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List of Indo-European languages
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{{Short description|None}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=September 2021}} {{cleanup|reason=Dubious contents, [[WP:OVERLINKING]] including linking place and language names in each of the alternative languages it's provided in, and there's an entire section that needs to be de-italicized.|date=September 2021}} {{cleanup lang|date=October 2021}} }} [[File:Indo-European distribution.svg|thumb|upright=1.55| {{legend|#045a8d|An Indo-European language is the majority native language }} {{legend|#0674b6|An Indo-European language is a co-official and majority native language}} {{legend|#439dd4|An Indo-European language is an official but minority native language}} {{legend|#9bbae1 |An Indo-European language is a cultural or secondary language}} {{legend|#c0c0c0|An Indo-European language is not widely spoken}}]] [[File:Indo-European branches map.svg|thumb|The approximate present-day distribution of the '''Indo-European branches''' within their homelands of Europe and Asia: {{legend|#00cdff|[[Albanian language|Albanian]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]}} {{legend|#00d400|[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] ([[Baltic languages|Baltic]])}} {{legend|#008000|[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] ([[Slavic languages|Slavic]])}} {{legend|#ffa600|[[Celtic languages|Celtic]]}} {{legend|#d40000|[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]}} {{legend|#FFDD55|[[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] ([[Greek language|Greek]])}} {{legend|#000080|[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] ([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], and [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]])}} {{legend|#977f12|[[Italic languages|Italic]] ([[Romance languages|Romance]])}} {{legend|#c0c0c0|Non-Indo-European languages}} Dotted/striped areas indicate where [[multilingualism]] is common.]] [[File:Languages of North America.svg|thumb|upright=0.95|The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country:<br/> [[Romance languages|Romance]]: {{legend|#3EBA00|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]}} {{legend|#EA6500|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]}} {{legend|#001E96|[[French language|French]]}} [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]: {{legend|#C60000|[[English language|English]]}} {{legend|#FFD000|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]}} ]] {{Indo-European topics}} <!-- ***********DO NOT go on a capitalisation spree in here!*********** Most languages do not capitalize language names the way English does, and most of what is presented here are non-English names of languages. --> This is a list of languages in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population. ==Numbers of languages and language groups== The [[Indo-European languages]] include some 449 ([[SIL International|SIL]] estimate, 2018 edition<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16|title=Ethnologue report for Indo-European|publisher=Ethnologue.com|access-date=2012-12-07|archive-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106052358/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16|url-status=live}}</ref>) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in [[Europe]], and western and southern [[Asia]], belong to the Indo-European [[language family]]. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the ''[[de facto]]'' world [[lingua franca]], with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch. The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the [[SIL International|SIL]] estimate, 2018 edition,<ref name=":0"/> are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct. ==Definition of ''language''== The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a [[dialect continuum]], with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in [[vocabulary]], [[grammar]], [[pronunciation]] and [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. [[Mutual intelligibility]] can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects. ==Summary of historical development== The ancestral population and language, [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] that spoke [[Proto-Indo-European]], are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through [[Indo-European migrations|migration]] and [[cultural influence]]. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, [[acculturation]] and [[language change]] of peoples in many regions of western and southern [[Eurasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14507|pmid=26062507|title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia|journal=Nature|volume=522|issue=7555|pages=167–172|year=2015|last1=Allentoft|first1=Morten E.|last2=Sikora|first2=Martin|last3=Sjögren|first3=Karl-Göran|last4=Rasmussen|first4=Simon|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Morten|last6=Stenderup|first6=Jesper|last7=Damgaard|first7=Peter B.|last8=Schroeder|first8=Hannes|last9=Ahlström|first9=Torbjörn|last10=Vinner|first10=Lasse|last11=Malaspinas|first11=Anna-Sapfo|last12=Margaryan|first12=Ashot|last13=Higham|first13=Tom|last14=Chivall|first14=David|last15=Lynnerup|first15=Niels|last16=Harvig|first16=Lise|last17=Baron|first17=Justyna|last18=Casa|first18=Philippe Della|last19=Dąbrowski|first19=Paweł|last20=Duffy|first20=Paul R.|last21=Ebel|first21=Alexander V.|last22=Epimakhov|first22=Andrey|last23=Frei|first23=Karin|last24=Furmanek|first24=Mirosław|last25=Gralak|first25=Tomasz|last26=Gromov|first26=Andrey|last27=Gronkiewicz|first27=Stanisław|last28=Grupe|first28=Gisela|last29=Hajdu|first29=Tamás|last30=Jarysz|first30=Radosław|bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A|s2cid=4399103|display-authors=29|url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150521/http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html|url-status=live}}</ref> This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family. By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern [[Eurasia]] (including western [[Central Asia]]). In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further. Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to [[North Asia]] ([[Siberia]]), through [[Russian expansion]], and [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as the result of the age of [[Age of Discovery|European discoveries]] and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.) The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of [[Age of Discovery|European colonization]], also gave origin to the many [[pidgins]], [[Creole language|creoles]] and [[mixed languages]] that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions). == Proto-Indo-European == {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}} *[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (extinct) (see also [[Proto-Indo-European homeland]]) **[[Proto-Indo-European language|Early Proto-Indo-European]] (First version of Indo-European) ***[[Proto-Indo-European language|Middle Proto-Indo-European]] ("Classical" Indo-European) ****[[Proto-Indo-European language|Late Proto-Indo-European]] (Last version of indo-European as a spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space, with [[Indo-European migrations]]; these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other are both as-of-yet unresolved issues) ==Dating the split-offs of the main branches== [[File:Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007), The Horse, The Wheel and Language.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indo-European migrations]] as described in ''[[The Horse, the Wheel, and Language]]'' by [[David W. Anthony]]]] Although all Indo-European languages descend from a [[common ancestor]] called [[Proto-Indo-European]], the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent [[proto-languages]], is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated. However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.<ref>KAPOVIĆ, Mate. (ed.) (2017). ''The Indo-European Languages''. {{ISBN|978-0-367-86902-1}}</ref> Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, [[Donald Ringe]] and [[Tandy Warnow]] propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:<ref name=":1">Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press</ref> *[[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) **Pre-[[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] (before 3500 BC) **Pre-[[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] **Pre-[[Italic languages|Italic]] and Pre-[[Celtic languages|Celtic]] (before 2500 BC) **Pre-[[Armenian language|Armenian]] and Pre-[[Hellenic languages|Greek]] (after 2500 BC) **Proto-[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (2000 BC) **Pre-[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and Pre-[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]; [[proto-Germanic]] (500 BC) [[David W. Anthony]], following the methodology of [[Donald Ringe]] and [[Tandy Warnow]], proposes the following sequence:<ref name=":1"/> *[[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) **Pre-[[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] (4200 BC) **Pre-[[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] (3700 BC) **Pre-[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] (3300 BC) **Pre-[[Italic languages|Italic]] and Pre-[[Celtic languages|Celtic]] (3000 BC) **Pre-[[Armenian language|Armenian]] (2800 BC) **Pre-[[Balto-Slavic]] (2800 BC) **Pre-[[Hellenic languages|Greek]] (2500 BC) **Proto-[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (2200 BC); split between [[Old Iranian]] and [[Old Indic]] 1800 BC '''The list below follows [[Donald Ringe]], [[Tandy Warnow]] and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.<ref name="auto5">Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', ''Transactions of the Philological Society'', n.º 100/1, 59-129.</ref>''' quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press. ==[[Anatolian languages]] (all extinct)== [[File:Anatolian Languages in 2nd millennium BC.jpg|thumb|'''Anatolian languages''' in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: '''Luwian''', Yellow: '''Hittite''', Red: '''Palaic'''.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]] **Hittite (Nesitic/Central) ***[[Hittite language|Hittite]] (Nesite) (𒉈𒅆𒇷 – ''Nesili'') ****[[Ancient Cappadocian language|Cappadocian]]? **[[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwic]] (Southern) ***[[Luwian language|Luwian]] ****[[Luwian language#Cuneiform Luwian|Cuneiform Luwian]] ****[[Luwian language#Hieroglyphic Luwian|Hieroglyphic Luwian]] ***[[Cilician language|Cilician]] ***[[Cataonian language|Cataonian]] ***[[Isaurian language|Isaurian]] ***[[Lycaonian language|Lycaonian]] ***[[Carian language|Carian]] ***[[Lycian language|Lycian]] ***[[Milyan language|Milyan]] ("Lycian B") ***[[Pisidian language|Pisidian]] ***[[Sidetic language|Sidetic]] **Western Anatolian? ***[[Lydian language|Lydian]] / [[Maeonian]] (𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 – ''Śfardẽtis'') **Palaic (Northern) ***[[Palaic language|Palaic]] **Unclassified ***[[Kalašma language|Kalasmian]] / Kalašma / Kalasmaic <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/ | title=New Indo-European Language Discovered | access-date=2023-09-26 | archive-date=2023-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926200114/https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://languagehat.com/kalasmaic-a-new-ie-language/ |title=Kalasmaic, a New IE Language |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926115905/https://languagehat.com/kalasmaic-a-new-ie-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arkeonews.net/a-new-indo-european-language-discovered-in-the-hittite-capital-hattusa/ |title=A new Indo-European Language discovered in the Hittite capital Hattusa |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160006/https://arkeonews.net/a-new-indo-european-language-discovered-in-the-hittite-capital-hattusa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/ |title=New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926035253/https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{tree list/end}} ==[[Tocharian languages]] ([[Tocharian languages|Agni-Kuči languages]]) (all extinct)== [[File:Tocharian languages.svg|thumb|'''Tocharian languages''': '''A''' (blue), '''B''' (red) and '''C''' (green) in the Tarim Basin.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mallory |first1=J.P. |title=The Tarim Mummies |url=https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall |year=2000 |postscript=. |place=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05101-1 |last2=Mair |first2=Victor H. |author-link=J. P. Mallory |author-link2=Victor H. Mair|pages=67, 68, 274}}</ref> Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the ''[[Book of Han]]'' (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Tocharian|Proto-Agni-Kuči]] ("[[Proto-Tocharian]]") **[[Tocharian languages|North-Tocharian]]<ref>Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Tocharian Online: Series Introduction". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-15034-5}}.</ref><ref>Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). ''Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question''.</ref> ***[[Tocharian A]] (Agnean) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (''Agni'' / ''Ārśi'') ***[[Tocharian B]] (Kuchean) (also called West Tocharian) (''Kuśiññe'' / '' Kučiññe'') **[[Tocharian languages|South Tocharian]] ***[[Tocharian C]] (Kroränian) (possible)<ref name="cordis.europa.eu">{{Cite web |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/626656 |title=Niya Tocharian: language contact and prehistory on the Silk Road |website=cordis.europa.eu |access-date=2023-01-05 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127191019/https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/626656 |url-status=live }}</ref> (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian){{tree list/end}} ==[[Albanian language]]== {{See also|Albanoid}} [[File:Albanian dialects.svg|thumb|Distribution of modern '''Albanian dialects'''.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]] (extinct) **'''[[Albanian language|Albanian]]''' ([[Albanian language|Modern Albanian]]) ('''''shqip''''' / '''''gjuha shqipe''''') ([[dialect continuum]]) ***'''[[Gheg Albanian]]''' ('''''gegnisht''''') ([[Albanian dialects|Northern Albanian dialect]]) ****''[[Arbanasi dialect|Arbanasi]] (Albanian of [[Zadar]], [[Croatia]])'' ****''[[Istrian Albanian]] (extinct)'' ****''[[Upper Reka dialect|Upper Reka]]'' ***'''[[Tosk Albanian]]''' ('''''toskërisht''''') ([[Albanian dialects|Southern Albanian dialect]], basis of [[Standard Albanian|Standard Modern Albanian]] but not identical) ****''[[Lab Albanian dialect|Lab]]'' ****''[[Cham Albanian dialect|Cham]]'' *****'''[[Arbëresh language|Arbëresh]]''' ('''''arbërisht''''') (Tosk Albanian variety of [[Southern Italy]]) ******''[[Vaccarizzo Albanian|Calabria Arbëresh ''/'' Calabro-Arbëresh]]'' *****'''[[Arvanitika]]''' (Tosk Albanian variety of [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]]) {{tree list/end}} ==[[Italic languages]]== [[File:Iron Age Italy.png|thumb|Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). '''Italic languages''' in green colours.]] [[File:Map Length of Roman Rule Neo Latin Languages.jpg|thumb|right|Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages<ref>{{cite book|last=Bereznay|first=András|year=2011|title=Erdély történetének atlasza|trans-title=Atlas of the History of Transylvania|page=63|publisher=Méry Ratio|language=hu|isbn=978-80-89286-45-4}}</ref>]] [[File:Romance languages.png|thumb|'''Romance languages in Europe''' (major dialect groups are also shown).]] [[File:Romance 20c en.png|thumb|European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century]] [[File:Western and Eastern Romania.PNG|thumb|Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the [[La Spezia–Rimini Line]]; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.]] [[File:Map-Romance Language World.png|upright=1.59|thumb|'''Romance languages in the World'''. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: '''French'''; Green: '''Spanish'''; Orange: '''Portuguese'''; Yellow: '''Italian'''; Red: '''Romanian'''.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]] (extinct) **[[Osco-Umbrian languages]] ([[Sabellic languages]]) (all extinct) ***Umbrian ****[[Umbrian language|Umbrian proper]] ****[[Sabine language|Sabine]] ****[[Marsian language|Marsian]] ****[[Volscian language|Volscian]] ****[[Sabines#Language|Sabine]] ***[[Oscan language|Oscan]] ****[[Oscan language|Oscan proper]] *****[[Lucanians#Language and writing|Lucanian]] ***** [[Samnites#Etymology|Samnite]] ****[[Marrucini#Language|Marrucinian]] ****[[Paeligni#Language|Paelignian]] ****[[Sidicini]] ****[[Hernici#Language|Hernican]] ***Unclassified (within Italic) (extinct) ****[[Aequian language|Aequian]] ****[[Vestinian language|Vestinian]] ****[[South Picene language|South Picene]] ([[Old Sabellic]]) ****[[Pre-Samnite language|Pre-Samnite]] **[[Latino-Faliscan languages]] ***[[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] (extinct) ***[[Latino-Faliscan languages#Lanuvian|Lanuvian]] (extinct) ***[[Latino-Faliscan languages#Praenestinian|Praenestinian]] (extinct) ***[[Latin]] ({{lang|la|Lingua Latina}}) ****[[Old Latin]] ([[Early Latin]] / [[Archaic Latin]]) (''Prisca Latina'' / ''Prisca Latinitas'') (extinct) *****[[Classical Latin]] (LINGVA LATINA – ''Lingua Latina'') (extinct) ******''[[Standard Latin]]'' ******''[[Vulgar Latin]]'' / ''Colloquial Latin'' (''sermō vulgāris'') ******''[[British Latin|British Latin / Britannic Latin]]'' (not British Romance) ''(Latin that was spoken by the [[Romano-Britons]])'' ******''[[Judeo-Latin]] (Judæo-Latin)'' ******[[Late Latin]] *******''[[Ecclesiastical Latin]]'' (''Church Latin'', ''Liturgical Latin'') (''Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica'') *******[[Medieval Latin]] ********''[[Hiberno-Latin|Hiberno-Latin / Hisperic Latin]]'' ********[[Renaissance Latin]] *********[[Neo-Latin]] or New Latin; (''Neolatina'' or ''Lingua Latina Nova'') **********[[Contemporary Latin]] (''Latinitas viva'') *******''[[Vulgar Latin|Late Vulgar Latin]]'' (''sermo vulgaris)'' ''([[Proto-Romance]]) (extinct)'' ********[[Romance languages|Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]]) *********[[Continental Romance languages|Continental Romance]] **********[[Italo-Western languages]] ([[dialect continuum]]) ***********[[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] ([[dialect continuum]]) ************'''[[Central Italian dialect|Central Italian]]''' ('''''Italiano Centrale)''''' *************''[[Romanesco dialect|Romanesco]]'' (''Romanesco'' / ''Romano'') *************''[[Central-Northern Latian dialect|Central-Northern Latian]]'' / ''Ciociaro''<ref>Pellegrini G., ''Carta dei dialetti d'Italia'', CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977</ref> *************''[[Sabino dialect|Sabino]]'' *************''[[Central Marchigiano dialect|Central Marchigiano]]'' (Marchigiano Proper) ************[[Southern Italian dialects|Southern Italian]] *************'''[[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]''' ('''''Napulitano''''' – '''''O Nnapulitano''''') **************''[[Molisan dialect|Molisan]]''<ref name="ReferenceA">Vignuzzi 1997: 312, 317; Loporcaro & Panciani 2016: 229, 233</ref> **************''[[Campanian dialect|Campanian]]'' ***************''[[Benevento dialect|Beneventano]]'' ***************''[[Irpinian dialect|Irpino]]'' ****************''[[Arianese dialect|Arianese]]'' ***************''[[Cilentan dialect|Cilentano]]'' (''Cilentan'' / ''Northern Cilentan'') **************''[[Apulian dialect|Apulian]]'' ***************''[[Barese dialect|Barese]]'' ****************''[[Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]]'' **************''[[Castelmezzano dialect|Castelmezzano]]'' **************''[[Northern Calabrian]]'' **************''[[Southern Latian dialect|Southern Latian]]'' **************''[[Vastese]]'' *************'''[[Extreme Southern Italian]]''' / '''Far Southern Italian''' ([[Sicilian language|Siculo]]-[[Calabrian language|Calabrian]]) **************''Southern [[Calabrian dialect|Calabrian]]'' **************''[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]'' / Sicilian Proper (''Sicilianu'' / ''Lu Sicilianu'') ***************''[[Pantesco dialect|Pantesco]]'' **************''[[Cilentan dialect|Cilentano Meridionale]] (Far Southern Cilentan)'' **************''[[Salentino dialect|Salentino]]'' (''Salentinu'') ***************''[[Manduriano]]'' ************[[Tuscan Language|Old Tuscan]] *************'''[[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]]''' ('''''Toscano''''') **************''[[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] (Fiorentino)'' ***************'''[[Italian language|Italian]]''' ('''''Italiano''''' / '''''Lingua Italiana''''') / [[Standard Italian]] ****************''[[Regional Italian|Tuscany Regional Italian]]'' ****************''[[Regional Italian|Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily Regional Italian]]'' ****************''[[Regional Italian|Northern Italy Regional Italian]]'' ****************''[[Regional Italian|Sardinia Regional Italian]]'' ****************''[[Maltese Italian]]'' ****************''[[Swiss Italian]]'' ****************''[[Italo-Australian dialect|Italo-Australian]]'' ***************''[[Florentine dialect#Judeo-Florentine|Judeo-Florentine]]'' ***************''Pistoiese'' **************''Lucchese'' **************''[[Judeo-Livornese|Bagitto]]'' (extinct) *************'''[[Corsican language|Corsican]]''' ('''''Corsu / Lingua Corsa''''') **************'''Northern Corsican''' **************'''Southern Corsican''' **************'''Central Corsican''' **************'''[[Gallurese dialect|Gallurese]]''' ('''''Gadduresu''''') **************'''[[Sassarese language|Sassarese]]''' ('''''Sassaresu''''' / '''''Turritanu''''') ************'''[[Venetian language|Venetian]]''' ('''Romance Venetian''') ('''''Vèneto''''' / '''''Łéngoa vèneta''''') *************''[[Triestine dialect|Triestine]]'' *************''[[Fiuman dialect|Fiuman]]'' *************''[[Talian dialect|Talian]]'' *************''[[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo Venetian]] (Cipilegno)'' ************'''[[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian / Italkian]]''' ('''ג'יודו-איטאליאנו''' – '''''Giudeo-Italiano''''' / '''איטלקית''' – '''''Italqit''''') ('''''La'az''''' - '''''לעז''''') *************''[[Judeo-Roman]] (Giudeo-Romanesco)'' *************''[[Judeo-Venetian]] Italkian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from [[Venice]])'' (extinct) ************[[Illyro-Roman]] / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance) *************'''[[Istriot language|Istriot]]''' *************[[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] (Romance Dalmatian) (''{{lang|dlm|dalmato}}, {{lang|dlm|langa dalmata}}'') (extinct) **************''[[Dalmatian language#Ragusan|Ragusan]]'' **************''[[Dalmatian language#Vegliote|Vegliote]]'' ***********[[Western Romance languages]] ([[dialect continuum]]) ************[[Gallo-Romance languages]] ([[dialect continuum]]) *************[[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] (Cisalpine Romance) **************'''[[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian-Romagnol]]''' (''Emiliân-Rumagnôl'', ''Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla'') ***************''[[Romagnol dialect|Romagnol]]'' (''Rumagnôl'')<ref name="ReferenceA" /> ****************''[[Forlivese dialect|Forlivese]] (in [[Forlì|Forli]])'' ***************''[[Emilian dialect|Emilian]]'' (''Emigliân'') ****************''[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]'' ****************''[[Ferrarese dialect|Ferrarese]]'' ****************''[[Modenese dialect|Modenese]]'' ****************''[[Reggiano dialect|Reggiano]]'' ****************''[[Parmigiano dialect|Parmigiano]]'' ****************''[[Piacentino dialect|Piacentino]]'' ****************''[[Judeo-Mantuan]]'' (extinct) **************''[[Vogherese]] (Pavese-Vogherese)'' **************'''[[Lombard language|Lombard]]''' ('''Romance Lombard''') ('''''Lombard''''' / '''''Lumbaart''''') ***************''[[Eastern Lombard dialect|Eastern Lombard]]'' (''Lombard'') ****************[[Brescian|Bressano]] / ''Bresciano (in [[Brescia Province]])'' ****************''[[Bergamasque dialect|Bergamasco]]'' (Bergamàsch) ''(in [[Bergamo Province]])'' ****************''[[Cremish dialect|Cremish]]'' (''Cremàsch'') ***************''[[Western Lombard dialect|Western Lombard]]'' (''Lombard'' / ''Lumbaart'') ****************''[[Milanese dialect|Milanese]] (Milanés)'' / ''[[Milanese dialect|Meneghin]] (Macromilanese)'' ****************''[[Brianzöö dialect|Brianzöö]] (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)'' *****************''[[Canzés dialect|Canzés]] (in [[Canzo]])'' ****************''[[Bustocco]]-[[Legnanese]]'' ****************''[[Comasco-Lecchese dialects|Comasco-Lecchese]] (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)'' *****************''[[Comasco dialect|Comasco]]'' *****************''[[Laghée dialect|Laghée]]'' *****************''[[Vallassinese dialect|Vallassinese]]'' *****************''[[Lecchese dialect|Lecchese]]'' ****************''[[Varesino dialect|Varesino]]'' / ''[[Varesino dialect|Bosin]] (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)'' ****************''[[Ticinese dialect|Ticinese]] (Lombardo Alpino)'' *****************''[[Ossolano]]'' ****************''[[Southwestern Lombard]] (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)'' *****************''[[Pavese dialect|Pavese]] (in [[Province of Pavia|Pavia area]]) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)'' *****************''[[Lodigiano dialect|Lodigiano]]'' *****************''[[Cremunés dialect|Cremunés]] (in [[Province of Pavia|Cremona area]]) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)'' ****************'''[[Spasell]]''' (extinct) **************'''[[Novarese Lombard|Novarese]]''' ('''''Nuares''''') (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese) **************'''[[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]''' ('''''Piemontèis''''') ***************''[[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from [[Piedmont]]) (extinct)'' **************'''[[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]]''' ('''Romance Ligurian''') ('''''Ligure''''' / '''''Lengua Ligure''''' / '''''Zeneize''''') ***************''[[Genoese dialect|Genoese Ligurian]]'' (''[[Genoese dialect|Central Ligurian]]'') (''[[Zeneize]]'') ****************''[[Intemelio dialect|Intemelio]]'' *****************''[[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]]'' (''Munegascu'') *****************''[[Brigasc dialect|Brigasc]]'' *****************''[[Royasc]] ([[Royasc|Roiasc]])'' **************'''[[Gallo-Italic of Basilicata]]''' **************'''[[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]]''' *************Gallo-Rhaetian **************[[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]] ***************'''[[Friulian language|Friulian]]''' / '''Friulan''' ('''''Furlan''''' / '''''Lenghe Furlane''''' / '''''Marilenghe''''') ***************'''[[Ladin language|Ladin]]''' ('''''Ladin''''' / '''''Lingaz Ladin''''') ****************''[[Cadorino dialect|Cadorino]]'' ****************''[[Fornes dialects|Fornes]]'' ****************''[[Nones dialect|Nones]]'' ***************'''[[Romansh language|Romansh]]''' ('''''Rumantsch''''' / '''''Rumàntsch''''' / '''''Romauntsch''''' / '''''Romontsch''''') ****************''[[Sursilvan]]'' ****************''[[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]'' ****************''[[Putèr]]'' ****************''[[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]'' ****************''[[Jauer dialect (Romansh)|Jauer]]'' ****************''[[Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)|Tuatschin]]'' **************[[Oïl languages|Oïl]] (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) ([[dialect continuum]]) ***************'''[[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]]''' ('''''Arpetan''''' / '''''Francoprovençâl''''' / '''''Patouès''''') ****************''[[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain]] ([[Arpitan]] of [[Aosta Valley]])'' ****************''[[Savoyard dialect|Savoyard]]'' ****************''[[Vaudois dialect|Vaudois]]'' ****************''[[Dauphinois dialect|Dauphinois]]'' ****************''[[Lyonnais dialect|Lyonnais]]'' ****************''[[Jurassien dialect|Jurassien]] (Southern Franc-Comtois)'' ****************'''[[Faetar language|Faetar]]'''-'''[[Faetar language|Cellese]]''' ([[Arpitan]] of [[Apulia]]) ('''''[[Faetar language|Faetar-Cigliàje]]''''') ***************[[Old French]] (''Franceis'' / ''François'' / ''Romanz'') (extinct) ****************[[Middle French]] (''François''/''Franceis'') *****************'''[[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian-Morvandeau]]''' ('''''Bregognon''''') *****************[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Frainc-Comtois]]/[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Jurassien]] ('''''[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Frainc-Comtou]]'''''/'''''[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Jurassien]]''''') *****************[[Francien language|Francien]] / Francilien ([[Île de France]] Langue d'Oïl) ******************'''[[French language|French]]''' ('''''Français''''' / '''''Langue Française''''') *******************''[[European French]]'' ********************''[[French of France]]'' / ''France French'' *********************''[[Parisian French|Parisian]]'' **********************''[[Standard French]]'' *********************''[[Meridional French]]'' ********************''[[Belgian French]]'' ********************''[[Swiss French]]'' ********************''[[Aostan French]]'' ********************''[[Jersey Legal French]]'' *******************''[[American French]]'' ********************''[[Canadian French]]'' *********************''[[Acadian French]]'' (''Français Acadien'') **********************''[[Chiac]]'' **********************'''[[Louisiana French]]''' ([[Cajun French]]) ('''''Français Louisianais''''') *********************''[[Brayon French]]'' *********************''[[Québec French]]'' (''Français Québécois'' **********************''[[Joual]]'' **********************''[[Ontario French]]'' ***********************''[[Muskrat French]]''/''[[Muskrat French|Detroit River French Canadian]]'' **********************''[[New England French]]'' (''Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre'') **********************''[[Missouri French]]'' / ''[[Illinois Country French]] ("Paw-Paw French")'' ********************''[[Newfoundland French]]'' (''Français Terre-Neuvien'') ********************''[[Frenchville French]]'' (''Français de Frenchville'') *******************''[[Saint-Barthélemy French]]'' (''Patois Saint-Barth'') ********************''[[Haitian French]]'' (''Français Haïtien'') *******************''[[French Guiana|Guianese French]]'' ********************''[[Caldoche|New Caledonian French]] ([[Caldoche]])'' *******************''[[African French]]'' / ''[[African French|Sub-Saharan African French]]'' (''Français Africain'') *******************''[[Maghreb French]]'' / ''[[Maghreb French|North African French]]'' *******************''[[Indian French]]'' (''Français Indien'') *******************''[[South East Asian French]]'' ******************''[[Orleanais language|Orleanais]]'' (''[[Orléanais]]'') ******************''[[Blésois]]'' *****************'''[[Berrichon dialect|Berrichon]]''' ('''''Berrichonne''''') *****************'''[[Bourbonnais dialects|Oïl Bourbonnais]]''' ('''''Bourbonnais d'Oïl''''') *****************'''[[Champenois dialect|Champenois]]''' ('''''Champaignat''''') ******************''[[Champenois language|Western Champenois]]'' ******************''[[Champenois language|Eastern Champenois]]'' *****************'''[[Lorrain dialect|Lorrain]]''' ('''''Lorrain''''' / '''''[[Gaumais]]''''') ******************''[[Welche]]'' *****************'''[[Norman language|South Norman]]''' *****************'''[[Angevin dialect|Angevin]]''' ('''''Angevin''''') *****************'''[[Gallo language|Gallo]]''' ('''''Galo''''') ******************[[Old Norman]] (Old Romance Norman) *******************'''[[Norman language|Norman]]''' (Romance Norman) ('''''Normaund''''') ********************''[[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]'' / ''[[Anglo-Norman French]]'' (''Norman'') (extinct) *********************''[[Auregnais]]'' / ''[[Aoeur'gnaeux]]'' (extinct) *********************''[[Guernésiais]]'' / ''[[Dgèrnésiais]]'' *********************''[[Jèrriais]]'' *********************''[[Law French]]'' *********************''[[Sercquiais]]'' ********************''[[Cauchois dialect|Cauchois]] (spoken in the [[Pays de Caux]])'' ********************''[[Augeron]] (spoken in the [[Pays d'Auge]])'' ********************''[[Cotentinais]] (spoken in [[Cotentin]])'' *****************'''[[Picard language|Picard]]''' ('''''Picard''''' / '''''[[Chti]]''''' / '''''[[Chtimi]]''''' / '''''[[Rouchi]]''''' / '''''Roubaignot)''''' ******************''[[County of Amiens|Amiénois]]'' ******************''[[Vermandois]]'' ******************''[[Thiérache]]'' ******************''[[Beauvais]]is'' ******************''"Rouchi"'' – ''[[Tournaisis]] ([[Valenciennois]])'' *****************'''[[Walloon language|Walloon]]''' ('''''Walon''''') ******************''[[Wisconsin Walloon]]'' *****************'''[[Poitevin-Saintongeais]]''' ('''''Poetevin-Séntunjhaes''''') ******************''[[Poitevin dialect|Poitevin]]'' (''Poetevin'') ******************''[[Saintongeais dialect|Saintongeais]]'' (''Saintonjhais'') *****************[[Zarphatic]] ([[Judaeo-French]]) (צרפתית – ''Tzarfatit'') (extinct) **************[[Moselle Romance]] (extinct) ************[[British Romance]] (?) (language of the [[Romano-Britons]] or [[Romano-Britons|Romanised Britons]]) (extinct) ************[[Old Occitan]] / [[Old Provençal]] (''Proensals'' / ''Proençal'' / ''Romans'' / ''Lenga d'Òc'' / ''Lemosin'') (extinct) *************'''[[Occitan language|Occitan]]''' ('''''Occitan''''' / '''''Lenga d'Òc''''' / '''''[[Occitan language|Lemosin]]''''' / '''''Provençal''''') **************''[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]'' (''Provençau (classical norm)'' / ''Prouvençau (mistralian norm))'' ***************''[[Niçard]]'' / ''[[Nissart]]'' ****************''[[Shuadit]] ([[Judaeo-Provençal]] / [[Judaeo-Occitan]])'' (''Chouadit'') (''[[Shuadit|שואדית]]'' – ''[[Shuadit]]) (extinct)'' **************''[[Marchois (dialect)|Marchois]]'' **************''[[Vivaro-Alpine]] ([[Alpine Provençal]], Gavòt)'' ([[Vivaroalpenc]] / [[Vivaroaupenc]]) ***************''[[Mentonasc dialect|Mentonasc]]'' **************''[[Auvergnat dialect|Auvergnat]]'' (''Auvernhat'') ***************''[[Croissant (linguistic)|Croissant Auvergnat]]'' **************''[[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]'' (''Lemosin'') ***************''[[Croissant (linguistic)|Croissant Limousin]]'' **************''[[Lengadocian]] (Northern-Central)'' (''[[Lengadocian]]'' / ''Lenga d'Oc'') ************'''[[Gardiol language|Gardiol]]'''? ([[Gardiol language|Calabria Provençal]]) ([[Gardiol language|Guardiol]]) ************'''[[Gascon language|Gascon]]''' (Romance Gascon) ('''''Gasco''''') *************''[[Aranese dialect|Aranese]]'' (''Aranés'') *************''[[Béarnese dialect|Béarnese]]'' **************[[Whistled language of Aas]] *************''[[Judeo-Gascon]]'' *************''[[Landese dialect|Landese]]'' ************[[Old Catalan]] (''Catalanesch'') (extinct) *************'''[[Catalan language|Catalan]]''' (Modern Catalan) ([[Catalan–Valencian–Balearic]]) ('''''Català''''' / '''''Llengua Catalana''''') **************''[[Northern Catalan]]'' / ''[[Northern Catalan|Rossellonese]]'' **************''[[Central Catalan]]'' **************''[[Balearic dialect|Balearic]]'' **************''[[Algherese Catalan]]'' (''Alguerés'') **************''[[Northwestern Catalan]]'' **************''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]'' *************[[Judaeo-Catalan|Catalanic]] ([[Judaeo-Catalan]]) (קטלאנית יהודית – ''Judeocatalà'' / קאטאלנית – ''Catalànic'') (extinct) ************[[Iberian Romance languages]] / [[Iberian Romance languages|Hispano-Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]])<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005">Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. {{ISBN|84-89934-11-8}}</ref> *************[[Andalusi Romance]] (extinct) ([[dialect continuum]])<ref name="academia.edu">Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035335/https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_|date=2022-01-07}}</ref> **************[[Navarro-Aragonese]] (extinct) ***************'''[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]''' ('''''Aragonés''''' / '''''Luenga Aragonesa''''' / '''''Fabla Aragonesa''''') ****************''[[Eastern Aragonese]]'' *****************[[Ribagorçan]] ******************[[Benasquese dialect|Benasquese]] ****************''[[Central Aragonese]]'' ****************''[[Western Aragonese]]'' *****************[[Aisinian Aragonese|Aisinian]] *****************[[Ansó Aragonese|Ansó]] *****************[[Aragüés Aragonese|Aragüés]] *****************[[Hecho Aragonese|Hecho]] ****************''[[Southern Aragonese]]'' *****************[[Navalese dialect|Navalese]] ****************[[Judaeo-Aragonese]] (''Chodigo-Aragonés'') (extinct) ***************[[Ebro Valley Aragonese]] (extinct) ***************[[Navarrese dialect|Navarrese]] (extinct) ***************[[Old Riojan]] (extinct) ***************[[Valencian Aragonese]] (extinct) *************[[Western Iberian Romance]] / [[Western Iberian Romance|Western Hispano-Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]]) **************[[Castilian languages|Castilian]] ([[dialect continuum]]) ***************[[Old Castilian]] (''Romance Castellano'') (extinct) ****************'''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]''' / '''[[Castilian language|Castilian]]''' / [[Standard Spanish]] ('''''Español''''' / '''''Castellano''''' / '''''Lengua Española''''' / '''''Lengua Castellana''''') *****************''[[Peninsular Spanish]]'' / ''[[Spanish of Spain]] ([[European Spanish]], [[European Spanish|Spanish of Europe]])'' ******************''[[Castilian Spanish]]'' *******************[[Standard Spanish]] *******************''[[Castilian Spanish|Northern Castilian]]'' ********************''[[Castrapo|Galician Castilian]] ([[Castrapo]])'' ********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Catalan Castilian]]'' *********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Catalan Castilian Proper]]'' *********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Balearic Castilian]]'' *********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Valencian Castilian]]'' ********************''[[Castilian Spanish|Central Castilian]]'' *********************''[[Toledano dialect|Toledan Castilian]] ([[Toledano dialect|Toledano]])'' *********************''[[Murcian Spanish|Murcian]]'' **********************''Central Murcian ([[Panocho]])'' *********************''[[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] (Western)'' **********************''[[Seseo]]'' ***********************''[[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]]'' ************************''[[Canarian Americans|Isleño]] ([[Canarian Americans|North American Canarian Spanish]])'' **********************''[[Ceceo]]'' *****************''[[Spanish language in the Americas|American Spanish]]'' / ''[[Spanish language in the Americas|Hispanic American Spanish]] ([[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish of the Americas]])'' ******************''[[Caribbean Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Cuban Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Dominican Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Puerto Rican Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Panamanian Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Colombian Spanish|Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Venezuelan Spanish|Coastal Venezuelan Spanish]]'' ********************''[[Maracucho Spanish|Zulian Venezuelan Spanish]]'' / ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Maracucho]]''/ ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Marabino Spanish]]''/ ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Maracaibero]]'' ******************''[[Mexican Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Sabine River Spanish]]'' ******************''[[New Mexican Spanish]]'' ******************''[[Central American Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Guatemalan Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Belizean Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Salvadoran Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Honduran Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Nicaraguan Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Costa Rican Spanish]]'' ******************''[[Andean Spanish]] / [[Andean Spanish|Andean-Pacific Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Colombian Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Ecuadorian Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Peruvian Spanish]]'' ********************''[[Peruvian Ribereño Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Bolivian Spanish]]'' ********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Andean Bolivian]]'' ********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Valluno]]'' ********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Vallegrandino]]'' ********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Camba]]'' ********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Chapaco]]'' ******************''[[Amazonic Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Llanero Spanish]]'' ******************''[[Southern Cone]] Spanish'' *******************''[[Chilean Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Argentinian Spanish]]''-''[[Uruguayan Spanish]]'' ********************''[[Cordobés Spanish|Central Argentinian Spanish]]'' / ''[[Cordobés Spanish|Cordovian Argentinian Spanish]]'' ********************''[[Cuyo Spanish|Western Argentinian Spanish]]'' / ''[[Cuyo Spanish|Cuyano Argentinian Spanish]]'' ********************''[[Rioplatense Spanish]]'' *********************''[[Uruguayan Spanish]]'' *******************''[[Paraguayan Spanish]] (strong [[Guarani language|Guarani]] substrate and influence)'' *****************''[[Philippine Spanish]]'' *****************''[[Saharan Spanish]]'' *****************''[[Equatoguinean Spanish]]'' / ''[[Equatoguinean Spanish|Equatorial Guinea Spanish]]'' ****************'''[[Castúo|Castilian Extremaduran]]''' ([[Castúo|Southern-Central Extremaduran]])/ '''[[Castúo]]''' ****************'''[[Ladino language|Ladino]]''' / '''[[Judaeo-Spanish]]''' ('''''לאדינו''''' – '''''Ladino''''' / '''גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול''' – '''''[[Djudeo-Espanyol]]''''' / '''''Judeoespañol''''') *****************''[[Haketia]]'' **************[[Astur-Leonese]] ('''''Asturllionés''''' / '''''Astur-Llionés''''' / '''''Llengua Astur-Llionesa''''') ***************[[Eastern Astur-Leonese]] ****************'''[[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]]''' (Romance Cantabrian) ('''''Cántabru''''' / '''''Montañés''''') *****************''Western Cantabrian'' *****************''Central Cantabrian'' ******************''Pasiego'' (''Pasiegu'') ******************''[[Montañés]]'' *****************''Eastern Cantabrian'' ****************'''Far-Eastern Leonese''' *****************Bejarano *****************[[Palra d'El Rebollal]] *****************[[Serrano dialect|Serrano]] / [[Serrano dialect|Habla de la Sierra de Francia]] *****************[[Riberan dialect|Riberan]] / [[Riberan dialect|Riveran]] / [[Riberan dialect|Arribenian]] / [[Riberan dialect|Riberenian]] ****************'''[[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]''' ('''''Estremeñu''''') ***************[[Old Leonese language|Old Leonese]] (extinct) ****************'''[[Leonese language|Leonese]]''' ('''''Llionés''''') *****************''Alistanu'' *****************''Central Western Leonese'' *****************''Cepedanu'' *****************''Berzian-Cabreirese'' *****************''Maragato'' *****************''[[Omañese]]'' *****************''[[Paḷḷuezu dialect|Paḷḷuezu]] / [[Paḷḷuezu dialect|Pachuezu]] / [[Paḷḷuezu dialect|Patsuezo]] / [[Paḷḷuezu dialect|Pachuezo]]'' *****************''[[Riunorese Leonese|Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese]]'' *****************''Sanabrian'' / ''Senabrian'' (''Senabrès'') *****************''Sayaguese'' ****************'''[[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]''' ('''''Mirandés''''' / '''''Lhengua Mirandesa''''') *****************''Central Mirandese'' *****************''Raiano Mirandese'' *****************''Sendinese Mirandese'' ****************'''[[Asturian language|Asturian]]''' ('''''Asturianu''''') *****************''[[Western Asturian|West Asturian]]'' *****************''Central Asturian'' *****************''[[East Asturian]]'' **************[[Galician–Portuguese]] (Old Galician–Old Portuguese) (extinct) ***************'''[[Galician language|Galician]]''' ('''''Galego''''' / '''''Lingua Galega''''' ***************''[[Eonavian]]'' ***************'''[[Fala language|Fala]]''' ***************'''[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]''' ('''''Português''''' / '''''Língua Portuguesa''''') ****************''[[European Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[Alentejan Portuguese|Alentejan]]'' ******************''[[Oliventine Portuguese|Oliventine]]'' *****************''[[Estremenho dialect|Estremenho]]'' *****************''[[Judaeo-Portuguese]]'' (''Judeu-Português'') (extinct) *****************'''[[Minderico language|Minderico]]''' *****************''[[Northern Portuguese|Nortenho]]'' ****************''[[Portuguese language in the Americas|Latin American Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]'' ******************''[[Amazofonia]]'' ******************''[[Caipira dialect|Broad Paulista]] ([[Caipira dialect|Caipira]])'' ******************''[[Central northeastern Portuguese|Central Northeastern]]'' ******************''[[Florianopolitan dialect|Florianopolitan]]'' ******************''[[Gaúcho dialect|Gaúcho]]'' ******************''[[Mineiro]]'' ******************''[[North coast Portuguese|North Coast]]'' ******************''[[Paulistano dialect|Paulistano]]'' ******************''[[Brazilian Portuguese|Standard Brazilian Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[Uruguayan Portuguese|Uruguayan]]''/''[[Uruguayan Portuguese|Fronteiriço]]'' ****************''[[African Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[Cape Verdean Portuguese|Cape Verdean]]'' *****************''[[Equatoguinean Portuguese|Equatoguinean]]'' *****************''[[Guinean Portuguese|Guinean]]'' / ''[[Guinean Portuguese|Guinea-Bissau Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[Sao Tomean Portuguese|Sao Tomean]]'' / ''[[Sao Tomean Portuguese|São Tomé and Principe Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[Angolan Portuguese|Angolan]]'' *****************''[[Mozambican Portuguese|Mozambican]]'' ****************''[[Portuguese language in Asia|Asian Portuguese]]'' *****************''[[East Timorese Portuguese|East Timorese]]'' *****************''[[Goan Portuguese|Goan]]'' *****************''[[Macanese Portuguese|Macanese]]'' ****************Mixed Portuguese-Spanish *****************'''[[Barranquenho]]''' **********[[Eastern Romance languages]] ***********[[Pannonian Romance]] (extinct) ***********[[Daco-Roman]] ([[dialect continuum]]) ************[[Proto-Romanian]] / [[Common Romanian]] *************'''[[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]''' ('''''Rrãmãneshti''''' / '''''[[Armãneashti]]''''' / '''''Armãneshce''''' / '''''Limba Rrãmãniascã''''' / '''''Limba Armãneascã''''' / '''''Limba Armãneshce''''') *************'''[[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]''' ('''''Vlăhește''''') *************[[Old Romanian]] ([[Daco-Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]) **************'''[[Romanian dialects|Modern Romanian]]''' ('''Limba Română''' / '''Românește''') ***************''[[Banat Romanian dialect|Banatian]] ([[Banat Romanian dialect|Bănățean]])'' ***************''[[Crișana dialect|Crișanian]]'' ***************''[[Maramureș dialect|Maramureșian]]'' ***************''[[Bukovinian Romanian dialect]]'' ***************''[[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian]]'' ***************''[[Moldavian dialect|Moldavian]] ([[Moldavian dialect|Moldovenesc]])'' ***************''[[Wallachian dialect|Muntenian]] ([[Wallachian dialect|Wallachian]])'' ***************''[[Oltenian dialect|Oltenian]]'' ***************''[[Bukovinian Romanian dialect|Bukovinian]]'' **************'''[[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]''' ('''''Rumârește''''' / '''''Vlășește''''') *********[[Southern Romance]] **********Insular Romance ([[dialect continuum]]) ***********'''[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]''' ('''''Sardu''''' or '''''Lingua Sarda''''' / '''''Limba Sarda''''') ************''[[Logudorese dialect|Logudorese-Nuorese]]'' *************''[[Logudorese dialect|Logudurese]]'' *************''[[Nuorese dialect|Nuorese]]'' ************''[[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese]]'' *************''[[Cagliaritano]] (Casteddaiu)'' **********[[African Romance]] (extinct) ***********Disputed [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] ************[[Franco-Italian]] (extinct) ***Unknown Italic (extinct) ****[[Oenotrians#Language|Oenotrian]] {{tree list/end}} ==[[Celtic languages]]== [[File:Celts in Europe.png|thumb|right|Diachronic distribution of '''Celtic language speakers''': <br/> {{legend|#ffff43|core [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] territory, by the 6th century BCE}} {{legend|#97ffb6|maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BCE}} {{legend|#d2ffd2|[[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] and [[Vettones|Vettonian]] area of [[Iberian Peninsula]] where Celtic presence is uncertain, Para-Celtic?}} {{legend|#27c600|the six '''[[Celtic nations]]''' which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the [[Early modern period|Early Modern period]]}} {{legend|#1a8000|areas where [[Celtic languages]] remain widely spoken today}}]] [[File:A map of the distribution of the Celtic languages.svg|thumb|A map of the modern distribution of the '''Celtic languages'''. Red: '''Welsh'''; Purple: '''Cornish'''; Black: '''Breton'''; Green: '''Irish'''; Blue: '''Scottish Gaelic''': Yellow: '''Manx'''. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] (extinct) **[[Continental Celtic languages|Continental Celtic]] (extinct) ***[[Eastern Celtic]] ****[[Noric language|Noric]] (?) ****[[Galatian language|Galatian]] ***[[Lepontic language|Lepontic]] ***[[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] ****[[Cisalpine Gaulish]] ***[[Hispano-Celtic languages|Hispano-Celtic]] ****[[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]] ****[[Gallaecian language|Gallaecian]] **[[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]] ***[[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]] / [[British (Celtic) languages|British]] ([[P Celtic]]) ****[[Common Brittonic]] / [[Old Brittonic]] (extinct) *****[[Southwestern Brittonic languages|Southwestern Brittonic]] ([[dialect continuum]]) ******[[Old Cornish]] (extinct) *******[[Middle Cornish]] (extinct) ********'''[[Cornish language|Cornish]]''' (Modern Cornish) ('''''Kernowek''''') ******[[Old Breton]] (extinct) *******[[Middle Breton]] (extinct) ********'''[[Breton language|Breton]]''' (Modern Breton) ('''''Brezhoneg''''') *********[[Trégorrois Breton dialect|Trégorrois]] *********[[:fr:Breton de Batz-sur-Mer|Batz-sur-Mer]] (extinct) *****[[Western Brittonic languages|Western Brittonic]] ([[Dialect continuum]]) ******[[Old Welsh]] (extinct) *******[[Middle Welsh]] (extinct) ********'''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]''' ([[Modern Welsh]]) ('''''Cymraeg''''' / '''''y Gymraeg''''') *********''[[Gwenhwyseg]]'' *********''[[Dyfedeg]]'' *********''[[Powyseg]]'' *********''[[Gwyndodeg]]'' **********''[[Cofi dialect|Cofi]]'' *********''[[Patagonian Welsh]]'' ******[[Cumbric]] (extinct) ******[[Ivernic language|Ivernic]]? (hypothetical) (extinct) ****[[Pictish language|Pictish]] (extinct) ***[[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] ([[Q Celtic]]) ([[dialect continuum]]) ****[[Primitive Irish]] (extinct) *****[[Old Irish]] (''[[Goídelc]]'') (extinct) ******[[Middle Irish]] (''Gaoidhealg'') (extinct) *******'''[[Irish language|Irish]]''' ([[Modern Irish]]) ('''''Gaeilge''''') / '''Irish Gaelic''' ********''[[Standard Irish]]'' (''An Caighdeán Oifigiúil'') ********''[[Leinster Irish]] (in [[Leinster]] / [[Laighin]]) (extinct)'' ********''[[Connacht Irish]]'' (''Gaeilge Chonnacht'') ********''[[Munster Irish]]'' (''Gaelainn na Mumhan'' *********''[[Newfoundland Irish]] (in [[Newfoundland]]) (extinct)'' **********''[[Ulster Irish]] ([[Ulster Irish|Canúint Uladh]]) (in [[Ulster]]) (Tuaisceartach – Northern)'' ***********''[[Antrim Irish]] (extinct)'' *******'''[[Scottish Gaelic]]''' ('''''Gàidhlig''''') (not to be confused with [[Scots language|Scots]] or [[Scottish English]]) ********''[[Beurla Reagaird]]'' ********''[[Mid-Minch Gaelic]]'' (''[[Mid-Minch Gaelic|Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara]]'') ********''[[Hebridean Gaelic|Hebridean]]'' / ''[[Hebridean Gaelic]]'' ********''[[East Sutherland Gaelic]]'' (''Gàidhlig Chataibh'') ''(extinct)'' ********''[[Canadian Gaelic]]'' / ''[[Canadian Gaelic|Cape Breton Gaelic]]'' ********''[[Galwegian Gaelic]] (extinct)'' ********''[[Arran Gaelic]] (extinct)'' ********''[[Deeside Gaelic]] (extinct)'' *******'''[[Manx language|Manx Gaelic]]''' ('''''Gaelg''''' / '''''Gailck''''') ********''[[Manx language|Northern Manx]]'' (''Gaelg y Twoaie'') ********''[[Manx language|Douglas Manx]]'' (?) (''Gaelg y Doolish'') ********''[[Manx language|Southern Manx]]'' (''Gaelg y Jiass'') {{tree list/end}} ==[[Hellenic languages]]== [[File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The distribution of '''major modern Greek dialect areas'''.]] [[File:Anatolian Greek dialects.png|thumb|'''Anatolian Greek until 1923'''. '''Demotic''' in yellow. '''Pontic''' in orange. '''Cappadocian''' in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.<ref>Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] (extinct) **[[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]] (extinct) ***[[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] ([[Classical Greek]]) (Ἑλληνική – ''Hellēnikḗ'' / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – ''Hellēnikḗ glōssa'') (includes [[Homeric Greek]]) (extinct) ([[Dialect continuum]]) ****''[[Aeolic Greek]] (extinct)'' ****''[[Arcadocypriot Greek|Arcadocypriot]] (extinct)'' *****''[[Pamphylian Greek]]'' (in [[Pamphylia]]) ''(extinct)'' ****''[[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] (extinct)'' *****''[[Attic Greek|Attic]] (extinct)'' ******[[Koine Greek]] (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ) *******[[New Testament|Biblical Greek]] (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek) ********[[New Testament|New Testament Greek]] (Greek of New Testament) ********[[Septuagint|Septuagint Greek]] (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament)) *********[[Jewish Koine Greek]] (Greek of [[Byzantine Jews]]) *******[[Medieval Greek]] ([[Byzantine Greek]] / [[Constantinopolitan Greek]]) ********'''[[Greek language|Greek]]''' ([[Modern Greek]]) ('''ελληνικά''' – '''''Elliniká''''') ([[Dialect continuum]]) *********''[[Katharevousa]]'' (''Καθαρεύουσα'' – ''Katharevousa'') *********''[[Demotic Greek|Demotic]]'' (''Δημοτική γλώσσα'' – ''Dimotikí glṓssa'') **********''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Southern dialects]]'' ***********''[[Mani Greek Dialect|Maniot]] (in [[Mani Peninsula]]) (archaic dialect)'' ***********''[[Himariote dialect|Himariote]]'' ***********''[[Cretan Greek|Cretan]]'' ***********''[[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]]'' **********''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Central Greek ("Semi-Northern")]] (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)'' **********''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Northern dialects]]'' ***********''[[Istanbul Greek dialect|Constantinopolitan Greek]]'' ********''[[Greek in Australia|Greco-Australian]]'' ********'''[[Silliot Greek|Silliot]]''' ********'''[[Pharasiot Greek|Pharasiot]]''' ********'''[[Pontic Greek language|Pontic Greek]]''' ('''ποντιακά''' – '''''Pontiaká''''') *********''[[Mariupolitan Greek]] (Rumeíka)'' ********[[Cappadocian Greek]] ********Italiot Greek *********'''[[Griko dialect|Griko]]''' / '''[[Griko dialect|Salentinian Greek]]''' (Γκρίκο – '''''Gríko''''') ''('' *********'''[[Calabrian Greek]]''' (Γκραίκο – '''''Graíko''''') ********'''[[Yevanic language|Yevanic]]''' ([[Judæo-Greek]] / [[Romaniote language|Romaniote]]) (probably extinct) ****''[[Doric Greek|Doric]] (extinct)'' *****''[[Doric Greek|Northwest Doric]]'' / ''[[Northwest Greek]] (extinct)'' ******''[[Locrian Greek]] (in [[Locris]]) (extinct)'' *****''[[Achaean Doric Greek|Achaean Doric]] (in [[Achaea (ancient region)|Achaea]]) (North Coast of [[Peloponnese]]) (extinct)'' *****'''[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]]''' ('''Tσακώνικα''' – '''''Tsakṓnika''''' / '''A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα''' – '''''A Tsakṓnika gloússa''''') ****[[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Macedonian|url=http://multitree.org/codes/xmk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122022719/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2013|website=MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> (extinct) {{tree list/end}} ==[[Armenian language]]== [[File:Armenian dialects, Adjarian 1909.png|thumb|'''Armenian dialects''', according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.]] [[File:MAPArmenian.png|thumb|Modern geographical distribution of the '''Armenian language'''.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Armenian language|Proto-Armenian]] (extinct) **[[Classical Armenian]] ([[Old Armenian]]) (գրաբար հայերէն – ''Krapar Hayeren'' / ''Grabar Hayeren'' գրաբար – ''Krapar'' / ''Grabar'') ([[Classical language]], [[High culture]] language, official language of the [[Armenian Kingdom]], [[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]] of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and the [[Armenian Catholic Church]]) ***''[[Classical Armenian|Liturgical Armenian]]'' ***[[Middle Armenian]] ****[[List of Jewish diaspora languages|Judeo-Armenian]] ****'''[[Armenian language|Armenian]]''' ([[Modern Armenian]]) ('''հայերէն''' or '''հայերեն''' – '''''[[Hayeren]]''''') ([[dialect continuum]]) *****'''[[Western Armenian]]''' ('''արեւմտահայերէն''' – '''''Arevmdahayerēn''''') ([[dialect continuum]]) ******''[[Akn dialect|Akn]]'' ******''[[Homshetsi dialect|Homshetsi]]'' ******''[[Karin dialect|Karin]]'' / ''[[Karin dialect|Upper Armenia]] (Bardzr Hayk')'' ******''[[Kharberd–Yerznka dialect|Kharberd-Yerznka]]'' ''(Tsopk') (nearly extinct)'' ******''[[Malatia dialect|Malatia]] (extinct)'' ******''[[Mush dialect|Mush]]'' ******''[[Nor-Nakhichevan dialect|Nor-Nakhichevan]]'' ******''[[Shabin–Karahisar dialect|Shabin–Karahisar]]'' *****'''[[Eastern Armenian]]''' ('''արևելահայերեն''' – '''''Arevelahayeren''''') ([[dialect continuum]]) ******''[[Karabakh dialect|Artsakh]]'' ******''[[Kakavaberd dialect|Kakavaberd]]'' ******''[[Iranian Armenians#Iranian Armenian dialect|Nor Julfa]]'' ******''[[Yerevan dialect|Yerevan]]'' ******''[[Zok language|Zok]]'' {{tree list/end}} ==[[List of Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]== [[File:Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png|thumb|One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary '''[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]''' dialect groups in Europe around the year 1 AD. '''[[East Germanic]]''' {{legend|Green|[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]}} '''[[Northwest Germanic]]''' '''[[West Germanic]]''' {{legend|Yellow|[[Elbe Germanic]]}} {{legend|Orange|[[Weser–Rhine Germanic]]}} {{legend|Red|[[North Sea Germanic]]}} '''[[North Germanic]]''' {{legend|Blue|[[North Germanic]]}}]] [[File:Germanic Languages Map Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.35|right|'''Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945'''.]] [[File:Germanic languages.svg|thumb|'''Germanic languages in the World'''. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] (extinct) **[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] / Oder-Vistula Germanic (extinct) ***[[Gothic language|Gothic]]<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language|title=Gothic language | Origins, History & Vocabulary | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=25 September 2023|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221004425/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages|title=East Germanic languages | History, Characteristics & Dialects | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2023-08-18|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818123044/https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages|url-status=live}}</ref> ****[[Crimean Gothic]]<ref name="auto8"/> ****[[Ostrogoths#Gothic language|Ostrogoth]] ****[[Visigoths#Language|Visigoth]] ****[[Gepids#Language|Gepid]] (?) ***[[Vandalic language|Vandalic]] ***[[Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]] (?) ***[[Heruli#Language|Herulian]] (?) ***[[Sciri#Language|Skirian]] (?) **[[Northwest Germanic]] ***[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] ****[[Elbe Germanic]] *****[[Lombardic language|Langobardic / Lombardic]] (extinct) *****[[Suebi#Language|Suebian]] (extinct) <ref>Harm, Volker, ''"Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen'', in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99</ref> ******[[High German languages]] *******[[Old High German]] ********[[Middle High German]] *********[[Early New High German]] **********[[New High German]] ***********[[Central German]] / Middle German ************[[East Central German]]<ref>C. A. M. Noble: ''Modern German Dialects.'' Peter Lang, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, p. 131</ref> *************[[Old Thuringian dialect|Old Thuringian]] (extinct) **************'''[[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]]''' ***************''[[Central Thuringian]]'' **************Schlesisch–Wilmesau ***************'''[[Silesian German]]''' ***************'''[[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]]''' ***************'''[[Alzenau dialect|Alzenau]]''' *************'''[[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]''' **************''[[Erzgebirgisch]]'' *************''[[East Central German#Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch|North Upper Saxon-South Marchian]]'' **************''[[Berlinerisch]]'' **************'''[[Lusatian dialects|Lusatian]]''' ***************''[[Low Lusatian German]]'' *************'''[[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]]''' ***********'''''[[Standard German]]''''' ************''[[Prague German]]'' (extinct) ************''[[German Standard German]]'' ************''[[Austrian Standard German]]'' ************''[[Swiss Standard German]]'' *************''[[Liechtenstein German|Liechtenstein variety]]'' ************''[[Brazilian German]]'' ***********[[Upper German]] ************'''[[East Franconian]]''' *************''[[Hohenlohisch dialect|Hohenlohisch]]'' **************''[[Itzgründisch dialect|Itzgründisch]]'' **************''[[Vogtlandian|Vogtländisch]]'' ************'''[[South Franconian]]''' ('''''Südfränkisch''''') ************'''[[Swabian German|Swabian]]-[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]''' *************'''[[Swabian German|Swabian]]''' *************'''[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]''' **************''[[Low Alemannic German]]'' ***************''[[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]]'' ****************''[[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]]'' ***************''[[Basel German]]'' **************''[[High Alemannic German]]'' ***************''[[Vorarlbergisch]]'' ****************''[[Zürich German]]'' ****************''[[Bernese German]]'' **************'''[[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]]''' ***************''[[Walliser German]]'' ***************''[[Walser]]'' ************'''[[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]''' / '''[[Austro-Bavarian]]''' *************''[[Northern Bavarian]]'' / ''North Bavarian'' *************''[[Central Bavarian]]'' **************''[[Viennese German]]'' ***************''[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]]'' *************''[[Southern Bavarian]]'' **************''[[Hutterite German|Old Hutterite German]] (extinct)'' **************''[[Carinthian]]'' ***************''[[Gottscheerish]]'' ****************'''[[Hutterite German]]''' **************'''[[Mòcheno language|Mòcheno]]''' **************'''[[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]''' ****[[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] *****[[West Central German]] ******[[Rhine Franconian dialects|Rhine Franconian / Rhenish Franconian]] *******'''[[Hessian dialects|Hessian]]''' ********''[[Central Hessian]]'' *******Pfälzisch–Lothringisch ********'''[[Lorraine Franconian]]''' ********'''[[Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]''' *********''[[Bukovina Germans|Bukovina]]'' (extinct) *********''[[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]'' ******[[Central Franconian languages|Central Franconian / Middle Franconian]] *******[[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] ********'''[[Banat Swabian dialect|Banat Swabian]]''' ********'''[[Eifel dialects|Eifel]]''' ********'''[[Hunsrückisch]]''' *********''[[Hunsrik]]'' *********''[[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]'' ********'''[[Luxembourgish]]''' ********'''[[Siegerländisch]]''' ********[[Zipser German|Zipser-Gründlerisch]] *********'''[[Zipser German]]''' *******'''[[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian, Ripuarian Franconian]]''' ********''[[Bönnsch dialect|Bönnsch]]'' ********''[[Historic Colognian]]'' (extinct) *********''[[Colognian dialect|Colognian]]'' ********''[[Kerkrade dialect|Kerkrade]]'' ********''[[Öcher Platt]]'' *****'''[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]''' ******'''[[Western Yiddish]]''' *******''[[Judeo-Alsatian]]'' ******'''[[Eastern Yiddish]]''' *******''[[Klezmer-loshn]]'' (extinct) *******''[[Udmurtish]]'' ****[[Low Franconian languages]] *****[[Old Low Franconian]] ******'''[[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]''' *******''[[Central Limburgish]]'' *******''[[East Limburgish]]'' ********''[[Sittard dialect|Sittard]]'' *******''East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area'' ********''[[Eupen dialect|Eupen]]'' *******''[[West Limburgish]]'' ******[[West Low Franconian|West Low Franconian / North Low Franconian]] *******[[Middle Dutch]] ********'''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]''' *********'''[[Bildts]]''' *********''[[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]]'' **********''[[Hollandic Dutch|Hollandic]]''<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Holland, n. 1," etymology.</ref> ***********''[[Hollandic Dutch#List of subdialects|South Hollandic]]'' ************''[[Scheveningen dialect|Scheveningen]]'' ************''[[The Hague dialect|The Hague]]'' *************'''[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]''' **************''[[Patagonian Afrikaans]]'' **************''[[Kaaps]]''<ref>Hendricks, Frank . "The nature and context of Kaaps: a contemporary, past and future perspective".[https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023151542/https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38|date=2022-10-23}} ''Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery''. '''3''' (2): 6–39. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.14426/mm.v3i2.38. [[ISSN]] 2221-4216. [[S2CID]] 197552885.</ref> ***********''[[Stadsfries Dutch|Stadsfries]]'' ************''[[Amelands]]'' ***********''[[West Frisian Dutch|West Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Zaans]]'' **********''[[Dutch language in Indonesia|Indonesian Dutch]]'' **********''[[South Guelderish]]'' **********''[[Surinamese Dutch]]'' *********''[[Flemish dialects|Flemish]]'' **********'''[[Brabantian Dutch|Brabantian]]''' ***********''[[East Brabantian]]'' ***********''[[Pella Dutch]]'' ***********''[[Brabantian Dutch|South Brabantian]]'' ************''[[Brusselian dialect|Brusselian]]'' *************''[[Syldavian]]'' ************''[[Getelands]]'' ***********''[[Brabantian Dutch|West Brabantian]]'' ************''[[Antwerpian dialect|Antwerpian]]'' **********'''[[East Flemish]]'''<ref name="Woordenboek">Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/search/ ''De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank'']:<br/>Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming ''Vlaming<sup>I</sup>''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153847/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming |date=2023-10-05 }};<br/>cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek, entry ''[https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink flāmink] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153846/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink |date=2023-10-05 }}'': "Morfologie: ''afleiding, basiswoord :'' flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; ''suffix:'' ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren ''Vlaendren''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153845/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren |date=2023-10-05 }}: "Etymologie: ''Dat.pl. van'' flandr- ''<nowiki/>'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix'' -dr-.".<br/>Cognate to Middle English ''flēm'' 'current of a stream': [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary : ''flēm n.(2)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203632/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 |date=2023-12-09 }}</ref> **********'''[[West Flemish]]''' ***********''[[Bruges dialect|Bruges]]'' ***********''[[French Flemish]]'' ***********''[[Zeelandic]]'' ************''[[Jersey Dutch language|Jersey Dutch]]'' *********'''[[Kleverlandish]]''' ****[[North Sea Germanic]] *****[[Old Low German]] ******[[Middle Low German]] *******[[Low German]] ********'''[[Missingsch]]''' ********[[Low Saxon]] *********[[Dutch Low Saxon]] **********''[[Veluws dialect|Veluws]]'' ***********''[[Oost-Veluws dialect|Oost-Veluws]]'' ***********''[[West-Veluws dialect|West-Veluws]]'' *********[[Northern Low Saxon]] **********'''[[East Frisian Low Saxon]]''' **********'''[[Gronings dialect|Gronings]]''' **********'''[[Hamburg German|Hamburg]]''' **********'''[[Northern Low Saxon|Holsteinisch]]''' **********'''[[Northern Low Saxon|Oldenburgisch]]''' **********'''[[Northern Low Saxon|Schleswigsch]]''' *********[[Southern Low German]] **********'''[[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]]''' **********'''[[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]''' ***********''[[Achterhooks]]'' ***********''[[Drèents dialects|Drèents]]'' ***********''[[East Westphalian]]'' ***********''[[Sallaans dialect|Sallaans]]'' ***********''[[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwarfs]]'' ***********''[[Tweants dialect|Tweants]]'' ***********''[[Urkers dialect|Urkers]]'' ********[[East Low German]] *********'''[[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]]''' (not to be confused with [[Pomeranian language|Slavic Pommeranian]], the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranians]] language) *********[[Northern Low German]] **********'''[[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]]''' ***********''[[Eastern Low Prussian]]'' ***********''[[Elbingian]]'' ***********''[[Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets]]'' ***********''[[Natangian]]'' ***********''[[Nehrungisch]]'' ***********''[[Ostkäslausch]]'' ***********''[[Plautdietsch]]'' ***********''[[Samlandic]]'' ***********''[[Vistulan dialect|Vistulan]]'' ***********''[[Werdersch]]'' ***********''[[Westkäslausch]]'' **********'''[[Marchian]]''' **********''[[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch]]'' **********'''[[Westniederdeutsch]]''' *****[[Anglo-Frisian languages]] ******[[Anglic languages]] *******[[Old English]] (extinct) ********''[[Mercian dialect|Mercian]]'' ********''[[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]]'' *********''[[Kentish dialect|Kentish]]'' *********''[[West Saxon dialect|West Saxon]]''<ref name="auto4">"The medieval 'New England': A forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818130603/https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html |date=2023-08-18 }}</ref> ********[[Middle English]] (extinct) *********''[[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]]'' **********[[Early Scots]] (extinct) ***********[[Middle Scots]] (extinct) ************'''[[Scots language|Scots]]''' (mainly [[Brittonic languages]] and also [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrates in the [[Scottish Lowlands]] and mainly [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrate in the [[Scottish Highlands]]) *************''[[Central Scots]]'' **************[[Ayrshire dialect|Ayrshire]] **************[[Berwick-upon-Tweed#Berwick dialect|Berwick]] **************[[Glasgow dialect|Glasgow]] *************''[[Insular Scots]]'' **************[[Orcadian dialect|Orcadian]] **************[[Shetland dialect|Shetland]] *************''[[Northern Scots]]'' **************[[North Northern Scots]] ***************''[[Cromarty dialect|Cromarty]]'' (extinct) **************[[Doric dialect (Scotland)|Mid Northern Scots]] **************[[Northern Scots|South Northern Scots]] *************''[[Southern Scots]]'' *************''[[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]]'' **************[[Glenoe dialect|Glenoe]] **********''[[Kentish dialect|Kentish]]'' **********''[[Fingallian]] (extinct)'' **********[[Yola language|Yola]] (extinct) *********[[Early Modern English]] **********[[Modern English]] ***********'''[[English language|English]]''' ************''[[Standard English]]'' *************''[[English language in Europe|European English]]'' **************''[[British English]]'' ***************''[[English English]]'' ****************''[[Received Pronunciation]]'' *****************''[[East Anglian English]]'' ******************''[[Norfolk dialect]]'' *******************''[[Suffolk dialect]]'' *******************''[[Essex dialect]]'' ******************''[[East Midlands English]]'' ******************''[[West Midlands English]]'' *******************''[[Brummie dialect|Birmingham dialect]]'' *******************''[[Black Country dialect]]'' *******************''[[Potteries dialect]]'' *****************''[[English language in Northern England|North English]]'' ******************''[[Yorkshire dialect]]'' ******************''[[Geordie]]'' ******************''[[Pitmatic]]'' ******************''[[Manchester dialect]]'' ******************''[[Scouse|Liverpool dialect]]'' / ''Scouse'' ******************''[[Cheshire dialect]]'' ******************''[[Lancashire dialect]]'' ******************''[[Cumbrian dialect]]'' *******************''[[Barrovian dialect]]'' *****************''[[English language in southern England|South English]]'' ******************''[[Estuary English]]'' / ''[[London Regional General British]]'' *******************''[[Cockney]]'' ********************''[[Multicultural London English]]'' ******************''[[Sussex dialect]]'' ******************''[[Surrey dialect]]'' ******************''[[Kentish dialect]]'' *****************''[[West Country English]]'' ******************''[[Dorset dialect]]'' ******************''[[Wiltshire dialect]]'' ******************''[[Bristolian dialect]]'' ***************''[[Cornish dialect|Cornish English]]'' ***************''[[Welsh English]]'' ****************''[[Abercraf English]]'' ****************''[[Cardiff English]]'' ****************''[[Gower dialect|Gower English]]'' ****************''[[Port Talbot English]]'' ***************''[[Scottish English]]'' ****************''[[Bungi dialect|Bungi English]]'' ****************''[[Glasgow dialect|Glasgow English]]'' ****************''[[Highland English]]'' ***************''[[Manx English]]'' **************''[[Hiberno-English]]'' ***************''[[Dublin English]]'' ****************''[[South-West Irish English]]'' ****************''[[Mid-Ulster English]]'' **************''[[Channel Island English|Channel Islands English]]'' ***************[[Channel Island English#Alderney English|''Alderney English'']] ***************[[Channel Island English#Guernsey English|''Guernsey English'']] ***************[[Channel Island English#Jersey English|''Jersey English'']] **************''[[Gibraltarian English]]'' **************''[[Maltese English]]'' **************''[[Euro English]]'' ************''[[North American English]]'' *************''[[Canadian English]]'' **************''[[Standard Canadian English]]'' **************''[[Ottawa Valley English]]'' **************[[Pacific Northwest English|''Pacific Northwest Canadian English'']] **************''[[Atlantic Canadian English]]'' ***************''[[Newfoundland English]]'' ***************''[[Canadian Maritime English]]'' ***************''[[Lunenburg English]]'' ***************''[[Quebec English|Quebec Canadian English]]'' **************''[[Aboriginal English in Canada|First Nations English]] / [[Aboriginal English in Canada]]'' *************''[[American English]]'' **************''[[General American English]]'' ***************''[[Eastern New England English]]'' ****************''[[Western New England English]]'' ***************''[[Northern American English]]'' ****************''[[Inland Northern American English]]'' ***************''[[North Central American English]]'' ***************''[[New York City English]]'' ***************''[[Midland American English]]'' ****************''[[Mid-Atlantic American English]]'' *****************''[[Philadelphia English]]'' *****************''[[Western Pennsylvania English]]'' ***************''[[Western American English]]'' ****************''[[Pacific Northwest English|Pacific Northwest American English]]'' ****************''[[California English]]'' **************''[[Southern American English]]'' ***************''[[Older Southern American English]]'' ****************''[[African American English]]'' / ''[[Black American English]]'' *****************''[[African-American Vernacular English]]'' ******************''[[Cajun English]]'' *****************''[[Appalachian English]]'' ***************''[[Chicano English]]'' ************''[[Caribbean English]]'' *************''[[Bermudian English]]'' *************''[[Bahamian English]]'' *************''[[Turks and Caicos Creole]]'' *************''[[Belizean English]]'' *************''[[Cayman Islands English]]'' **************''[[Bay Islands English]]'' *************''[[Jamaican English]]'' *************''[[Samaná English]]'' *************''[[English language in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican English]]'' *************''[[Barbadian English]]'' *************''[[Trinidadian English|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]]'' *************''[[Languages of Guyana|Guyanese English]]'' ************''[[South Atlantic English]]'' ************''[[Falkland Islands English]]'' ************Oceanian English *************''[[Australian English]]'' **************[[Strine|''Broad Country Australian English '']] **************[[Variation in Australian English|''Cultivated Australian English'']] **************[[Variation in Australian English|''General Australian English'']] ***************''[[Queensland Kanaka English]]'' **************''[[South Australian English]]'' **************''[[Western Australian English]]'' **************''[[Australian Aboriginal English]]'' **************''[[Torres Strait English]]'' *************''[[New Zealand English]]'' **************''[[Māori English]]'' *************''[[Fiji English]]'' *************''[[Palauan English]]'' *************''[[Languages of Papua New Guinea#English|Papuan English]]'' *************''[[Solomon Islands English]]'' ************[[Jewish English varieties|Jewish English]] *************''[[Yeshivish]]'' ************Asian English *************East Asian English **************''[[Hong Kong English]]'' ***************''[[Chinglish]]'' *************[[South Asian English]] **************''[[Bangladeshi English]]'' **************''[[Indian English|General Indian English]]'' ***************''[[Butler English]]'' **************''[[Maldivian English]]'' **************''[[Nepalese English]]'' **************''[[Sri Lankan English]]'' **************''[[Pakistani English]]'' ***************''[[Urdish|Urdish/Urglish]]'' *************[[Southeast Asian English]] **************''[[Brunei English]]'' **************''[[Burmese English|Burmese / Myanmar English]]'' **************''[[Cambodian English]]'' **************''[[Malaysian English]]'' **************''[[Manglish]]'' **************''[[Philippine English]]'' ***************''[[Bislish]]'' ***************''[[Taglish]]'' ****************[[Taglish#Coño English|''Coño English'']] ****************[[Taglish#Swardspeak|''Swardspeak'']] **************''[[Singapore English]]'' **************''[[Singlish]]'' **************''[[Tinglish|Thai English]]'' ************[[English in the Commonwealth of Nations#Africa|African English]] *************''[[Cameroonian English]]'' *************''[[Gambian English]]'' *************''[[Ghanaian English]]'' *************''[[Kenyan English]]'' *************''[[Liberian English]]'' *************''[[Malawian English]]'' *************''[[Namlish|Namibian English]]'' *************''[[Nigerian English]]'' *************''[[Sierra Leonean English]]'' *************''[[South African English]]'' **************[[South African English#Cape Flats English|''Cape Flats English'']] **************[[South African English#Black South African English|''Black South African English'']] **************[[South African English#Indian South African English|''Indian South African English'']] **************[[South African English#White South African English|''White South African English'']] **************''[[South Atlantic English]]'' *************''[[Languages of Tanzania|Tanzanian English]]'' *************''[[Ugandan English]]'' *************''[[Zimbabwean English]]'' *************''[[Zulu English]]'' ************''[[Antarctic English]]'' *******[[Frisian languages]] ********[[Old Frisian]] *********[[Middle Frisian]] **********'''[[North Frisian language|North Frisian]]''' ***********''[[Heligoland Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Sylt North Frisian|Sylt Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Wiedingharde Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Bökingharde North Frisian|Bökingharde Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Goesharde Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Halligen Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Karrharde Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Eiderstedt Frisian]] (extinct)'' ***********''[[Strand Frisian]]'' ************''[[Halligen Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Föhr North Frisian|Fohr]]-[[Amrum North Frisian|Amrum]]'' ************''[[Föhr North Frisian|Föhr Frisian]]'' ************''[[Amrum North Frisian|Amrum Frisian]]'' **********'''[[East Frisian Language|East Frisian]]''' ***********''[[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Harlingerland Frisian]] (extinct)'' ***********''[[Upgant Frisian]] (extinct)'' ***********''[[Wangerooge Frisian]] (extinct)'' ***********''[[Wursten Frisian]] (extinct)'' **********'''[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]''' ***********''[[Hindeloopen Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Schiermonnikoog Frisian]]'' ***********''[[Terschelling Frisian]]'' ***********''[[West Frisian language#Internal classification|Mainland West Frisian]]'' ************''[[West Frisian language#Internal classification|Clay Frisian]]'' ************''[[West Frisian language#Internal classification|Wood Frisian]]'' *************''[[Westereendersk]]'' **[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] ***[[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse/Proto-Scandinavian]] (extinct) ****[[Old Norse]] (extinct) *****[[East Scandinavian]] ******[[Old East Norse]] (extinct) *******[[Old Gutnish]] (extinct) ********[[Gutnish]] *********''[[Fårömål dialect|Fårömål]]'' *******[[Old Swedish]] (extinct) ********[[Modern Swedish]] *********[[Early Modern Swedish]] **********[[Late Modern Swedish]] ***********'''[[Swedish language|Swedish]]''' ************[[Standard Swedish]] ************''[[Svealand Swedish|Svealandic]]'' *************''[[Stockholm dialects]]'' *************''[[Uppländska dialect]]'' ************''[[North Swedish]]'' *************''[[Luleå dialects]]'' *************''[[Kalix dialect|Kalix]]'' *************''[[Kiruna dialect]]'' ************''[[East Swedish]]'' *************''[[Åland Swedish]]'' *************''[[Estonian Swedish]]'' *************''[[Ostrobothnian]]'' ************''[[Götamål dialect|Götalandic]]'' *************''[[Småländska|Northern Smålandic]]'' ************''[[Rinkeby Swedish]]'' ********''[[Scanian dialect|Scanian]]'' *******[[Old Danish]] (extinct) ********[[Middle Danish]] (extinct) *********'''[[Danish language|Danish]]''' **********''[[Eastern Danish]]'' ***********''[[Scanian dialect|Old Scanian]]'' ***********''[[Bornholmsk dialect|Bornholmsk]]'' **********''[[Insular Danish]]'' **********''[[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]]'' ***********''[[Eastern Jutlandic]]'' ***********''[[Western Jutlandic]]'' ***********''[[Southern Jutlandic]]'' *********[[Dano-Norwegian]] **********[[Riksmål|Norwegian Riksmål]] ***********[[Norwegian Bokmål]] ************''[[Urban East Norwegian]]'' ********[[Gøtudanskt accent|Gøtudanskt]] ******[[Dalecarlian language|Dalecarlian]] / [[Dalecarlian dialects|Dalarna dialect]] *******''[[Elfdalian]]'' ******[[Jamtlandic language|Jamtlandic]] *****[[West Scandinavian]] ******[[Old West Norse]] (extinct) *******[[Old Norwegian]] (extinct) ********[[Middle Norwegian]] (extinct) *********'''[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]''' **********[[Høgnorsk|Norwegian Høgnorsk]] ***********[[Nynorsk|Norwegian Nynorsk]] **********''[[Østnorsk]]'' ***********''[[Vikværsk]]'' ***********[[Urban East Norwegian]] ************[[Oslo dialect]] ***********''[[Dølamål]]'' ***********''[[Hallingmål-Valdris]]'' *********** [[Gudbrandsdalsmål]] **********''[[Vestlandsk|Vestnorsk]]'' ***********''[[Arendalsk|Arendal dialect]]'' ***********''[[Sandnes-mål|Sandnes dialect]]'' ***********''[[Stavangersk|Stavanger dialect]]'' ***********''[[Bergensk]]'' ***********''[[Sognamål]]'' **********''[[Trøndersk]]'' ***********[[Jamtlandic]] ***********[[Meldal dialect|Medalsk]] *********** [[Trondheimsk]] **********''[[Nordnorsk]]'' ***********[[Brønnøy dialect]] ********** [[Kebabnorsk]] ********** [[American Norwegian]] *********[[Faroese language|Early Faroese]] **********[[Faroese language|Old Faroese]] ***********'''[[Faroese language|Faroese]]''' *********[[Norn language|Norn]] (extinct) *********[[Old Icelandic]] **********'''[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]''' ***********''[[Linguistic purism in Icelandic#Ultrapurism|High Icelandic]]'' **********[[Greenlandic Norse]] (extinct) {{tree list/end}} ==[[Balto-Slavic languages]]== {{main|List of Balto-Slavic languages}} [[File:Balto-Slavic lng.png|thumb|right|Area of '''Balto-Slavic dialect continuum''' with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . ''Red'' dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.]] [[File:Balto Slavic countries.svg|thumb|Political map of Europe with countries where a '''[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]''' language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a '''[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]''' language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents '''[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]''' languages, pale green represents '''[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]''' languages, and sea green represents '''[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]''' languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: '''[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]]''']] [[File:Baltic languages.png|thumb|'''Baltic languages''' (extinct languages shown in stripes).]] [[File:Slavic languages map en.svg|thumb|'''Slavic languages''' in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]] [[File:Idioma ruso.PNG|thumb|'''Russian Language''' – Map of all the areas where the [[Russian language]] is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] language both in number of [[first language]] speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]] (extinct) ** [[Baltic languages]] ** [[Slavic languages]] {{tree list/end}} ===[[Baltic languages]]=== {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Baltic]] (extinct) **[[Dnieper-Oka language|Dnieper-Oka]] (extinct) ***[[Golyad language|Golyad]] (extinct) **[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]] ***[[Latvian language|Old Latvian]] (extinct) ****'''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]''' *****'''[[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]''' *****'''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]''' ******''[[Kursenieki language|Kursenieki]]'' ****[[Selonian language|Selonian]] (extinct) ****[[Semigallian language|Semigallian]] (extinct) ***[[Old Lithuanian]] (extinct) ****'''[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]''' *****'''[[Aukštaitian dialect|Highland Lithuanian]]''' / '''Aukštaitian''' *****'''[[Samogitian dialect|Lowland Lithuanian]]''' / '''Samogitian''' ***[[Curonian language|Curonian]] (extinct) **[[Western Baltic language|Western Baltic]] ***[[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] / [[Baltic Prussian]] (extinct) ****[[Old Prussian language#Revitalization|New Prussian]] ***[[Skalvians|Skalvian]] (extinct) ***[[Galindian language|Galindian]] (extinct) ***[[Sudovian language|Sudovian]] (extinct) ***[[West Baltic language#Pomeranian-Baltic language|Pomeranian Baltic]] (extinct) {{tree list/end}} ===[[Slavic languages]]=== {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Slavic]] (extinct) **[[East Slavic languages]] ***[[Old Novgorod dialect|Old Novgorodian]] (extinct) ****[[Old East Slavic]] (extinct) *****[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] (extinct) ******'''[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]''' / '''Carpathian Rusyn''' *******''[[Lemkos#Language/dialect|Lemko]]'' *******''[[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]]'' / ''Bačka Rusyn'' ******'''[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]''' *******''[[Balachka]]'' *******''[[Canadian Ukrainian]]'' *******''[[Northern Ukrainian dialects|Northern Ukrainian]]'' *******''[[Southeastern Ukrainian dialects|Southeastern Ukrainian]]'' ********''[[Middle Dnieprian dialect|Middle Dnieprian]]'' ********''[[Slobozhan dialect|Slobozhan]]'' ********''[[Steppe dialect|Steppe]]'' *******''[[Southwestern Ukrainian dialects|Southwestern Ukrainian]]'' ********''[[Boyko dialect|Boyko]]'' ********''[[Dniestrian Ukrainian dialect|Dniestrian]]'' ********''[[Hutsul dialect|Hutsul]]'' ********''[[Lemko dialect|Lemko]]'' ********''[[Podolian dialect|Podolian]]'' ********''[[Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect|Pokuttia–Bukovina]]'' ********''[[Transcarpathian dialect|Transcarpathian]]'' ********''[[Upper Sannian dialect|Upper Sannian]]'' ********''[[Volhynian dialect|Volhynian]]'' *******'''[[Polesian language|Polesian]]''' / '''[[Polesian language|Polisian]]''' ********''[[West Polesian microlanguage|West Polesian]]'' *********''[[Motolian dialect|Motolian]]'' ******'''[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]''' *****'''[[Russian language|Russian]]''' ******''[[Russian dialects#Abkhaz Russian|Abkhaz]]'' ******''[[Republic of Artsakh#Languages|Artsakhi]]'' ******''[[Russian language in Belarus|Belarusian]]'' ******''[[Central Russian]]'' / ''Middle Russian'' *******''[[Lake Peipus dialect|Lake Peipus]]'' *******''[[Moscow dialect|Moscow]]'' *******''[[Siberian dialects|Siberian]]'' ******''[[Russian dialects#Chechen Russian|Chechen]]'' ******''[[Dagestani Russian|Dagestani]]'' ******''[[Goryun language|Goryun]] / [[Goryun language|Horyun]]'' ******''[[Russian language in Israel|Israeli]]'' ******''[[Russian dialects#Kazakhstani Russian|Kazakhstani]]'' ******''[[Russian dialects#Kyrgyzstani Russian|Kyrgyzstani]]'' ******''[[Russian language in Latvia|Latvian]]'' ******''[[Russian dialects#Moldovan Russian|Moldovan]]'' ******''[[Northern Russian]]'' *******''[[Alaskan Russian|Alaskan]]'' *******''[[Pomor dialects|Pomor]]'' ******''[[Southern Russian]]'' *******''[[Astrakhan Russian|Astrakhan]]'' *******''[[Doukhobor Russian|Doukhobor]]'' ******''[[Surzhyk]]'' *******''[[Odesan Russian|Odesan]]'' ******''[[Russian dialects#Tajikistani Russian|Tajikistani]]'' ******''[[Russian language in Ukraine|Ukrainian]]'' ******''[[Russian dialects#Uzbekistani Russian|Uzbekistani]]'' **[[West Slavic languages]] ***[[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] ****[[Lechitic languages|East Lechitic]] *****[[Old Polish language|Old Polish]] (extinct) ******[[Middle Polish]] (extinct) *******'''[[Polish language|Polish]]''' ********''[[Lesser Polish dialect|Lesser Polish]]'' ********''[[Southern Borderlands dialect]]'' ********''[[Gorals|Goralian]]'' *********''[[Podhale dialect|Podhale]]'' ********''[[Masovian dialect|Masovian]]'' / ''Mazovian'' *********''[[Warsaw dialect]]'' ********''[[Northern Borderlands dialect]]'' ********''[[New mixed dialects|New Mixed Dialects]]'' ********[[Masurian dialects|Masurian]] ****[[Pomeranian language|Pomeranian]] *****'''[[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]''' *****[[Slovincian language|Slovincian]] (extinct) ****[[West Lechitic dialects|West Lechitic]] (extinct) *****[[Polabian language|Polabian]] *****[[Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect|Marcho-Magdeburgian]] *****[[Rani dialect|Rani]] ****'''[[Silesian language|Silesian]]''' *****''[[Cieszyn Silesian dialect|Cieszyn Silesian]]'' *****''[[Sulkovian dialect|Sulkovian]]'' *****''[[Prudnik dialect|Prudnik]]'' *****''[[Niemodlin dialect|Niemodlin]]'' *****''[[Lach dialects|Lachian]]'' ***[[Czech-Slovak languages|Czech-Slovak]] ****'''[[Czech language|Czech]]''' *****''[[Biblical Czech language|Biblical Czech]]'' *****''[[Czech language|Standard Czech]]'' *****''[[Common Czech]]'' ******[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]] *****''[[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]'' ******''[[Moravian Wallachian dialect|Moravian Wallachian]]'' ****'''[[Slovak language|Slovak]]'''/'''[[Slovakian language|Slovakian]]''' *****''[[Camaldolese Slovak]]'' *****''[[Eastern Slovak dialects|Eastern Slovak]]'' ******[[Pannonian Rusyn]] ****[[Knaanic language|Knaanic]] (extinct) ***[[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] ****'''[[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]''' *****''[[Schleifer dialect|Schleifer]]'' ****'''[[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]''' **[[South Slavic languages]] ***[[Western South Slavic]] ****[[Alpine Slavic]] *****[[Slovene dialects#Unification|Alpine Slovene]] / [[Slovene dialects#Unification|Old Slovene]] ******'''[[Slovene language|Slovene]]''' *******''[[Pannonian dialect group|Pannonian]]'' ********''[[Prekmurje Slovene]]'' *******''[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]]'' *******''[[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian]]'' *******''[[Resian dialect|Resian]]'' *******''[[Littoral dialect group|Littoral]]'' *******''[[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan]]'' *******''[[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan]]'' *******''[[Rovte dialect group|Rovte]]'' ****'''[[Serbo-Croatian]]''' *****'''[[Kajkavian]]''' *****'''[[Chakavian]]''' ******''[[Central Chakavian]]'' / ''[[Middle Chakavian]]'' *******''[[Burgenland Croatian]]'' ******''[[Southern Chakavian]]'' ******''[[Southeastern Chakavian]]'' ******''[[Southwestern Istrian]]'' ******''[[Northern Chakavian]]'' ******''[[Buzet dialect|Buzet]]'' *****'''[[Shtokavian]]''' ******''[[Šokac dialect|Šokac]]'' ******''[[Zeta–Raška dialect|Zeta–Raška]]'' ******''[[Smederevo–Vršac dialect|Smederevo-Vršac]]'' ******''[[Dubrovnik subdialect]]'' ******''[[Younger Ikavian dialect|Younger Ikavian]]'' *******''[[Slavomolisano dialect|Slavomolisano]]'' *******''[[Bunjevac dialect|Bunjevac]]'' ******''[[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Eastern Herzegovinian]]'' *******''[[Užican dialect|Užice]]'' / ''[[Užican dialect|Užican]]'' / ''[[Užican dialect|Zlatibor]]'' ********''[[Dubrovnik subdialect]]'' *******[[Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian standards]] ********''[[Serbian language|Serbian]]'' ********''[[Croatian language|Croatian]]'' ********''[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]'' ********''[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]'' ******''[[Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect|Šumadija–Vojvodina]]'' ****'''[[Torlakian dialects|Torlakian]]''' *****''[[Prizren–Timok dialect|Timok-Prizren]]'' *****''[[Gora dialect]]'' *****''[[Transitional Bulgarian dialects]]'' ******''[[Tran dialect]]'' ******''[[Breznik dialect]]'' ******''[[Belogradchik dialect]]'' ***[[Eastern South Slavic]] / ****''[[Old Church Slavonic]]'' (extinct) *****'''[[Church Slavonic]]''' ****[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]-[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] *****'''[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]''' ******''[[Bulgarian dialects|Western Bulgarian]]'' *******''[[Northwestern Bulgarian dialects|Northwestern]]'' ********''[[Vidin-Lom dialect]]'' ********''[[Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect]]'' *******''[[Southwestern Bulgarian dialects|Southwestern]]'' ********''[[Vratsa dialect]]'' ********''[[Botevgrad dialect]]'' ********''[[Ihtiman dialect]]'' ********''[[Samokov dialect]]'' ********''[[Elin Pelin dialect]]'' ********''[[Sofia dialect]]'' ********''[[Dupnitsa dialect]]'' ********''[[Kyustendil dialect]]'' ******''[[Bulgarian dialects|Eastern Bulgarian]]'' *******''[[Moesian dialects|Moesian]]'' ********''[[Shumen dialect]]'' *******''[[Balkan dialects of Bulgarian|Balkan]]'' ********''[[Central Balkan dialect]]'' ********''[[Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect]]'' ********''[[Panagyurishte dialect]]'' ********''[[Pirdop dialect]]'' ********''[[Teteven dialect]]'' ********''[[Erkech dialect]]'' ********''[[Subbalkan dialect]]'' *******''[[Rup dialects|Rup]]'' ********''[[Strandzha dialect]]'' ********''[[Thracian dialect]]'' ********''[[Hvoyna dialect]]'' ********''[[Smolyan dialect]]'' *********''[[Pomak language|Pomak dialect]]'' ********''[[Chepino dialect]]'' ********''[[Paulician dialect]]'' *********''[[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat Bulgarian]]'' ********''[[Zlatograd dialect]]'' ********''[[Babyak dialect]]'' ********''[[Razlog dialect]]'' ******'''[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]''' *******''[[Kumanovo dialect]]'' *******''[[Kriva Palanka dialect]]'' *******''[[Skopska Crna Gora dialect]]'' *******''[[Tetovo dialect]]'' *******''[[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]]'' *******''[[Štip-Kočani dialect]]'' *******''[[Strumica dialect]]'' *******''[[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect]]'' *******''[[Solun-Voden dialect]]'' *******''[[Kostur dialect]]'' *******''[[Nestram-Kostenar dialect]]'' *******''[[Prilep-Bitola dialect]]'' *******''[[Kičevo-Poreče dialect]]'' *******''[[Skopje-Veles dialect]]'' *******''[[Lower Prespa dialect]]'' *******''[[Upper Prespa dialect]]'' *******''[[Ohrid dialect]]'' *******''[[Struga dialect]]'' *******''[[Vevčani-Radožda dialect]]'' *******''[[Debar dialect]]'' *******''[[Galičnik dialect]]'' *******''[[Reka dialect]]'' *******''[[Gostivar dialect]]'' *******''[[Spoken Macedonian]]'' ********''[[Standard Macedonian]]'' {{tree list/end}} ==[[Indo-Iranian languages]]== [[File:Lenguas indoiranias.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of modern '''[[Indo-Iranian languages]]'''. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: '''Iranic languages'''. Dark pink: '''Nuristani languages'''. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: '''Indo-Aryan languages'''. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] (extinct) ** [[Iranian languages]] ** [[Nuristani languages]] ** [[Indo-Aryan languages]] **[[Badeshi language|Badeshi]] (unclassified) {{tree list/end}} ===[[Iranian languages]]=== [[File:Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects.png|thumb|'''Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects'''. [[Indo-Iranian languages]] descend from the language spoken by the [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta Culture]] people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast [[Ural Mountains]], between the upper [[Ural (river)|Ural]] and [[Tobol]] rivers basins. [[Old Iranian languages]], were spoken in a large [[Eurasia]]n [[landmass]] area that included most of south [[Eastern Europe]], south west [[Siberia]], [[Central Asia]], including parts of western China, and the [[Iranian Plateau]]. The [[Scythian languages]], that belonged to the Northern [[Eastern Iranian languages]] subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the [[steppe]] and [[desert]] areas of [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]], matching most of the western half of the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppe]], which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west [[Siberia]] and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east [[Pannonian Basin]], in modern [[Hungary]], all of modern [[Kazakhstan]], parts of modern [[Xinjiang]], in [[Western China]], modern [[Kyrgyzstan]], and parts of modern [[Uzbekistan]] and modern [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern [[Kazakhstan]], as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."</ref> Later [[Scythian languages]] were also present in northern [[India]] by migration of part of the ancient [[Iranian peoples]] forming the [[Indo-Scythians]]. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct. ]] [[File:Distribution of Iranian Languages.png|thumb|'''Distribution of modern [[Iranian languages|Iranian Languages]]''']] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]] **[[Eastern Iranian languages]] ***[[Northeastern Iranian languages]] ****[[Northeastern Iranian|Old Northeast Iranian]] *****[[Scytho-Sarmatian language|Scytho-Sarmatian]] ******[[Cimmerian language|Cimmerian]] (extinct) ******[[Scythian languages|Pontic Scythian]] (extinct) ******[[Sarmatian languages|Sarmatian]] (extinct) *******[[Alanic language|Alanic]] (extinct) ********'''[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]''' *********'''[[Iron Ossetian]]''' *********'''[[Digor language|Digor Ossetian]]''' **********''[[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct)'' ******[[Saka languages|Scytho-Khotanese]] (extinct) *******''[[Tumshuqese]] (extinct)'' *******''[[Saka languages|Kanchaki]] (extinct)'' *******''[[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]'' ''(extinct)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script | title="Unknown Kushan Script" Partially Deciphered - Archaeology Magazine | access-date=2023-09-26 | archive-date=2023-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160005/https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script | url-status=live }}</ref> ******[[Khwarazmian language|Khwarazmian]] / Chorasmian<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2023-10-05 | archive-date=2020-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021945/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii | url-status=live }}</ref> (extinct) ******[[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] (extinct) *******'''[[Yaghnobi language|Yaghnobi]]''' ***[[List of Southeastern Iranian languages|Southeastern Iranian languages]] ****[[Southeastern Iranian|Old Southeast Iranian]] *****[[Avestan language|Avestan]] (extinct) ******[[Old Avestan]] / "Gathic Avestan"<ref>"The Avestan texts contain no historical allusions and can therefore not be dated exactly, but Old Avestan is a language closely akin to the oldest Indic language, used in the oldest parts of the [[Rigveda]], and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time. This date is also somewhat debated, though within a relatively small time span, and it seems probable that the oldest Vedic poems were composed over several centuries around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Witzel, 1995)", quoted in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref> (extinct) *******[[Young Avestan]] / Younger Avestan (extinct)<ref>"Young Avestan is grammatically close to Old Persian, which ceased being spoken in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. These two languages were therefore probably spoken throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 2003-04, with further references)." in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref><ref>The Young Avesta contains a few geographical names, all belonging to roughly the area between Chorasmia and the Helmand, that is, the modern Central Asian republics and Afghanistan (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 1995; Witzel, 2000). We are therefore entitled to conclude that Young Avestan reflects the language spoken primarily by tribes from that area. The dialect position of the language also indicates that the language of the Avesta must have belonged to, or at least have been transmitted by, tribes from northeastern Iran (the change of proto-Iranian *-āḭā/ă- > *-ayā/ă- and *ǰīwa- > *ǰuwa- “live,” for instance, is typical of Sogdian, Khotanese, Pashto, etc. in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}).</ref> (extinct) *****[[Pakhto|Old Pakhto]] ******'''[[Pakhto language|Pakhto]]''' / '''[[Pashto Language|Pashto]]''' / '''Pathan''' *******'''[[Northern Pashto]]''' ********''[[Northern Pashto|Northern]] dialect'' ********''[[Yusufzai dialect]]'' *********'''[[Central Pashto]]''' *******'''[[Southern Pashto]]''' ********''[[Southern Pashto|Durrani]] dialect'' *********''[[Bannuchi dialect]] '' [[Wanetsi|Tsalga]] *********''[[Wazirwola]] dialect'' *********''[[Masidwola dialect]]'' ******'''[[Wanetsi]]''' *****[[Ormuri-Parachi]] ******'''[[Ormuri]]''' ******'''[[Parachi]]''' *****[[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] (extinct)<ref>It was long thought that Avestan represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century", in Gershevitch, Ilya (1983), "Bactrian Literature", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), ''Cambridge History of Iran'', vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 1250–1258, ISBN 0-511-46773-7.</ref> *****'''[[Munji language|Munji]]''' ******''[[Munji language|Northern Munji]]'' ******''[[Munji language|Southern Munji]]'' *****'''[[Yidgha language|Yidgha]]''' *****[[Sarghulami]] (extinct) ******[[Vanji language|Vanji]] / [[Old Wanji]] (extinct) ******'''[[Yazghulami language|Yazgulyam]]''' *****'''[[Rushani]]''' *****'''[[Shughni language|Shughni]]''' / '''Khughni''' ******''[[Bartangi language|Bartangi]]'' ******''[[Khufi language|Khufi]]'' ******''[[Oroshori dialect|Oroshori]]'' ******''[[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]]'' / ''[[Tashkorghani language|Tashkorghani]]'' *****[[Sanglechi-Ishkashimi]] / [[Zebaki]]<ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009">Antje Wendtland (2009), The position of the Pamir languages within East Iranian, Orientalia Suecana LVIII "The Pamir languages are a group of East Iranian languages which are linguistically quite diverse and cannot be traced back to a common ancestor. The term Pamir languages is based on their geographical position rather than on their genetic closeness. Exclusive features by which the Pamir languages can be distinguished from all other East Iranian languages cannot be found either."</ref> ******'''[[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi]]''' ******'''[[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]]''' *****'''[[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]''' <ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009" /> **[[Western Iranian languages]] ***[[List of Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian languages]] / [[Northwestern Iranian|Northern Western Iranian]] ****[[Median language|Median]] / [[Median language|Medic]] (extinct) *****[[Razi dialect|Razi]] (extinct) ****[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] *****'''[[Southern Kurdish]]''' ******''[[Kalhor (tribe)|Kalhor]]'' ******''[[Kordali language|Kordali]]'' ******''[[Korouni dialect|Korouni]]'' ******''[[Laki language|Laki]]'' *****'''[[Sorani]]''' ******''[[Sorani#Hewlêrî Kurdish|Hewlêrî Kurdish]]'' *****'''[[Kurmanji]]''' ****[[Zaza-Gorani]] *****'''[[Zaza language|Zaza]]''' ******'''[[Zaza language|Northern Zaza]]''' ******'''[[Zaza language|Southern Zaza]]''' *****'''[[Gorani language|Gorani]]''' ******''[[Hawrami]]'' ******'''[[Bajelani]]''' ******'''[[Sarli dialect|Sarli]]''' ******'''[[Shabaki dialect|Shabaki]]''' ****[[Old Azeri]] (extinct) ****'''[[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]]''' *****''[[Alviri-Vidari dialect|Alviri-Vidari]]'' *****''[[Eshtehardi language|Eshtehardi]]'' *****''[[Harzandi dialect|Harzandi]]'' ******[[Kilit dialect|Kilit]] (extinct) *****''[[Khalkhal language|Khalkhal]]'' *****''[[Kho'ini dialect|Kho'ini]]'' *****''[[Maraghei language|Maraghei]]'' *****''[[Takestani]]'' *****''[[Tatoid dialects|Tatoid]]'' *****''[[Upper Taromi language|Upper Taromi]]'' *****''[[Vafsi language|Vafsi]]'' ****'''[[Karingani language|Karingani]]''' ****'''[[Kabatei]]''' ****'''[[Gilaki language|Rudbari]]''' ****'''[[Taromi language|Taromi]]''' ****'''[[Talysh language|Talysh]]''' ****'''[[Gozarkhani language|Gozarkhani]]''' ****'''[[Kajali language|Kajali]]''' ****'''[[Koresh-e Rostam language|Koresh-e Rostam]]''' ****'''[[Razajerdi language|Razajerdi]]''' ****'''[[Shahrudi language|Shahrudi]]''' ****'''[[Ashtiani language|Ashtiani]]''' ****'''[[Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi|Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi]]''' *****''[[Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi|Judeo-Borujerdi]]'' *****''[[Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi|Judeo-Hamedani]]'' ****'''[[Khunsari language|Khunsari]]''' ****'''[[Northwestern Fars]]''' ****'''[[Judeo-Golpaygani]]''' (extinct) ****'''[[Gazi language|Gazi]]''' *****''[[Jarquya’i]]'' *****''[[Judeo-Esfahani]]'' ****'''[[Soi language|Soi]]''' / '''Sohi''' *****''[[Abuzaydabadi dialect|Abuzaydabadi]]'' *****''[[Judeo-Kashani]]'' ****'''[[Sivandi language|Sivandi]]''' ****'''[[Natanzi language|Natanzi]]''' *****''[[Natanzi language|Natanzi Proper]]'' ****'''[[Zoroastrian Dari language|Zoroastrian Dari]]''' *****''[[Yazdi language|Yazdi]]'' ****'''[[Nayini language|Nayini]]''' / '''Na'ini''' / '''Biyabanak''' ****'''[[Khuri language|Khuri]]''' ****'''[[Balochi language|Balochi]]''' *****'''[[Western balochi|Northern Baloch]]''' ******'''[[Balochi language|Western Baloch]]''' *******''[[Rakhshani language|Rakhshani]]'' *******''[[Sarhadi]]'' / ''Sarhaddi'' ******'''[[Balochi language|Eastern Baloch]]''' *****'''[[Balochi language|Southern Baloch]]''' ******''[[Lashari]]'' *******''[[Makrani dialect|Makrani]]'' *****'''[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]]''' / '''[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi Balochi]]''' ***[[Parthian language|Parthian]] (extinct) ***[[Caspian languages|Caspian]] ****[[Semnani languages|Semnani]] *****'''[[Semnani language|Semnani proper]]''' ******''[[Biyabanaki language|Biyabunaki]]'' *****'''[[Sangsari language|Sangsari]]''' / '''Sangisari''' *****[[Lasgerdi language|Lasgerdi]]-[[Sorkhei language|Sorkhei]] ******'''[[Lasgerdi language|Lasgerdi]]''' ******'''[[Sorkhei language|Sorkhei]]''' *******''[[Aftari language|Aftari]]'' ****'''[[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]''' / '''[[Tabari language|Tabari]]''' *****''[[Gorgani dialect|Gorgani]] (extinct)'' ****'''[[Daylami language|Daylami]]''' / Daylami (extinct) ****'''[[Gilaki language|Gilaki]]''' *****''[[Western Gilaki]]'' *****''[[Eastern Gilaki]]'' ***[[List of Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian languages]]/[[Southwestern Iranian|Southern Western Iranian]] ****[[Old Persian]] (𐎠𐎼𐎹 – ''Ariya'') (extinct) *****[[Middle Persian]] (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – ''Pārsīk'' or ''Pārsīg'') (extinct) ******'''[[Persian language|Persian]]''' *******''[[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Indo-Persian]]'' (extinct) *******'''[[Iranian Persian]]''' ********''[[Abadani dialect|Abadani]]'' ********''[[Basseri dialect|Basseri]]'' ********''[[Esfahani accent|Esfahani]]'' ********''[[Kermanshahi Persian|Kermanshahi]]'' ********''[[Khorasani dialect|Khorasani]]'' ********''[[Kuwaiti Persian|Kuwaiti]]'' ********''[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]'' *******'''[[Dari]]''' / '''Afghanistan Persian''' ********''[[Sistani dialect|Sistani]]'' ********''[[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]]'' / ''Hazaragi Persian'' *******[[Pahlavni language|Pahlavni]] / [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]] (extinct) *******'''[[Judeo-Persian]]''' *******'''[[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]]''' / '''Aimaqi''' / '''Aimaq Persian''' *******'''[[Tajik language|Tajik]]''' / '''[[Tajiki Persian]]''' ********''[[Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)|Bukharian]]'' ******'''[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]''' / '''Caucasus Tat''' / '''Persian Tat''' *******'''[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Muslim/Christian Tat]]''' ********''[[Armeno-Tats#Language|Armeno-Tat]]'' *******'''[[Judeo-Tat]]''' / '''Judeo-Persian Tat''' ****'''[[Kuhmareyi language|Kuhmareyi]]''' *****''[[Davani dialect]]'' ****'''[[Luri language|Luri]]''' *****'''[[Southern Luri]]''' ******''[[Mamasani dialect|Mamasani]]'' *****'''[[Northern Luri]]''' / '''Central Luri''' *****'''[[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]]''' ***'''[[Khuzestani Persian]]''' ***'''[[Dezfuli dialect|Dezfuli–Shushtari]]''' ****''[[Dezfuli dialect|Dezfuli]]'' ****''[[Shushtari dialect|Shushtari]]'' ***'''[[Achomi language|Achomi]]''' ****''[[Judeo-Shirazi]]'' ***'''[[Garmsiri language|Garmsiri]]''' ***'''[[Bashkardi language|Bashkardi]]''' / '''Bashagerdi''' / '''Bashaka''' ***'''[[Kumzari language|Kumzari]]''' ***'''[[Khargi language|Khargi]]''' ***[[Old Kazeruni dialect|Old Kazeruni]] (extinct) **Unclassified Indo-Iranian ***[[Kambojas#Language and location|Kambojan]] (extinct) {{tree list/end}} ===[[Nuristani languages]] === [[File:Nuristan in Afghanistan.svg|thumb|[[Nuristan Province]] in [[Afghanistan]], where most speakers live.]] [[File:MAPNuristani.png|thumb|[[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] languages.]] {{tree list}} *'''[[Proto-Nuristani language|Proto-Nuristani]]''' (extinct) <ref name="Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278">See also: Ancient Kamboja, People & the Country, 1981, p 278, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119–20, K. S. Dardi etc.</ref><ref name="Sir Thomas H p 102-03">Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the Aspasians (Aspasioi) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (Kamoz/Camoje, Kamtoz) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.</ref> **'''[[Katë language|Katë]]''' / ''Kati'' / ''Kâmkata-vari'' ***[[Western Katë dialect|Western Katë]] ***[[Northeastern Katë dialect|Northeastern Katë]] ****''[[Shekhani]]'' ***[[Southeastern Katë dialect|Southeastern Katë]] ****''[[Kamviri]]'' ****''[[Mumviri]]'' **'''[[Prasun language|Prasun]]''' / ''Vâsi-vari'' **'''[[Ashkun language|Ashkun]]''' / ''Saňu-viri'' **'''[[Nuristani Kalasha language|Nuristani Kalasha]]''' / ''Kalasha-alâ'' **'''[[Tregami language|Tregami]]''' **'''[[Zemiaki language|Zemiaki]]''' {{tree list/end}} ===[[Indo-Aryan languages]]=== [[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Present-day geographical distribution of the major '''Indo-Aryan language groups'''. [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], [[Kholosi language|Kholosi]] and [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is '''Eastern''', purple is '''Dardic''', blue is '''Northwestern''', red is '''Southern''', green is '''Western''', brown is '''Northern''' and orange is '''Central'''. Data is from [https://medium.com/@ArainGang/the-indo-aryan-languages-b249d5ece305 "The Indo Aryan Languages"] as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.'''[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]''' {{legend|#FFD6F6|[[Pashai languages|Pashai]] }} {{legend|#FFACEF|[[Chitral languages|Chitrali]] }} {{legend|#FF81E6|[[Shina languages|Shina]] }} {{legend|#FF25D5|[[Kohistani languages|Kohistani]] }} {{legend|#FF00CD|[[Kashmiri languages|Kashmiri]] }} '''[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]''' {{legend|#7164FF|[[Punjabi languages|Punjabi]] }} {{legend|#0066FF|[[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]] }} '''[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]''' {{legend|#6BCD00|[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] }} {{legend|#00CF4A|[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] }} {{legend|#09AD02|[[Bhil languages|Bhili]] }} {{legend|#2FFF2F|[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] }} '''[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]''' {{legend|#B94E16|[[Western Pahari languages|Himachali-Dogri]] }} {{legend|#9E521B|[[Central Pahari languages|Garhwali-Kumaoni]] }} {{legend|#79421B|[[Nepali languages|Nepali]] }} '''[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]''' {{legend|#FF6600|[[Western Hindi]] }} {{legend|#FF9A54|[[Eastern Hindi]] }} '''[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]''' {{legend|#FFCD00|[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] }} {{legend|#FFDE54|[[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]] }} {{legend|#D5AB00|[[Odia languages|Odia]] }} {{legend|#AB8900|[[Halbi languages|Halbi]] }} '''[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]''' {{legend|#D50000|[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]] }} {{legend|#AC0000|[[Sinhala-Maldivian languages|Sinhala-Maldivian]] }} .]] [[File:Indo-Aryan languages grouped.png|thumb|250px|Distribution of major [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] languages. [[w:Urdu|Urdu]] is included under [[Hindi]]. [[w:Romani language|Romani]], [[w:Domari language|Domari]], and [[w:Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where [[w:multilingualism|multilingualism]] is common. {{legend|#fd15ac|[[w:Dardic languages|Dardic]]}} {{legend|#274ffe|[[w:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]}} {{legend|#ad27fe|[[w:Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]}} {{legend|#fe1e1e|[[w:Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]}} {{legend|#fe933c|[[w:Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]}} {{legend|#effe27|[[w:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]}} {{legend|#3bed69|[[w:Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]}}]] [[File:Romany dialects Europe.svg|thumb|[[Romani language|Romani]] languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] branch of [[Indo-European languages]] but are spoken out of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. They are related to the [[Domari language|Domari]] languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from [[Southwest Asia]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because [[Domari language|Domari]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] speakers, the [[Dom people|Doma]] and the [[Romani people|Roma]], were traditionally [[Nomad|nomadic peoples]].]] {{tree list}} *[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] (extinct) **[[Old Indo-Aryan]] (extinct) ***[[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni|Mitanni-Aryan]] (extinct) ***[[Old Indo-Aryan|Early Old Indo-Aryan]] – [[Vedic Sanskrit]] / [[Rigvedic Sanskrit]] ****[[Ashokan Prakrit]] (extinct) ****[[Old Indo-Aryan|Late Old Indo-Aryan]] – '''[[Sanskrit]]''' *****[[Middle Indo-Aryan]] (extinct) ******[[Dardic languages|Dardic]] *******[[Gandhari language|Gandhari Prakrit]] (extinct) ********[[Niya Prakrit]]<ref name="cordis.europa.eu"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit|jstor = 608051|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|last1 = Burrow|first1 = T.|journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|year = 1936|volume = 8|issue = 2/3|pages = 419–435|doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00141060|s2cid = 170991822|access-date = 2021-04-25|archive-date = 2023-07-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230719144520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|url-status = live|url-access = subscription}}</ref> / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (extinct) ********[[Chitral languages]] *********'''[[Kalasha-mun language|Kalasha-mun]]''' *********'''[[Khowar language|Khowar]]''' ********'''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]''' / '''Koshur''' *********''[[Kashtawari]] / [[Kishtwari]]'' *********''[[Poguli]]'' *********''[[Rambani dialect|Rambani]]'' ********[[Kohistani languages]] *********'''[[Bateri language|Bateri]]''' *********'''[[Chilisso language|Chilisso]]''' *********'''[[Gowro language|Gowro]]''' / '''[[Gowro language|Gabaro]]''' *********'''[[Indus Kohistani]]''' *********'''[[Kalami language|Kalami]]''' / '''[[Gawri language|Gawri]]''' *********'''[[Tirahi language|Tirahi]]''' / '''Dardù''' *********'''[[Torwali language|Torwali]]''' *********[[Wotapuri-Katarqalai language|Wotapuri-Katargalai]] (extinct) **********''[[Wotapuri]]'' ********'''[[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]''' / '''Pashai''' *********'''[[Southwest Pashayi]]''' *********'''[[Southeast Pashayi]]''' **********''[[Laghmani]]'' *********'''[[Northwest Pashayi]]''' **********''[[Gulbahar]]'' *********'''[[Northeast Pashayi]]''' **********''[[Korangal Valley|Korangal]]'' ********[[Kunar languages]] *********'''[[Dameli language|Dameli]]''' *********'''[[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]]''' / '''Narsati''' / '''Aranduyiwar''' *********'''[[Nangalami]]''' / '''Grangali''' *********'''[[Shumashti language|Shumashti]]''' ********[[Shina languages]] *********'''[[Palula language|Palula]]''' / '''[[Phalura language|Phalura]]''' / '''Ashreti''' *********'''[[Sawi language (Dardic)|Sawi]]''' / '''Savi''' / '''Sauji]''' *********'''[[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]]''' / '''Goedijaa''' *********'''[[Ushoji language|Ushoji]]''' / '''[[Ushojo]]''' *********'''[[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]]''' *********'''[[Shina language|Shina]]''' **********''[[Gilgiti]]'' **********''[[Astori]]'' **********''[[Drasi]]'' *********'''[[Kohistani Shina language|Kohistani Shina]]''' **********''[[Palasi]]'' **********''[[Kolai]]'' *********'''[[Brokskat language|Brokskat]]''' / '''[[Brokskat|Dah-Hanu]]''' *********'''[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]''' / '''Dumaki''' ******[[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western Indo-Aryan]] *******'''[[Punjabi languages]]''' ********[[Lahnda]] / [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]] *********'''[[Pahari-Pothwari]]''' / '''[[Pothohari]]''' **********''[[Pothwari]]'' / ''[[Pothohari]]'' ***********''[[Mirpuri language|Mirpuri]]'' **********''[[Pahari language|Pahari]]'' / ''[[Dhundi-Kairali]]'' ***********''[[Poonchi dialect|Poonchi]]'' / ''Punchhi'' *********'''[[Hindko]]''' **********'''[[Northern Hindko]]''' ***********[[Hazara Hindko]] / [[Kaghani language|Kaghani]] **********'''[[Southern Hindko]]''' ***********''[[Hindko|Peshawari]]'' ************''[[Chhachi dialect|Chhachi]]'' / ''[[Chacchi]]'' / ''Chachi'' ************''[[Kohati]]'' ************''[[Awankari dialect|Awankari]]'' ************''[[Ghebi]]'' *********'''[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]''' **********''[[Derawali]]'' **********''[[Thali dialect|Thali]]'' ***********''[[Multani dialect|Multani]]'' ***********''[[Riasti dialect|Riasti]]''/''[[Riasti dialect|Bhawalpuri]]''/''[[Riasti dialect|Choolistani]]'' ********'''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''' *********''[[Standard Punjabi]]'' **********'''[[Punjabi dialects|Western Punjabi]]'''/[[Saraiki language|Eastern Saraiki]] ***********''[[Dhani dialect|Dhani]]'' ***********''[[Shahpuri]]'' ***********''[[Jhangochi]]'' / ''[[Jhangvi dialect|Changvi]]'' / ''[[Jhangvi]]'' / ''[[Rachnavi]]'' ***********''[[Jhangvi dialect|Jangli]]'' ***********''[[Chenavari]]'' ************''[[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]'' **********'''[[Eastern Punjabi language|Eastern Punjabi]]''' ***********''[[Doabi]]'' ***********''[[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]'' / ''Pawadhi'' / [[Poadhi]] ***********''[[Malwai dialect|Malwai]]'' / ''Malwi'' ********[[Lubanki dialect|Lubanki]] / [[Labanki]] (extinct) (it was spoken by the [[Labana]] tribe ********[[Jakati language|Jakati]] / Jataki (extinct) ********'''[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]]''' / [[Jafri]] (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] language) *******[[Sindhi languages]] ********Jadgali–Lasi *********'''[[Jadgali language|Jadgali]]''' *********'''[[Lasi dialect (Sindhi)|Lasi]]''' ********'''[[Kholosi language|Kholosi]]''' ********'''[[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]''' / '''Kachchi''' ********'''[[Luwati language|Luwati]]''' / '''[[Luwati language|Lawati]]''' / ********'''[[Memoni language|Memoni]]''' / '''[[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawadi]]''' ********'''[[Sindhi Bhili]]''' ********'''[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]''' *********''[[Lari dialect (Sindhi)|Lari]]'' *********''[[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|Siraiki]]'' / ''Northern Sindhi'' / ''"Siroli"'' *********''[[Thareli]]'' ******[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan]] *******[[Western Pahari]] ********'''[[Dogri language|Dogri]]''' ********'''[[Kangri dialect|Kangri]]''' ********'''[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]]''' / '''[[Chambeali]]''' ********'''[[Kullu language|Kullu]]''' / '''[[Kullu|Kulvi]]''' ********'''[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]''' ********'''[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]]''' ********'''[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]''' ********'''[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]]''' / ''Handuri'' ********'''[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]]''' *********''[[Baghati language|Baghati]]'' *********''[[Rampuri]]''/''[[Kochi]]'' *******[[Central Pahari]] ********'''[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]''' *********[[Badhani]] *********''[[Nagpuria dialect (Garhwal)|Nagpuriya]]'' *********''[[Salani dialect|Salani]]'' *********[[Bangani]] *********''[[Jaunpuri dialect (Garhwal)|Jaunpuri]]'' *********''[[Gangadi]]'' ********'''[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]''' ********'''[[Doteli]]''' / '''[[Dotyali]]''' *********''[[Bajhangi]]'' / ''Bajhangi Nepali'' *******[[Eastern Pahari]] ********'''[[Jumli language|Jumli]]''' *********''[[Sinja]]'' ********'''[[Palpa language (Indo-Aryan)|Palpa]]''' (extinct) ********'''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]''' / '''Khas Kura''' / '''Parbatiya''' / '''Gorkhali''' *********''[[Bajhangi]]'' ******[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western Indo-Aryan]] *******[[Old Gujarati|Gurjar apabhraṃśa]] ********[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] *********'''[[Marwari language|Marwari]]''' / '''Marwari Proper''' *********'''[[Dhatki]]''' / '''[[Thari language|Thari]]''' *********'''[[Mewati]]''' **********[[Godwari language]] *********'''[[Dhundari]]''' / '''[[Jaipuri]]''' *********'''[[Mewari]]''' *********'''[[Shekhawati]]''' *********'''[[Goaria language|Goaria]]''' *********'''[[Godwari language|Godwari]]''' **********''[[Balvi]]'' **********''[[Khuni]]'' **********''[[Sirohi]]'' *********'''[[Jogi language|Jogi]]''' *********''[[Loarki language|Loarki]]''/''[[Gade Lohar]]'' *********'''[[Bagri language|Bagri]]''' / '''Bagari''' *********'''[[Gujari language|Gujari]]''' / '''Gurjari''' / '''[[Gojri]]''' *********'''[[Gurgula language|Gurgula]]''' *********'''[[Harauti]]''' *********'''[[Lambadi language|Lambadi]]''' / '''Lamani''' / '''Gor-Bol''' / '''Banjari''' *********'''[[Malvi language|Malvi]]''' / '''Malwi''' / '''Malavi''' **********''[[Ujjaini]]'' **********''[[Rajawadi]]'' **********''[[Rangri dialect|Rangri]]'' *********'''[[Nimadi language|Nimadi]]''' / '''Nimari''' ********[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] *********[[Old Gujarati]] (extinct) **********[[Middle Gujarati]] (extinct) ***********'''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]''' ************''[[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawari]]'' ************''[[Parsi Gujarati]]'' ************''[[Lisan ud-Dawat]]'' *********'''[[Jandavra language|Jandavra]]''' / '''[[Jandavra|Jhandoria]]''' *********'''[[Vaghri language|Vaghri]]''' / '''Waghri''' / '''Baghri''' *********'''[[Aer language|Aer]]''' **********'''[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]]''' **********'''[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]''' **********'''[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wardiyara Koli]]''' / '''[[Wadiyara Koli|Tharadari]]''' *********[[Sauraseni Prakrit]] (extinct) **********'''[[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]''' *********'''[[Vasavi language|Vasavi]]''' / '''[[Vasavi Bhil]]''' *******'''[[Bhil languages|Bhil]]''' ********'''[[Gamit language|Gamit]]''' *********'''[[Bauria language|Bauria]]''' *********'''[[Vaghri language|Vaghri]]''' / '''Bavri''' *********'''[[Wagdi language|Wagdi]]''' *********'''[[Bhilori language|Bhilori]]''' **********''[[Dungra Bhil language|Dungra]]'' *********'''[[Magari language|Magari]]''' ********[[Central Bhil languages|Central Bhil]] *********'''[[Bhili language|Bhili proper]]''' **********''[[Rajput Garasia]]'' *********'''[[Bhilali]]''' **********''[[Bhilali language|Bhilali proper]]'' **********''[[Rathawi]]'' **********''[[Bhilali language|Parya Bhilali]]'' *********'''[[Chodri language|Chodri]]''' / '''Chowdhary''' *********'''[[Dhodia-Kukna language|Dhodia-Kukna]]''' *********'''[[Dubli]]''' ********'''[[Bareli language|Bareli]]''' *********'''[[Palya Bareli language|Palya Bareli]]''' *********'''[[Pauri Bareli language|Pauri Bareli]]''' *********'''[[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwi Bareli]]''' *********'''[[Pardhi language|Pardhi]]''' / '''Bahelia''' ********'''[[Kalto language|Kalto]]''' *******'''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]''' ********''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]'' ********''[[Ahirani Language|Ahirani]]'' ********''[[Dhanki language|Dhanki]]'' / ''[[Dhanki language|Dangri]]'' *******[[Domari language|Domari]]-[[Romani language|Romani]] ********'''[[Domari language|Domari]]''' *********''[[Garachi language|Karachi]]'' / ''[[Garachi language|Garachi]]'' (extinct) ********'''[[Seb Seliyer language|Seb Seliyer]]''' ********'''[[Romani language|Romani]]''' *********'''[[Balkan Romani]]''' **********''[[Rumelian Romani|Rumelian]]'' **********''[[Sevlengere]]'' **********''[[Zargari Romani|Zargari]]'' *********'''[[Vlax Romani]]''' **********''[[Kalderash Romani language|Kalderash Romani]]'' **********''[[Lovari]]'' ***********''[[Machvano]]'' *********[[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]] **********'''[[Carpathian Romani]]''' ***********''[[Romungro Romani|Romungro]]'' / ''Romungro Romani'' ***********''[[Roman Romani|Roman]]'' / ''Roman Romani'' ***********''[[Vend Romani|Vend]]'' / ''Vend Romani'' ***********''[[East Slovak Romani]]'' ***********''[[West Slovak Romani]]'' ***********''[[South Polish Romani]]'' ***********'''[[Sinte Romani]]''' ('''''Sintenghero''''' / '''''Tschib(en)''''' / '''''Sintitikes''''' / '''''Manuš''''' / '''''Romanes''''') ***********[[Welsh-Romani language|Welsh-Romani]] ************'''[[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo]]''' ***********'''[[Baltic Romani]]''' ******[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]] *******[[Sauraseni Prakrit]] (extinct) ********[[Western Hindi]] *********'''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]''' **********''[[Hindi]] / Manak or Shuddh Hindi'' ***********''[[Standard Hindi|Modern Standard Hindi]]'' ***********''[[Bombay Hindi|Mumbai Hindi]]'' **********''[[Urdu]]'' / ''[[Lashkari language|Lashkari]]'' ***********''[[Standard Urdu|Modern Standard Urdu]]'' ***********''[[Dakhini]]'' / ''Dakkhani'' / ''[[Deccan language|Deccani]]'' ************''[[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni]]'' ************[[Deccani language|''Southern Dakhni'']] ***********''[[Dhakaiya Urdu]]'' ***********''[[Rekhta]]'' **********'''[[Sansi language|Sansi]]''' / '''[[Sansiboli]]''' / '''Bhilki''' **********'''[[Kabutra language|Kabutra]]''' **********'''[[Braj language|Braj]]''' **********'''[[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]''' **********[[Kauravi dialect|Kauravi]] *********'''[[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]''' / '''[[Bundeli language|Bundelkhandi]]''' *********'''[[Bhaya language|Bhaya]]''' *********'''[[Ghera language|Ghera]]''' / '''[[Ghera language|Bara]]''' *********'''[[Gowli language|Gowli]]''' *********'''[[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]''' ********'''[[Parya language|Parya]]''' ********[[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]] (extinct) *********'''[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]''' **********'''[[Fiji Hindi]]''' *********'''[[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]''' *********'''[[Surgujia language|Surgujia]]''' / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi / Bhandar *********'''[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]''' ******[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] *******[[Magadhi Prakrit]] (extinct) *******[[Pali Language|Pali]] (extinct) ********[[Abahattha|Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha]] (extinct) *********[[Bihari languages]] **********'''[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]''' ***********''[[Mauritian Bhojpuri]]'' ***********'''[[Caribbean Hindustani]]''' ************''[[Caribbean Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]'' ************''[[Sarnami Hindustani]]'' / ''Sarnami Hindoestani'' **********'''[[Magahi language|Magahi]]''' / '''Magadhi''' **********'''[[Khortha dialect|Khortha]]''' **********'''[[Maithili language|Maithili]]''' ***********''[[Angika language|Angika]]'' ***********''[[Thēthi]]'' ***********''[[Bajjika language|Bajjika]]'' **********'''[[Kudmali language|Kudmali]]''' / '''[[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]''' / '''[[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]''' / Tamaria ('''কুর্মালী]]''' – '''কুড়মালি]]''' – '''''Kur(a)mālī''''') **********'''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]''' **********'''[[Sadri language|Sadri]]''' / '''Sadani''' / '''Nagpuri''' **********'''[[Oraon Sadri language|Oraon Sadri]]''' *********[[Bengali-Assamese languages]] **********'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]''' ***********''[[Varendri dialect|Varendri]]'' ***********''[[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]]'' ************''[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabadi]]'' ************''[[Malda district|Maldohiyo]]'' *************''[[Shadhu-bhasha|Shadhubasha]]'' *************''[[Cholit Bhasha|Chôlitôbhasha]]'' ***********''[[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]]'' ***********''[[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Bangali]]'' / ''[[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Vangi]]'' ************''[[Dhakaiya Kutti]]'' or ''Puran Dhakaiya'' *************''[[Dobhashi]]'' *************''[[Christian Bengali]]'' ************''[[Noakhailla]]'' **********'''[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]''' **********'''[[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]''' / '''Chattal''' **********'''[[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]''' **********'''[[Kurmukar language|Kurmukar]]''' **********'''[[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]''' **********'''[[Chakma language|Chakma]]''' **********'''[[Tangchangya language|Tangchangya]]''' **********'''[[Hajong language|Hajong]]''' **********'''[[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]]''' **********[[Lodhi language|Lodhi]] (?) *********[[Kamarupi Prakrit]] / [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupi Apabhramsa]] (extinct) **********'''[[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]''' / '''[[Surjapuri language|Surajpuri]]''' **********'''[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuriya]]''' / '''Rangpuri''' / '''Rajbanshi''' / '''Rajbangsi''' / '''[[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri]]''' / '''Deshi Bhasha''' / '''Uzani''' ***********''[[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri]]'' ***********''[[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi]]'' ***********''[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]]'' **********[[Old Assamese]] ***********'''[[Assamese language|Assamese]]''' ************''[[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]]'' ************''[[Goalpariya dialect|Goalpariya]]'' ************''[[Kamrupi dialect|Kamrupi]]''/''[[Kamrupi dialect|Kamarupi]]'' *********[[Odia language]]s **********[[Old Odia]] ***********'''[[Odia language|Odia proper]]''' ************''[[Singhbhumi Odia]]'' ************''[[Baleswari Odia]]'' ************''[[Ganjami Odia]]'' ************''[[Phulbani Odia]]'' ************''[[Sundargadi Odia]]'' ************''[[Kalahandia Odia]]'' ***********'''[[Adivasi Oriya]]''' / '''Adivasi Odia''' ***********'''[[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]]''' / '''Jharia''' ***********'''[[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]''' / '''Western Odia''' ***********'''[[Reli language|Reli]]''' / '''Relli''' ***********'''[[Kupia language|Kupia]]''' *******[[Halbic languages|Halbic]] ********'''[[Halbi language|Halbi]]''' ********'''[[Bhunjia language|Bhunjia]]''' ********'''[[Bhatri]]''' ********'''[[Kamar language|Kamar]]''' ********'''[[Mirgan language|Mirgan]]'''/'''[[Mirgan language|Panika]]''' ********'''[[Nahari language|Nahari]]''' ******[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Indo-Aryan]] *******[[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (extinct) ********[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]] *********Marathic **********'''[[Andh language|Andh]]''' **********'''[[Berar-Deccan Marathi|Berar-Deccan]]''' **********'''[[Kadodi language|Kadodi]]''' **********'''[[Katkari language|Katkari]]''' **********'''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]''' ***********''[[Berar-Deccan Marathi|Berar-Deccan]]''? ***********''[[Judeo-Marathi]]'' ***********''[[East Indian language|Mumbai]]'' ***********''[[Thakri dialect|Thakri]]'' ***********''[[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]]'' ***********''[[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]]'' **********'''[[Phudagi language|Phudagi]]''' **********'''[[Varli language|Varli]]''' *********Konkanic **********'''[[Canarese Konkani]]''' **********'''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]''' **********'''[[Maharashtri Konkani]]''' ***********''[[Agri dialect|Agri]]'' **********'''[[Malvani language|Malvani]]''' **********'''[[Nawayathi language|Nawayathi]]''' ******Insular Indo-Aryan *******[[Sinhala-Maldivian languages|Sinhala-Maldivian]] ********[[Elu]] (extinct) *********'''[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]''' **********''[[Rodiya dialect|Rodiya]]'' *********[[Old Dhivehi]] **********'''[[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]''' ***********''[[Huvadhu dialect|Huvadhu]]'' **Unclassified *** [[Chinali–Lahul languages|Chinali-Lahul]] **** [[Chinali language|Chinali]] **** [[Lahul language|Lahul Lohar]] ***[[Sheikhgal]] ***[[Bazigar language|Bazigar]] {{tree list/end}} ==Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)== '''Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear''' *[[Ancient Belgian language|Ancient Belgian]] *[[Asii|Assinean]] *[[Cimmerians#Language|Cimmerian]] *[[Daco-Thracian]] **[[Dacian language|Dacian]] **[[Thracian language|Thracian]] *[[Dardani#Language|Dardanian]] *[[Gelonians#Language|Gelonian]] *[[Jushi Kingdom|Gushiean]] *[[Illyrian language|Illyrian]] *[[Liburnian language|Liburnian]] *[[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]] *[[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]] *[[Messapic language|Messapic]] *[[Moesian]] *[[Mushki]]an *[[Mygdonia]]n? *[[Mysian language|Mysian]] *[[Paeonian language|Paeonian]] *[[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] *[[Siculian language|Siculian]] *[[Venetic language|Venetic]] *[[Wusun#Language|Wusun]] ==Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)== '''Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families''' (?) *[[Cypro-Minoan syllabary|Cypro-Minoan]] *[[Elymian language|Elymian]] *[[Eteocypriot]] *[[Kaskian language|Kaskian]] *[[Mannaea#Language|Mannaean]] *[[Minoan language|Minoan]] **[[Eteocretan]] *[[Paleo-Corsican language|Paleo-Corsican]] *[[Paleo-Sardinian language|Paleo-Sardinian]] *[[Philistine language|Philistine]] *[[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] *[[Trojan language|Trojan]] ==See also== *[[List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages]] *[[Proto-Human language|Proto-Human]] *[[Borean languages]] *[[Nostratic]] *[[Eurasiatic]] *[[Uralo-Siberian]] *[[Indo-Uralic]] *[[Indo-Anatolian]] ([[Indo-Hittite]]) *[[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]] *[[Daco-Thracian]] *[[Graeco-Armenian]] *[[Graeco-Aryan]] *[[Graeco-Phrygian]] *[[Thraco-Illyrian]] *[[Italo-Celtic]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16 Indo-European language tree] {{Countries and languages lists}} [[Category:Indo-European languages| ]] [[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages| ]] [[Category:Lists of languages|Indo-European]]
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