Editing Lipid-lowering agent

{{Short description|Fat reducing drug}}
'''Lipid-lowering agents''', also sometimes referred to as '''hypolipidemic agents''', '''cholesterol-lowering drugs''', or '''antihyperlipidemic agents''' are a diverse group of [[pharmacology|pharmaceuticals]] that are used to lower the level of lipids and lipoproteins, such as cholesterol, in the blood ([[hyperlipidemia]]). The American Heart Association recommends the descriptor 'lipid lowering agent' be used for this class of drugs rather than the term 'hypolipidemic'.

== Classes ==

The several classes of lipid lowering drugs may differ in both their impact on the cholesterol profile and adverse effects. For example, some may lower [[low density lipoprotein]] (LDL) levels more so than others, while others may preferentially increase [[high density lipoprotein]] (HDL). Clinically, the choice of an agent depends on the patient's [[cholesterol|cholesterol profile]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060511202743/http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/calculator.asp?usertype=prof cardiovascular risk], and the [[Liver function test|liver]] and [[Creatinine clearance|kidney]] functions of the patient, evaluated against the balancing of risks and benefits of the medications. In the United States, this is guided by the [[evidence-based medicine|evidence-based]] guideline most recently updated in 2018 by the [[American College of Cardiology]] & [[American Heart Association]].<ref name="AlenghatDavis2019">{{cite journal|last1=Alenghat|first1=Francis J.|last2=Davis|first2=Andrew M.|title=Management of Blood Cholesterol|journal=JAMA|year=2019|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2019.0015|pmid=30715135|volume=321|issue=8|pages=800–801|pmc=6679800}}</ref>

===Established===
* [[Statin]]s (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are particularly well suited for lowering LDL, the cholesterol with the strongest links to vascular diseases. In studies using standard doses, statins have been found to lower LDL-C by 18% to 55%, depending on the specific statin being used. A risk exists of muscle damage ([[myopathy]] and [[rhabdomyolysis]]) with statins. Hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for mortality in persons older than 70 years and risks from statin drugs are more increased after age 85.<ref>{{Citation |author1 = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |author1-link = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |date = February 2014 |title = Ten Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/amda/ |access-date = 20 April 2015}}.</ref>  
* [[Fibrate]]s are indicated for [[hypertriglyceridemia]]. Fibrates typically lower triglycerides by 20% to 50%. Level of the good cholesterol HDL is also increased. Fibrates may decrease LDL, though generally to a lesser degree than statins. Similar to statins, the risk of muscle damage exists.
* [[Nicotinic acid]], like fibrates, is also well suited for lowering triglycerides by 20–50%. It may also lower LDL by 5–25% and increase HDL by 15–35%. Niacin may cause [[hyperglycemia]] and may also cause [[hepatotoxicity|liver damage]]. The niacin derivative [[acipimox]] is also associated with a modest decrease in LDL. Introduced in 1955.
* [[Bile acid sequestrant]]s (resins, e.g. cholestyramine) are particularly effective for lowering LDL-C by sequestering the cholesterol-containing bile acids released into the intestine and preventing their reabsorption from the intestine. It decreases LDL by 15–30% and raises HDL by 3–5%, with little effect on triglycerides, but can cause a slight increase. Bile acid sequestrants may cause gastrointestinal problems and may also reduce the absorption of other drugs and vitamins from the gut.
* [[Ezetimibe]] is a selective inhibitor of dietary cholesterol absorption.
* [[Lomitapide]] is a [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]]  inhibitor.
* [[PCSK9]] inhibitors<ref>Koren MJ, Scott R, Kim JB et al Lancet 2012; 380:1995-2006</ref><ref>Gugliano RP, Desai NR, Kohli P et al Lancet 2012; 380:2007-17</ref> are [[monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] for refractory cases. (e.g. [[Evolocumab]], [[Inclisiran]]) They are used in combination with [[statin]]s.
* [[Probucol]] decreases LDL independently of the LDL receptor, and decreases HDL-C by enhancing its liver receptor and reducing ABCA1-dependent transport. The reduction of HDL-C, combined with early uncertainties around its mechanism of action, has historically lead to its discontinuation and replacement by statins in Western countries. However, instead of lowering [[reverse cholesterol transport]] by HDL particles, probucol seems to increase it. Introduced in the 1970s.<ref name="pmid26125504">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamashita S, Masuda D, Matsuzawa Y |title=Did we abandon probucol too soon? |journal=Current Opinion in Lipidology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=304–16 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26125504 |doi=10.1097/MOL.0000000000000199 |quote=Probucol has been used as a lipid-lowering drug for a long time especially in Japan, although Western countries quitted its use because of the reduction in serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C).}}</ref> It predated the statins by about a decade.<ref name="pmid32507832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamashita S, Masuda D, Matsuzawa Y |title=New Horizons for Probucol, an Old, Mysterious Drug |journal=Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=100–102 |date=February 2021 |pmid=32507832 |pmc=7957029 |doi=10.5551/jat.ED132}}</ref>

=== Alternative ===

* [[Lecithin]] has been shown to effectively decrease cholesterol concentration by 33%, lower LDL by 38% and increase HDL by 46%.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/ptr.2650090814|title = Clinical evaluation of lecithin as a lipid-lowering agent| journal=Phytotherapy Research| volume=9| issue=8| pages=597–599|year = 1995|last1 = Wójcicki|first1 = J.| last2=Pawlik| first2=A.| last3=Samochowiec| first3=L.| last4=Kaldo??Ska| first4=M.| last5=Myśliwiec| first5=Z.|s2cid = 71032494}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
* [[Phytosterol]]s may be found naturally in plants. Similar to ezetimibe, phytosterols reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the gut, so they are most effective when consumed with meals. However, their precise mechanism of action differs from ezetimibe.
* [[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3]] supplements taken at high doses can reduce levels of triglycerides.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/omega3-supplements-in-depth|title=Omega-3 Supplements: In Depth|date=2018-05-01|website=NCCIH|language=en|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> They are associated with a very modest increase in LDL (~5%).
* [[Choline]]
* [[Pycnogenol]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stough |first1=Con K |last2=Pase |first2=Matthew P |last3=Cropley |first3=Vanessa |last4=Myers |first4=Stephen |last5=Nolidin |first5=Karen |last6=King |first6=Rebecca |last7=Camfield |first7=David |last8=Wesnes |first8=Keith |last9=Pipingas |first9=Andrew |last10=Croft |first10=Kevin |last11=Chang |first11=Dennis |last12=Scholey |first12=Andrew B |title=A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of Pycnogenol and BacopaCDRI08 herbal medicines on cognitive, cardiovascular, and biochemical functioning in cognitively healthy elderly people: the Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention (ARCLI) study protocol (ANZCTR12611000487910) |journal=Nutrition Journal |date=December 2012 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-11-11|pmid=22390677 | pmc=3310777 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Berberine]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doggrell |first1=SA |title=Berberine--a novel approach to cholesterol lowering. |journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs |date=May 2005 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=683–5 |doi=10.1517/13543784.14.5.683 |pmid=15926873 |s2cid=1708378 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15926873/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koppen |first1=Laura M. |last2=Whitaker |first2=Andrea |last3=Rosene |first3=Audrey |last4=Beckett |first4=Robert D. |title=Efficacy of Berberine Alone and in Combination for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine |date=October 2017 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=956–968 |doi=10.1177/2156587216687695 |pmid=29228784 |pmc=5871262 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Red yeast rice]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cicero |first1=Arrigo F. G. |last2=Fogacci |first2=Federica |last3=Zambon |first3=Alberto |title=Red Yeast Rice for Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Focus Seminar |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |date=9 February 2021 |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=620–628 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.056 |pmid=33538260 |s2cid=231803755 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109720379997 |language=en |issn=0735-1097|hdl=11585/827471 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> is the natural source from which statins were discovered, but the FDA currently disallows any RYR with significant amounts of statin to be sold as a dietary supplement <ref name=Pharmanex2001>{{cite web |url=https://casetext.com/case/pharmanex-inc-v-shalala-1 |title=Pharmanex Inc. v. Shalala, United States District Court, D. Utah, Central Division Mar 1, 2001 Case No. 2:97CV262K |website=Casetext |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Boswellia serrata]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahangarpour |first1=Akram |last2=Heidari |first2=Hamid |last3=Fatemeh |first3=Ramezani Ali Akbari |last4=Pakmehr |first4=Mostafa |last5=Shahbazian |first5=Hajeye |last6=Ahmadi |first6=Iraj |last7=Mombeini |first7=Zahra |last8=Mehrangiz |first8=Babadi Hajani |title=Effect of Boswellia serrata supplementation on blood lipid, hepatic enzymes and fructosamine levels in type2 diabetic patients |journal=Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders |date=2014 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=29 |doi=10.1186/2251-6581-13-29 |pmid=24495344 |pmc=3929136 |language=en |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[L-arginine]] may enhance the effects of a Statin, but will not lead to a reduction in cholesterol alone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulze |first1=Friedrich |last2=Glos |first2=Sabrina |last3=Petruschka |first3=Dörte |last4=Altenburg |first4=Christiane |last5=Maas |first5=Renke |last6=Benndorf |first6=Ralf |last7=Schwedhelm |first7=Edzard |last8=Beil |first8=Ulrich |last9=Böger |first9=Rainer H. |title=L-Arginine enhances the triglyceride-lowering effect of simvastatin in patients with elevated plasma triglycerides |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19555809/ |journal=Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) |pages=291–297 |doi=10.1016/j.nutres.2009.04.004 |date=May 2009|volume=29 |issue=5 |pmid=19555809 }}</ref>
* [[Flaxseed oil]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=M |last2=Jensen |first2=MG |last3=Aarestrup |first3=J |last4=Petersen |first4=KE |last5=Søndergaard |first5=L |last6=Mikkelsen |first6=MS |last7=Astrup |first7=A |title=Flaxseed dietary fibers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but magnitude of effect depend on food type. |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |date=3 February 2012 |volume=9 |pages=8 |doi=10.1186/1743-7075-9-8 |pmid=22305169 |pmc=3307491 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Research==
Investigational classes of hypolipidemic agents:
* [[CETP inhibitor]]s (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), 1 candidate is in trials. ([[Anacetrapib]]) It is expected that these drugs will mainly increase HDL while lowering LDL
* [[Squalene synthase inhibitor]]
* [[ApoA-1 Milano]]
* Succinobucol (AGI-1067), a novel antioxidant, failed a phase-III trial.
* Apoprotein-B inhibitor [[mipomersen]] (approved by the FDA in 2013 homozygous [[familial hypercholesterolemia]].<ref>Pollack, Andrew (29 January 2013) [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/business/fda-approves-genetic-drug-to-treat-rare-disease.html F.D.A. Approves Genetic Drug to Treat Rare Disease] The New York Times, Retrieved 31 January 2013</ref><ref>Staff (29 January 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130202205414/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm337195.htm FDA approves new orphan drug Kynamro to treat inherited cholesterol disorder] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Retrieved 31 January 2013</ref>).
* [[Bempedoic acid]], an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor

==See also==
* [[ATC code C10]]
* [[Ciprofibrate]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Major Drug Groups}}
{{Lipid modifying agents}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hypolipidemic agents]]