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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae}} {{About|the plant genus|the bird genus|Linaria (bird){{!}}''Linaria'' (bird)|the Greek port|Skyros}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Bombus ruderarius - Linaria vulgaris - Valingu2.jpg | image_caption = [[linaria vulgaris|Common toadflax]] (''Linaria vulgaris'') | taxon = Linaria | authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]] | subdivision = See text | synonyms = * ''Elatine'' <small>Hill</small> * ''Peloria'' <small>Adans.</small> * ''Saccularia'' <small>Kellogg</small> * ''Trimerocalyx'' <small>(Murb.) Murb.</small> }} '''''Linaria''''' is a [[genus]] of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called '''toadflax'''. They are [[Annual plant|annuals]] and [[herbaceous]] [[Perennial plant|perennials]], and the largest genus in the [[Antirrhineae]] tribe of the plantain family [[Plantaginaceae]]. ==Taxonomy== ''Linaria'' was traditionally placed in the family [[Scrophulariaceae]]. [[Phylogenetic analysis]] has now placed it in the vastly expanded family [[Plantaginaceae]]. Closely related genera include ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' (American toadflaxes, recently split from ''Linaria''), ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' (snapdragons) and ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' (ivy-leaved toadflaxes). ==Cultivation== Several ''Linaria'' species are cultivated as garden plants, and some are regarded as having a weedy habit. *'''Common toadflax''' or '''butter-and-eggs''' (''[[Linaria vulgaris]]''), a European species which is widely introduced elsewhere and grows as a common weed in some areas.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book |editor-last=Brickell |editor-first=Christopher |title=The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants |year=2008 |page=636 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=9781405332965}}</ref> *'''Broomleaf toadflax''' or '''Dalmatian toadflax''' (''[[Linaria dalmatica|Linaria genistifolia]]'', syn. ''L. dalmatica''), a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of North America.<ref name=dalmatian>[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/dalmatian-toadflax Dalmatian Toadflax (''Linaria dalmatica'').] National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]].</ref> *'''Purple toadflax''' (''[[Linaria purpurea]]''), a species native to the [[Mediterranean]] region grown as a [[garden]] plant for its dark purple or pink flowers. The version with purple flowers can be mistaken for lavender. Spreads readily. *'''Pale toadflax''' (''[[Linaria repens]]''), a species from western Europe similar to ''L. purpurea'', but with paler flowers. *'''Alpine toadflax''' (''[[Linaria alpina]]''), purple flowers with orange (or purple) lobes in the center. *'''Moroccan toadflax''' (''[[Linaria maroccana]]''), the flower has five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end, often purple with white. ==Species== The following species are recognised in the genus ''Linaria'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linaria Mill. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325776-2 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''[[Linaria accitensis]]'' {{small|L.Sáez, Juan, M.B.Crespo, F.B.Navarro, J.Peñas & Roquet}} *''[[Linaria acutiloba]]'' {{small|Fisch.}} *''[[Linaria aeruginea]]'' {{small|(Gouan) Cav.}} *''[[Linaria afghanica]]'' {{small|Podlech & Iranshahr}} *''[[Linaria alaica]]'' {{small|Junussov}} *''[[Linaria albifrons]]'' {{small|(Sm.) Spreng.}} *''[[Linaria algarviana]]'' {{small|Chav.}} *''[[Linaria alpina]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria altaica]]'' {{small|Fisch.}} *''[[Linaria amethystea]]'' {{small|(Vent.) Hoffmanns. & Link}} *''[[Linaria amoi]]'' {{small|Campo ex Amo}} *''[[Linaria angustissima]]'' {{small|(Loisel.) Borbás}} *''[[Linaria antilibanotica]]'' {{small|Rech.f.}} *''[[Linaria arcusangeli]]'' {{small|Atzei & Camarda}} *''[[Linaria arenaria]]'' {{small|DC.}} *''[[Linaria arenicola]]'' {{small|Pau & Font Quer}} *''[[Linaria argillicola]]'' {{small|Juan, Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes & L.Sáez}} *''[[Linaria armeniaca]]'' {{small|Chav.}} *''[[Linaria arvensis]]'' {{small|(L.) Desf.}} *''[[Linaria atlantica]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}} *''[[Linaria azerbaijanensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria badachschanica]]'' {{small|Junussov}} *''[[Linaria badalii]]'' {{small|Willk.}} *''[[Linaria bamianica]]'' {{small|Patzak}} *''[[Linaria becerrae]]'' {{small|Blanca, Cueto & J.Fuentes}} *''[[Linaria bessarabica]]'' {{small|Kotov}} *''[[Linaria biebersteinii]]'' {{small|Besser}} *''[[Linaria bipartita]]'' {{small|(Vent.) Willd.}} *''[[Linaria bipunctata]]'' {{small|(L.) Dum.Cours.}} *''[[Linaria bordiana]]'' {{small|Santa & Simonn.}} *''[[Linaria boushehrensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria brachyphylla]]'' {{small|Delip.}} *''[[Linaria bubanii]]'' {{small|Font Quer}} *''[[Linaria bungei]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria buriatica]]'' {{small|Turcz. ex Ledeb.}} *''[[Linaria caesia]]'' {{small|(Lag. ex Pers.) F.Dietr.}} *''[[Linaria capraria]]'' {{small|Moris & De Not.}} *''[[Linaria cavanillesii]]'' {{small|Chav.}} *''[[Linaria chalepensis]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria clementei]]'' {{small|Haens. ex Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria confertiflora]]'' {{small|Benth.}} *''[[Linaria corifolia]]'' {{small|Desf.}} *''[[Linaria × cornubiensis]]'' {{small|Druce}} *''[[Linaria cossoniana]]'' {{small|Braun-Blanq. & Maire}} *''[[Linaria cossonii]]'' {{small|Bonnet & Barratte}} *''[[Linaria cretacea]]'' {{small|Fisch. ex Spreng.}} *''[[Linaria dalmatica]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria damascena]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Gaill.}} *''[[Linaria decipiens]]'' {{small|Batt.}} *''[[Linaria depauperata]]'' {{small|Leresche ex Lange}} *''[[Linaria diffusa]]'' {{small|Hoffmanns. & Link}} *''[[Linaria dissita]]'' {{small|Pomel}} *''[[Linaria × dominii]]'' {{small|Druce}} *''[[Linaria dumanii]]'' {{small|A.Duran & Menemen}} *''[[Linaria elegans]]'' {{small|Cav.}} *''[[Linaria elymaitica]]'' {{small|(Boiss.) Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria fallax]]'' {{small|Coss. ex Batt.}} *''[[Linaria farsensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria fastigiata]]'' {{small|Chav.}} *''[[Linaria faucicola]]'' {{small|Leresche & Levier}} *''[[Linaria fedorovii]]'' {{small|Kamelin}} *''[[Linaria ficalhoana]]'' {{small|Rouy}} *''[[Linaria flava]]'' {{small|(Poir.) Desf.}} *''[[Linaria genistifolia]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria gharbensis]]'' {{small|Batt. & Pit.}} *''[[Linaria glacialis]]'' {{small|Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria glauca]]'' {{small|(L.) Cav.}} *''[[Linaria golestanensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria grandiflora]]'' {{small|Desf.}} *''[[Linaria griffithii]]'' {{small|Benth.}} *''[[Linaria grjunerae]]'' {{small|Knjaz.}} *''[[Linaria guilanensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria haelava]]'' {{small|(Forssk.) Delile}} *''[[Linaria hepatica]]'' {{small|Bunge}} *''[[Linaria heratensis]]'' {{small|Podlech & Iranshahr}} *''[[Linaria hirta]]'' {{small|(L.) Moench}} *''[[Linaria hohenackeri]]'' {{small|Tzvelev}} *''[[Linaria huteri]]'' {{small|Lange}} *''[[Linaria × hybrida]]'' {{small|Schur}} *''[[Linaria iconia]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Heldr.}} *''[[Linaria ikonnikovii]]'' {{small|Stasiak}} *''[[Linaria imzica]]'' {{small|Gómiz}} *''[[Linaria incarnata]]'' {{small|(Vent.) Spreng.}} *''[[Linaria incompleta]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria intricata]]'' {{small|Coincy}} *''[[Linaria iranica]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria × jalancina]]'' {{small|Gómez Nav., R.Roselló, A.Guillén, P.P.Ferrer, E.Laguna & Per}} *''[[Linaria japonica]]'' {{small|Miq.}} *''[[Linaria jaxartica]]'' {{small|Levichev}} *''[[Linaria joppensis]]'' {{small|Bornm.}} *''[[Linaria kavirensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria khalkhalensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria khorasanensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria × kocianovichii]]'' {{small|Asch.}} *''[[Linaria kokanica]]'' {{small|Regel}} *''[[Linaria kulabensis]]'' {{small|B.Fedtsch.}} *''[[Linaria kurdica]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Hohen.}} *''[[Linaria latifolia]]'' {{small|Desf.}} *''[[Linaria laxiflora]]'' {{small|Desf.}} *''[[Linaria leptoceras]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria lineolata]]'' {{small|Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria loeselii]]'' {{small|Schweigg.}} *''[[Linaria longicalcarata]]'' {{small|D.Y.Hong}} *''[[Linaria macrophylla]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria macroura]]'' {{small|(M.Bieb.) M.Bieb.}} *''[[Linaria maroccana]]'' {{small|Hook.f.}} *''[[Linaria maymanica]]'' {{small|Wendelbo}} *''[[Linaria mazandaranensis]]'' {{small|Hamdi & Assadi}} *''[[Linaria melampyroides]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria melanogramma]]'' {{small|Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.}} *''[[Linaria meyeri]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria michauxii]]'' {{small|Chav.}} *''[[Linaria micrantha]]'' {{small|(Cav.) Hoffmanns. & Link}} *''[[Linaria microsepala]]'' {{small|A.Kern.}} *''[[Linaria multicaulis]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria munbyana]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}} *''[[Linaria musilii]]'' {{small|Velen.}} *''[[Linaria nachitschevanica]]'' {{small|Tzvelev}} *''[[Linaria nigricans]]'' {{small|Lange}} *''[[Linaria nivea]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}} *''[[Linaria nurensis]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Hausskn.}} *''[[Linaria nuristanica]]'' {{small|Patzak}} *''[[Linaria oblongifolia]]'' {{small|(Boiss.) Boiss. & Reut.}} *''[[Linaria odora]]'' {{small|(M.Bieb.) Fisch.}} *''[[Linaria oligantha]]'' {{small|Lange}} *''[[Linaria × oligotricha]]'' {{small|Borbás}} *''[[Linaria onubensis]]'' {{small|Pau}} *''[[Linaria orbensis]]'' {{small|Carretero & Boira}} *''[[Linaria ordubadica]]'' {{small|Tzvelev}} *''[[Linaria pamirica]]'' {{small|(Junussov) Stasiak}} *''[[Linaria paradoxa]]'' {{small|Murb.}} *''[[Linaria parviracemosa]]'' {{small|D.A.Sutton}} *''[[Linaria pedicellata]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria pedunculata]]'' {{small|(L.) Chaz.}} *''[[Linaria pelisseriana]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria peloponnesiaca]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Heldr.}} *''[[Linaria peltieri]]'' {{small|Batt.}} *''[[Linaria pinifolia]]'' {{small|(Poir.) Thell.}} *''[[Linaria platycalyx]]'' {{small|Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria polygalifolia]]'' {{small|Hoffmanns. & Link}} *''[[Linaria popovii]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria propinqua]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}} *''[[Linaria pseudolaxiflora]]'' {{small|Lojac.}} *''[[Linaria pseudoviscosa]]'' {{small|Murb.}} *''[[Linaria purpurea]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria pyramidalis]]'' {{small|(Vent.) F.Dietr.}} *''[[Linaria qartobensis]]'' {{small|Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes, L.Sáez & Tarifa}} *''[[Linaria quasisessilis]]'' {{small|Levichev}} *''[[Linaria reflexa]]'' {{small|(L.) Desf.}} *''[[Linaria remotiflora]]'' {{small|Patzak}} *''[[Linaria repens]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria ricardoi]]'' {{small|Cout.}} *''[[Linaria riffea]]'' {{small|Pau}} *''[[Linaria × rocheri]]'' {{small|P.Fourn.}} *''[[Linaria rubioides]]'' {{small|Vis. & Pancic}} *''[[Linaria sabulosa]]'' {{small|Czern. ex Klokov}} *''[[Linaria salangensis]]'' {{small|Podlech & Iranshahr}} *''[[Linaria salzmannii]]'' {{small|Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria saposhnikovii]]'' {{small|Nikitina}} *''[[Linaria saturejoides]]'' {{small|Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria saxatilis]]'' {{small|(L.) Chaz.}} *''[[Linaria schelkownikowii]]'' {{small|Schischk.}} *''[[Linaria schirvanica]]'' {{small|Fomin}} *''[[Linaria semialata]]'' {{small|D.López, Sánchez-Gómez, J.F.Jiménez, J.B.Vera & Güemes}} *''[[Linaria × sepium]]'' {{small|G.J.Allman}} *''[[Linaria sessilis]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria simplex]]'' {{small|Desf.}} *''[[Linaria spartea]]'' {{small|(L.) Chaz.}} *''[[Linaria striatella]]'' {{small|Kuprian.}} *''[[Linaria supina]]'' {{small|(L.) Chaz.}} *''[[Linaria tarhunensis]]'' {{small|Pamp.}} *''[[Linaria tenuis]]'' {{small|(Viv.) Spreng.}} *''[[Linaria thibetica]]'' {{small|Franch.}} *''[[Linaria thymifolia]]'' {{small|(Vahl) DC.}} *''[[Linaria tingitana]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}} *''[[Linaria tonzigii]]'' {{small|Lona}} *''[[Linaria triornithophora]]'' {{small|(L.) Cav.}} *''[[Linaria triphylla]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria tristis]]'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} *''[[Linaria tursica]]'' {{small|Valdés & Cabezudo}} *''[[Linaria unaiensis]]'' {{small|Patzak}} *''[[Linaria × valdesiana]]'' {{small|Socorro & Aroza}} *''[[Linaria venosa]]'' {{small|Lindl.}} *''[[Linaria ventricosa]]'' {{small|Coss. & Balansa}} *''[[Linaria veratrifolia]]'' {{small|Patzak}} *''[[Linaria verticillata]]'' {{small|Boiss.}} *''[[Linaria virgata]]'' {{small|(Poir.) Desf.}} *''[[Linaria viscosa]]'' {{small|(L.) Dum.Cours.}} *''[[Linaria volgensis]]'' {{small|Rakov & Tzvelev}} *''[[Linaria vulgaris]]'' {{small|Mill.}} *''[[Linaria warionis]]'' {{small|Pomel}} *''[[Linaria weilleri]]'' {{small|Emb. & Maire}} *''[[Linaria yunnanensis]]'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}} *''[[Linaria yusufeliensis]]'' {{small|A.Galán, Makbul & Hamzaoglu}} *''[[Linaria × zaborskiana]]'' {{small|Emb.}} *''[[Linaria zaissanica]]'' {{small|Semiotr.}} {{div col end}} ==Etymology== The members of this genus are known in English as [[toadflax]], a name shared with several related genera. The 'toad' in toadflax may relate to the plants having historically been used to treat [[bubonic plague]], a false link having been drawn between the words 'bubo' and '[[Bufo]]'. The scientific name ''Linaria'' means "resembling ''linum''" ([[flax]]), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles. ==Distribution and habitat== The genus is native to temperate regions of Europe, northern Africa and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the [[Mediterranean region]]. ==Ecology== Some ''Linaria'' are regarded as [[noxious weed]]s. They are likely toxic to [[livestock]], but ruminants generally avoid them.<ref name=sing>Sing, S. E. and R. K. Peterson. (2011). [http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2011_sing_s001.pdf Assessing environmental risks for established invasive weeds: Dalmatian (''Linaria dalmatica'') and yellow (''L. vulgaris'') toadflax in North America.] ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' 8(7) 2828-53.</ref> ==Chemical composition== <!-- try to important compounds such as alkaloids--> ''Linaria'' species are rich in [[alkaloid]]s, [[iridoid]]s, [[terpene]]s, [[phenolic acid]]s and [[flavonoid]]s. [[Vasicine]], [[vasicinone]], [[7-hyrdoxyvasicine]], [[linarinic acid]], [[choline]], [[linavuline]], [[luteolin]], [[acacetin]], [[apigenin]], [[chrysin]], [[quercetin]], [[myricetin]], [[linarioside]], [[aucubin]], [[linaride]], iridolinaroside A-D, and iridolinarin A-C are some compounds found in plants of this genus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272187934 |title=Chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus ''Linaria'' (Scrophulariaceae)}}</ref> ==Uses== Toadflaxes are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[mouse moth]] (''Amphipyra tragopoginis'') and the [[Junonia coenia|common buckeye]] (''Junonia coenia''). ===Traditional medicine=== ''Linaria vulgaris'' has been used as a [[herbalism|medicinal herb]].<ref name=duke>Duke, J. A. [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/ethnobot.pl?ethnobot.taxon=Linaria%20vulgaris Ethnobotanical uses: ''Linaria vulgaris''.] Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (''Linaria'' Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences. Mario Fernández-Mazuecos, José Luis Blanco-Pastor, and Pablo Vargas. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'', Vol. 174, No. 2 (February 2013), pp. 234–249 Published by: The University of Chicago Press, Article DOI: 10.1086/668790 * Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 249:151–172. *{{Commons-inline}} {{Passeroidea|N.|state=collapsed}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q156692}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Linaria| ]] [[Category:Plantaginaceae genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]
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