * ''Scolopax guarauna'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1766}}
}}

[[File:Limpkin (Aramus guarauna).jpg|thumb|An adult Limpkin walks down the bank of Lake Cecile near Kissimmee, FL]]
The '''limpkin''' ('''''Aramus guarauna'''''), also called '''carrao''', '''courlan''', and '''crying bird''', is a large wading bird related to [[Rallidae|rails]] and [[Crane (bird)|cranes]], and the only extant species in the [[family (biology)|family]] Aramidae. It is found mostly in wetlands in warm parts of the [[Americas]], from [[Florida]] to northern Argentina, but has been spotted as far north as Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Tropical bird spotted for first time in Pennsylvania - CBS Pittsburgh |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/tropical-bird-limpkin-spotted-pennsylvania/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and Southern Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title= Rarities seen, records reached during annual Christmas bird counts |url= https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/rarities-seen-records-reached-during-annual-christmas-bird-counts/wcm/70aec8f6-ffcf-46a6-a437-b8f889d16d6f/amp/ |website=www.windsorstar.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It feeds on [[mollusc]]s, with the diet dominated by [[Ampullariidae|apple snails]] of the genus ''[[Pomacea]]''. Its name derives from its seeming limp when it walks.<ref name=NatGeo/>

==Taxonomy and systematics==
The limpkin is placed in  the family Aramidae, which is in turn placed within the crane and [[Rail (bird)|rail]] order [[Gruiformes]].<ref name="hbwfamily"/> The limpkin had been suggested to be close to the [[ibis]] and [[spoonbill]] family [[Threskiornithidae]], based upon shared bird [[lice]]. The [[Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds]], based upon [[DNA–DNA hybridization]], suggested that the limpkin's closest relatives were the [[Heliornithidae]] finfoots, and Sibley and Monroe even placed the species in that family in 1990.<ref name=SibleyCG1990/> More recent studies have found little support for this relationship.<ref name=BNA/> More recent DNA studies have confirmed a close relationship with particularly the cranes,<ref name=Livezey1998/> with the limpkin remaining as a family close to the cranes and the two being sister taxa to the [[Psophiidae|trumpeter]]s.<ref name=Fain2007/>

Although the limpkin is the only [[Extant taxon|extant]] species in the family today, several [[fossil]]s of extinct Aramidae are known from across the Americas. The earliest known species, ''[[Aramus paludigrus]]'', is dated to the middle [[Miocene]] of Colombia.<ref name=Rasmussen1997/> An Oligocene fossil from Europe, ''[[Parvigrus]] pohli'' (family [[Parvigruidae]]), has been described as a mosaic of the features shared by the limpkins and the cranes. It shares many morphological features with the cranes and limpkins, but also was much smaller than either group, and was more rail-like in its proportions. In the paper describing the fossil, [[Gerald Mayr]] suggested that it was similar to the stem species of the grues (the cranes and limpkins), and that the limpkins evolved massively long bills as a result of the specialisation to feeding on snails. In contrast, the cranes evolved into long-legged forms to walk and probe on open grasslands.<ref name=Mayr2005/>

===Subspecies===
Between 1856 and 1934, the limpkin was treated as two species, one in South America (''Aramus guarauna'') and the other found in Central America, the Caribbean, and Florida (''Aramus pictus''). Today, it is treated as a single species with four subspecies. Along with the nominate subspecies ''A. g. guarauna'',  ''A. g. dolosus'', ''A. g. elucus'' (both [[James L. Peters|J. L. Peters]], 1925), and ''A. g. pictus'' ([[Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer|F. A. A. Meyer]], 1794) are recognized. The difference between the subspecies are related to slight differences in size and plumage.<ref name="hbwfamily"/>
* ''Aramus guarauna guarauna'' - [[South America]] (except the arid west coast, the [[Andes]] and extreme south)
* ''Aramus guarauna pictus'' - Florida, Georgia, [[The Bahamas]], [[Cuba]] and [[Jamaica]]
* ''Aramus guarauna elucus'' - [[Hispaniola]] and (formerly) [[Puerto Rico]]
* ''Aramus guarauna dolosus'' - Southwestern [[Mexico]] to [[Panama]]

==Description==
The limpkin is a somewhat large bird, {{convert|64|-|73|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a wingspan of {{convert|101|-|107|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Body mass ranges from {{convert|900|to|1300|g|lb|abbr=on}}, averaging {{convert|1080|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CRC/> The males are [[sexual dimorphism|slightly larger]] than the females in size, but no difference in [[plumage]] is seen.<ref name =BNA/> Its plumage is drab—dark brown with an olive luster above. The feathers of the head, neck, wing coverts, and much of the back and underparts (except the rear) are marked with white, making the body look streaked and the head and neck light gray. It has long, dark-gray legs and a long neck. Its bill is long, heavy, and downcurved, yellowish bill with a darker tip.<ref name=H&W/><ref name=Sibley/> The bill is slightly open near but not at the end to give it a tweezers-like action in removing snails from their shells, and in many individuals the tip curves slightly to the right, like the [[Ampullariidae|apple snails]]' shells.<ref name=CLO/> The white markings are slightly less conspicuous in first-year birds.<ref name=Sibley/> Its wings are broad and rounded and its tail is short.<ref name=Firefly/> It is often confused with the immature [[American white ibis]].

This bird is easier to hear than see. Its common vocalization is a loud wild wail or scream<ref name=H&W/><ref name=Firefly/> with some rattling quality, represented as "''kwEEEeeer'' or ''klAAAar''."<ref name=Sibley/> This call is most often given at night<ref name=Firefly/> and at dawn and dusk.<ref name=H&W/> Other calls include "wooden clicking",<ref name=Sibley/> clucks,<ref name=Firefly/> and in alarm, a "piercing ''bihk, bihk...''".<ref name=H&W/>
<gallery mode=packed>
Limpkin-2.jpg|Limpkin performing a wing-stretch
Aramus guarauna-takes off.jpg|Taking off
</gallery>

==Distribution and habitat==
The limpkin occurs from peninsular Florida (and the [[Okefenokee Swamp]] in southern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]])<ref name=Peterson1947/> and southern Mexico through the Caribbean and Central America to northern [[Argentina]]. In South America, it occurs widely east of the [[Andes]]; west of them its range extends only to the Equator.<ref name=H&W/><ref name=Firefly/>

It inhabits freshwater [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s, often with tall [[Reed bed|reeds]], as well as [[mangrove]]s.<ref name=H&W/><ref name=Firefly/> In the Caribbean, it also inhabits dry brushland.<ref name=Firefly/> In Mexico and northern Central America, it occurs at altitudes up to {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=H&W/> In Florida, the distribution of apple snails is the best predictor of where limpkins can be found.<ref name=BNA/>

The limpkin undertakes some localized [[bird migration|migrations]], although the extent of these is not fully understood. In some parts in the northern part of the range, females (and a few males) leave the breeding areas at the end of summer, returning at the end of winter.<ref name="hbwfamily"/> In Brazil, birds breeding in some seasonal marshes leave during the dry season and return again with the rains.<ref name=BNA/> Birds may also migrate between Florida and Cuba, as several limpkins on the [[Florida Keys]] and [[Dry Tortugas]] have been reported, but these records may also represent [[vagrancy (biology)|vagrants]] or postbreeding dispersal. One study in Florida using [[Bird ringing#Wing tags|wing tags]] found limpkins dispersed up to {{convert|325|km|abbr=on}} away from the breeding site. This tendency may explain vagrant limpkins seen in other parts of the United States and at sea near the Bahamas.<ref name="hbwfamily"/>

==Behavior and ecology==
Limpkins are active during the day, but also forage at night. Where they are not persecuted, they are also very tame and approachable.<ref name="hbwfamily"/> Even so, they are usually found near cover.<ref name=H&W/> They are not aggressive for the most part, being unconcerned by other species and rarely fighting with members of their own species.<ref name="hbwfamily"/>

Because of their long toes, they can stand on floating water plants. They also swim well, both as adults or as newly hatched chicks, but they seldom do so.<ref name=BNA/> They fly strongly, the neck projecting forward and the legs backward,<ref name=Firefly/> the wings beating shallowly and stiffly, with a jerky upstroke, above the horizontal most of the time.<ref name=H&W/>

===Feeding===
[[File:Limpkin-snail2.jpg|thumb|Limpkin with an apple snail (''Pomacea'')]]
[[File:Limpkin Fishing.JPG|thumb|Limpkin searching underwater for food]]
Limpkins forage primarily in shallow water and on floating vegetation such as [[water hyacinth]] and [[Pistia|water lettuce]].<ref name=Stevenson1994/> When wading, they seldom go deeper than having half the body underwater, and never are submerged up to the back.<ref name=BNA/> They walk slowly with a gait described as "slightly undulating" and "giving the impression of lameness or limping",<ref name=Firefly/> "high-stepping",<ref name=H&W/> or "strolling",<ref name=Sibley/> looking for food if the water is clear or probing with the bill.<ref name=CLO/><ref name=Firefly/> They do not associate with other birds in [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s, as do some other wading birds, but may forage in small groups with others of their species.<ref name=Bennetts/>

The diet of the limpkin is dominated by apple snails ([[Ampullariidae]]) of the genus ''[[Pomacea]]''. The availability of this one [[mollusk]] has a significant effect on the local distribution of the limpkin.<ref name=Cottam/> [[Freshwater mussel]]s, including ''[[Anodonta|Anodonta cowperiana]]'', ''[[Villosa|Villosa vibex]]'', ''[[Elliptio|Elliptio strigosus]]'', ''E. jayensis'', and ''[[Uniomerus|Uniomerus obesus]]'', as well as other kinds of snails, are a secondary food sources.<ref name=BNA/> Less important prey items are [[insect]]s, [[frog]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[crustacean]]s (such as [[crayfish]])<ref name="Aramus guarauna Limpkin">{{Cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aramus_guarauna/|title = ''Aramus guarauna'' (Limpkin)| website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> and [[worm]]s,<ref name=Firefly/> as well as [[seed]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Aramus%20guarana%20-%20Limpkin.pdf|title=''Aramus guarana'' (Limpkin)|website=The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=[[University of the West Indies|UWI]]}}</ref><ref name="Aramus guarauna Limpkin"/> These prey items may be important in periods of drought or flooding when birds may be pushed into less than optimal foraging areas.<ref name=BNA/> In one site in Florida, [[Natica|moon snails]] and mussels were the most important prey items.<ref name=BNA/> Two studies, both in Florida, have looked at the percentage composition of the diet of limpkins. One, looking at stomach contents, found 70% ''Pomacea'' apple snails, 3% ''[[Campeloma]]'', and 27% unidentified mollusc, probably ''Pomacea''.<ref name=BNA/><ref name=Cottam/>

When a limpkin finds an apple snail, it carries it to land or very shallow water and places it in mud, the opening facing up. It deftly removes the [[operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] or "lid" and extracts the snail,<ref name=Firefly/> seldom breaking the shell. The extraction takes 10 to 20 seconds.<ref name=CLO/> The orange-yellow yolk gland of female snails is usually shaken loose and not eaten.<ref name=BNA/> It often leaves piles of empty shells at favored spots.<ref name=Firefly/>

===Reproduction and breeding===
[[File:Limpkin Juvenile.jpg|thumb|Juvenile limpkin]]
Males have exclusive [[territory (animal)|territories]], which can vary in size from {{convert|0.15|to|4.0|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. In large, uniform swamps, nesting territories can often be clumped together, in the form of large [[bird colony|colonies]]. These are vigorously defended, with males flying to the territory edges to challenge intruders and passing limpkins being chased out of the territory. Territorial displays between males at boundaries include ritualized charging and wing-flapping. Females may also participate in territorial defense, but usually only against other females or juveniles. Territories may be maintained year-round or abandoned temporarily during the nonbreeding season, usually due to lack of food.<ref name=BNA/>

Limpkins may be either [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]], with females joining a male's territory, or [[polyandry in animals|serially polyandrous]], with two or more females joining a male. With the monogamous pairs, [[bird ringing|banding]] studies have shown that a small number of pairs reform the following year (four out of 18 pairs).<ref name=BNA/>
[[File:Limpkin Family looking for snails.jpg|thumb|left|Limpkin chicks with parents]]
Nests may be built in a wide variety of places – on the ground, in dense floating vegetation,<ref name=Nicholson/> in bushes, or at any height in trees. They are bulky structures of [[Juncaceae|rushes]], sticks, or other materials. Nest building is undertaken by the male initially, which constructs the nest in his territory prior to pair-bond formation. Unpaired females visit a number of territories before settling on a male with which to breed. Males may initially challenge and fight off prospective mates, and may not accept first-year females as mates. Pair-bond formation may take a few weeks. [[Courtship feeding]] is part of the bonding process, where males catch and process a snail and then feed it to the female.<ref name=BNA/>

The clutch consists of three to eight [[Bird egg|eggs]], with five to seven being typical and averaging 5.5,<ref name=BNA/> which measure {{convert|6.0|×|4.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The egg color is highly variable. Their background color ranges from gray-white through buff to deep olive, and they are marked with light-brown and sometimes purplish-gray blotches and speckles. The eggs are laid daily until the clutch is complete, and [[avian incubation|incubation]] is usually delayed until the clutch is completed. Both parents incubate the eggs during the day, but only the female incubates at night. The shift length is variable, but the male incubates for longer during the day. The male remains territorial during incubation, and leaves the clutch to chase off intruders; if this happens, the female returns quickly to the eggs. The incubation period is about 27 days, and all the eggs hatch within 24 hours of each other.<ref name=BNA/>

The young hatch covered with [[down feather|down]], capable of walking, running, and swimming. They follow their parents to a platform of aquatic vegetation, where they are brooded. They are fed by both parents; they reach adult size at 7 weeks and leave their parents at about 16 weeks.<ref name=CLO/><ref name=Firefly/>

===Ecology===
Limpkins are reported to be attacked and eaten by [[American alligator]]s. Also, adults with serious foot and leg injuries have been reported, suggesting they may have been attacked by turtles while standing on floating vegetation. Their nests are apparently preyed upon by snakes, [[raccoon]]s, crows, and muskrats.<ref name=BNA/> Foraging adults may in times of drought be victims of [[kleptoparasitism]] by [[snail kite]]s,<ref name=Miller1985/> and the attempted theft of apple snails caught by limpkins has also been observed in [[boat-tailed grackle]]s.<ref name=Bennetts/>

Limpkins in Florida were examined for parasites, which included [[trematode]]s, [[nematode]]s, and biting [[lice]]. Two biting lice species were found, ''[[Laemobothrion cubense]]'' and ''[[Rallicola]] [[Rallicola funebris|funebris]]''. The trematode ''[[Prionosoma serratum]]'' was found in the intestines of some birds; this species may enter the bird after first infecting apple snails (this has been shown to be the route of infection for a closely related trematode to infect snail kites). Nematodes ''[[Amidostomum acutum]]'' and ''[[Strongyloides]]'' spp. are also ingested and live in the gut.<ref name="Florida parasite"/>

==Relationship with humans==
Many of the limpkin's names across its range are [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] and reflect the bird's call; for example, ''[[carau]] ''in Argentina, ''carrao'' in Venezuela, and ''guareáo ''in Cuba. The species also has a range of common names that refer to its call, for example lamenting bird, or to its supposed gait, crippled bird. The limpkin does not feature much in folklore, although in the Amazon people believe that when the limpkin starts to call, the river will not rise any more.<ref name="hbwfamily"/> Its call has been used for jungle sound effects in [[Tarzan]] films<ref name=Phillips/> and for the [[hippogriff]] in the film ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]''.<ref name=Ramanujan2005/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Bennetts>{{cite journal |title= Possible Use of Wading Birds as Beaters by Snail Kites, Boat-Tailed Grackles, and Limpkins |journal=Wilson Bulletin |year=1997 |first1=Robert |last1=Bennetts |first2=Victoria J. |last2=Dreitz |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=169–173 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v109n01/p0169-p0173.pdf |access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=BNA>{{cite journal |last=Bryan |first=Dana |title=Limpkin (''Aramus guarauna'') |journal=Birds of North America |editor-last=Poole |editor-first=A. |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |location=Ithaca |year=2002 |series=The Birds of North America Online |url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/627 |access-date=24 February 2010 |doi=10.2173/bna.627|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name=CLO>{{Cite AllAboutBirds|Limpkin|accessdate=1 February 2009}} Includes a sound file.</ref>

<ref name=Cottam>{{Cite journal |first=Clarence |last=Cottam |author-link=Clarence Cottam |title=Food of the Limpkin |year=1936 |journal=Wilson Bulletin |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=11–13 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v048n01/p0011-p0013.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=CRC>{{Cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |editor-first=John B. |editor-last=Dunning Jr. |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref>

<ref name=Fain2007>{{cite journal |last1=Fain |first1=Matthew G. |last2=Krajewski |first2=Carey |first3=Peter |last3=Houde |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of "core Gruiformes" (Aves: Grues) and resolution of the Limpkin–Sungrebe problem |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=515–529 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.015 |pmid=17419074|bibcode=2007MolPE..43..515F }}</ref>

<ref name=Firefly>{{Cite book |last1=Holyoak |first1=David |last2=Colston |first2=P.R. |year=2003 |chapter=Limpkin |title=The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds |editor=Christopher Perrins |publisher=Firefly Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/212 212–213] |isbn=1-55297-777-3 |editor-link=Chris Perrins |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/212 }}</ref>

<ref name="Florida parasite">{{cite journal|last1=Conti|first1=J.|last2=Forrester|first2=D.|last3=Nesbitt|first3=S.|title=Parasites of limpkins, ''Aramus guarauna'', in Florida.|journal=Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington|date=1985|volume=52|issue=1|pages=140–142|url=http://bionames.org/bionames-archive/issn/0018-0130/52/140.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="hbwfamily">{{cite journal |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2020 |title= Limpkin (''Aramidae'') |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/family/limpkin-aramidae|publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |doi=10.2173/bow.aramid1.01 |s2cid=241328872 |access-date=11 March 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name=H&W>{{Cite book |last1=Howell |first1=Steve N.G. |last2=Webb |first2=Sophie |title=A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/248 248] |isbn=0-19-854012-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/248 }}</ref>

<ref name=Livezey1998>{{cite journal |last=Livezey |first=B.C. |year=1998 |title=A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae) |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=353 |issue=1378 |pages=2077–2151 |doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0353|pmc=1692427 }}</ref>

<ref name=Mayr2005>{{cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Gerald |year=2005 |title=A chicken-sized crane precursor from the early Oligocene of France |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=92 |issue=8 |pages=389–393 |doi=10.1007/s00114-005-0007-8 |pmid=16052357|bibcode=2005NW.....92..389M |s2cid=20017550 }}</ref>

<ref name=Miller1985>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Bruce W. |first2=Ronald L. |last2=Tilson |year=1985 |title=Snail Kite kleptoparasitism of Limpkins |journal =The Auk |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=170–171 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v102n01/p0170-p0171.pdf |doi=10.2307/4086837|jstor=4086837 }}</ref>

<ref name=NatGeo>{{cite book |publisher=National Geographic Society |title=National Geographic Field Guide To The Birds Of North America |year=2002 |edition=4th |isbn=0-7922-6877-6}}</ref>

<ref name=Nicholson>{{Cite journal |first=Donald J. |last=Nicholson |title=Habits of the Limpkin in Florida |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=305–309 |year=1928 |journal=Wilson Bulletin |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v045n03/p0305-p0309.pdf |doi=10.2307/4076019|jstor=4076019 }}</ref>

<ref name=Peterson1947>{{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=Roger Tory |author-link=Roger Tory Peterson |year=1947 |title=A Field Guide to the Birds: Eastern Land and Water Birds |edition=second revised and enlarged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |pages=57–58}}</ref>

<ref name=Phillips>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=James |title=The Peace River: Ecological Diversity |publisher=Southwest Florida Water Management District |url=http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/education/interactive/peaceriver/diversity.php |access-date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=Ramanujan2005>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujan |first=Krishna |date=1 December 2005 |title=Blockbuster Sounds |work=Chronicle Online |publisher=Cornell News Service |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec05/HarryPotter.kr.html |access-date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=Rasmussen1997>{{cite book |last=Rasmussen |first=Tab |year=1997 |chapter=Birds |editor-first1=R.F. |editor-last1=Kay |editor-first2=R.H. |editor-last2=Madden |editor-first3=R.L. |editor-last3=Cifelli |editor-first4=J.J. |editor-last4=Flynn |title=Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics – the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press}}</ref>

<ref name=Sibley>{{cite book |last=Sibley |first=David Allen |author-link=David Allen Sibley |date=2000 |title=The Sibley Guide to Birds |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |page=[https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/156 156] |isbn=0-679-45122-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/156 }}</ref>

<ref name=SibleyCG1990>{{cite book |last1=Sibley |first1=C.G. |last2=Monroe Jr. |first2=B.L. |title=Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-300-04969-5}}</ref>

<ref name=Stevenson1994>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Henry |title=The Birdlife of Florida |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville |year=1994 |isbn=0-8130-1288-0}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aramus guarauna}}
{{Wikispecies|Aramus guarauna}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|limpkin-aramus-guarauna|Limpkin}}
* [https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2017/04/hardy13sh.mp3 Limpkin Bird Sound] at Florida Museum of Natural History
* {{BirdLife|22692174|Aramus guarauna}}
* {{Avibase|name=Aramus guarauna}}
* {{VIREO|Limpkin}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Aramus|guarauna|Limpkin}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q725276}}

[[Category:Gruiformes]]
[[Category:Wading birds]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Birds of the Americas]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds of Haiti]]
[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]