Editing Liner notes

{{Short description|Liner copy}}
[[File:Holst-planets-inscription.jpg|thumb|Handwritten inscription by [[Gustav Holst]] on [[Adrian Boult]]'s copy of the score of ''[[The Planets]]'' (from liner note to EMI CD 5 66934 2)]]

'''Liner notes''' (also '''sleeve notes''' or '''album notes''') are the writings found on the [[record sleeve|sleeve]]s of [[LP record]] albums and in booklets that come inserted into the [[compact disc]] [[jewel case]] or [[cassette tape|cassette]] [[j-card]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=Frank|editor1-first=Frank|editor1-last=Hoffmann|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/encyclopedia-recorded-sound-frank-hoffmann/e/10.4324/9780203484272|title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|isbn=9780203484272|location=|pages=1001|doi=10.4324/9780203484272}}</ref>

==Origin==
Liner notes are descended from the program notes for musical concerts, and developed into notes that were printed on the outer album jacket or the inner sleeve used to protect a traditional 12-inch vinyl record, i.e., [[long playing]] or [[gramophone record]] [[album]]. The term descends from the name "record liner" or "album liner". Album liner notes survived format changes from vinyl LP to cassette to CD.<ref>Dean Biron, Writing and Music: Album Liner Notes, ''Portal: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies'' (Vol 8, No 1), 2011.</ref> These notes can be sources of information about the contents of the recording as well as broader cultural topics.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Borgerson|first1=Janet|title=Designed for Hi-Fi LIving: The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America|last2=Schroeder|first2=Jonathan|publisher=MIT Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0262036238|location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref>

==Contents==

===Common material===
Such notes often contained a mix of factual and anecdotal material, and occasionally a [[discography]] for the artist or the issuing [[record label]]. Liner notes were also an occasion for thoughtful signed essays on the artist by another party, often a sympathetic [[music journalist]], a custom that has largely died out. However, the liner note ''essay'' has survived in reissues and retrospective compilations, particularly in box sets. It is also a tradition in Japan, especially for foreign artist releases. Liner notes often include complete song lyrics for the album.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Reneé|first=Tonia|date=2020-04-30|title=Music Industry Innovation: Meta Data|url=https://medium.com/@zj0190/music-industry-innovation-meta-data-71157b4f0c41|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

===Biographies===
Liner notes now{{when|date=June 2024}} usually include information about the [[musician]], [[lyrics]], a personnel list, and other [[credit (creative arts)|credits]] to people the musicians want to thank and people or [[record label|companies]] involved in the [[Record producer|production]] of the [[music]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-03|title=The sad death of liner note credits [op-ed]|url=https://themusicnetwork.com/death-of-liner-note-credits/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Music Network}}</ref> They also can give details on the extent of each musical piece, and sometimes place them in historical or social context.  Liner notes for [[European Classical Music|classical music]] recordings often provide information in several languages; if the piece includes vocal parts, they will often include a [[libretto]], possibly also translated into several languages.

=== Label Copy ===
The factual information in liner notes comes from the Label Copy. Label Copy is the record label's official info sheet for the published release.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sheehan|first1=Coreen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT-GDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22label+copy+is%22&pg=PT324|title=Five Star Music Makeover: The Independent Artist's Guide for Singers, Songwriters, Bands, Producers, and Self-Publishers|last2=Paris|first2=Anika|last3=Borg|first3=Bobby|last4=Corne|first4=Eric|last5=Eames|first5=Michael|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=978-1-4950-6359-6|location=|pages=149|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Henslee|first1=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGxuDwAAQBAJ|title=Entertainment Law and Business|last2=Henslee|first2=Elizabeth|date=2018-09-14|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Law & Business|isbn=978-1-4548-8155-1|location=|pages=815|language=en}}</ref> It contains information that accompanies a musical work, including artist name, song title, song length, [[International Standard Musical Work Code|ISRC code]], catalogue number, composer, publisher, rights holder, technical and artistic credits, [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]] and producer credits, recording dates and locations. In digital music, the label copy is contained within what's known as metadata.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-05-01|title=Credit Where Credit's Due|url=https://www.mixonline.com/recording/credit-where-credits-due-365631|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Mixonline|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Metadata ===
Liner notes sometimes provide [[metadata]] that can help when cataloguing private or public collections of sound recordings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Jeremy Wade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygd_DwAAQBAJ|title=Selling Digital Music, Formatting Culture|date=2015-09-01|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-28794-5|location=|pages=91|language=en}}</ref> However, the information provided on liner notes varies considerably depending on the studio or label which produced the record. It also varies how much of the metadata digital media services such as [[Spotify]] and [[iTunes]] make public.<ref name=":1" /> In 2018, [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] launched official music credits supplied by distributors across their database of 90 million recordings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal Credits |url=https://tidal.com/credits}}</ref> In 2019 Australian company [[Jaxsta]] launched a database of official music credits and liner notes. The database is made up of content-owner supplied metadata rather than crowd-sourced data, making previous hidden metadata more widely available to the music industry as well as the public domain.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Geoff|date=2020-05-19|title=Jaxsta Aims to Bring Back Liner Notes, and Create an IMDB for Music|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/jaxsta-liner-notes-imdb-music-business-1234610719/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-13|title=Jaxsta has launched the public beta of its massive music credits database|url=https://theindustryobserver.thebrag.com/jaxsta-launch-public-beta-music-credits-database/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Industry Observer|language=en-AU}}</ref> In 2019, French company [[Qobuz]] launched official music credits and digital liner notes booklets appearing in the player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes | website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marksparrow/2019/08/21/interview-qobuz-usa-chief-talks-about-the-music-streaming-business-today/?sh=4c3ed43c5e3e}}</ref> Pandora also launched full credits within their player in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandora introduces full song credits |url=https://blog.pandora.com/us/pandora-introduces-full-song-credits-on-the-web-and-pandoras-desktop-app/#:~:text=Starting%20today%2C%20full%20song%20credits,on%20a%20song's%20details%20page. |access-date=2022-06-24 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125101705/https://blog.pandora.com/us/pandora-introduces-full-song-credits-on-the-web-and-pandoras-desktop-app/#:~:text=Starting%20today%2C%20full%20song%20credits,on%20a%20song's%20details%20page. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Metadata credits are sent from official sources to all databases and streaming services using the DDEX ERN standard, however not all services display this data to the consumer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Send Your Credits & Liner Notes To Streaming Services — Only With DistroKid |date=20 February 2018 |url=https://news.distrokid.com/credits-34db783febf6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Roles and Display Credits |url=https://kb.ddex.net/display/HBK/Artist+Roles+and+DisplayCredits |access-date=2022-06-24 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204075913/https://kb.ddex.net/display/HBK/Artist+Roles+and+DisplayCredits |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Digital liner notes==
Increasingly and due to the rise of digital downloads, a [[digital booklet]] is being introduced to compensate for the lack of a physical booklet. [[Apple Inc.]] also introduced [[iTunes LP]] which features interactive menus instead of simple pages.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bruno|first=Antony|date=2009-08-01|title=Apple, labels stir up deluxe digital Cocktail|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cocktail-idUSTRE5701KE20090801|access-date=2021-01-29}}</ref> [[Spotify]] also has songwriter and producer credits available for individual tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spotify Now Displays Songwriter Credits |url=https://artists.spotify.com/blog/spotify-now-displays-songwriter-credits |website=Spotify |access-date=28 February 2021 |date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Lyrics are also available on certain tracks, in collaboration with [[Genius (website)|Genius]].<ref>{{cite web |title=View lyrics |url=https://support.spotify.com/us/article/view-lyrics/ |website=Spotify |access-date=28 February 2021 |date=28 January 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, it was estimated that up to 94% of recordings are now supplying the official music credits feed direct from the owners of the data to streaming services such as [[Spotify]], [[Amazon Music|Amazon]], [[YouTube Music|Google]], [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]], [[Pandora (service)|Pandora]], [[Qobuz]] and more,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DDEX Current Members |url=https://ddex-standards.net/membership/current-members/}}</ref> as well as databases such as [[Gracenote]], but not all services are displaying the data they are sent at this stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syncblog |url=https://www.synchtank.com/blog/metadata-is-a-love-note-to-the-future-five-takeaways-from-ddexs-2nd-creator-credit-summit/}}</ref>

==Awards==
A [[Grammy Award for Best Album Notes]] has been given annually since the 6th Annual Grammy Awards, May 12, 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-28|title=6th Annual GRAMMY Awards|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/6th-annual-grammy-awards-1963|access-date=2021-01-29|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* Book-and-record set

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Liner Notes in [http://graphicwitness.org/music/index/aalinernotes.htm ''From Bach to Xenakis'']
* [http://albumlinernotes.com/Home_Page.html AlbumLinerNotes.com]

[[Category:Albums]]
[[Category:Recorded music]]
[[Category:Writing]]
[[Category:Media formats]]