Editing List of Russian philosophers

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[[File:Nesterov Florensky Bulgakov.jpg|thumb|280px|right|''Philosophers'' (1917) by [[Mikhail Nesterov]], depicting [[Pavel Florensky]] and [[Sergei Bulgakov]]]]
{{Lists of philosophers}}
[[Russian philosophy]]<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> includes a variety of [[Philosophical movement|philosophical movements]]. Authors who developed them are listed below sorted by movement.

While most authors listed below are primarily [[philosophers]], also included here are some [[Russian literature|Russian fiction]] writers, such as [[Tolstoy]] and [[Dostoyevsky]], who are also known as philosophers.

Russian [[philosophy]] as a separate entity started its development in the [[History of Russia (1892–1917)|19th century]], defined initially by the opposition of [[Westernizers]], advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and [[Slavophiles]], insisting on developing [[Russia]] as a unique civilization. The latter group included [[Nikolai Danilevsky]] and [[Konstantin Leontiev]], the early founders of [[eurasianism]]. The discussion of Russia's place in the world has since become the most characteristic feature of Russian philosophy.

In its further development, Russian philosophy was also marked by deep connection to [[literature]] and interest in [[creativity]], [[society]], [[politics]] and [[nationalism]]; [[Russian cosmism|cosmos]] and [[religion]] were other notable subjects.

Notable  philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include  [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyev]], [[Vasily Rozanov]],  [[Lev Shestov]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Sergei Bulgakov]], [[Pavel Florensky]], [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Pitirim Sorokin]], and [[Vladimir Vernadsky]].

From the early 1920s to late 1980s, Russian philosophy was dominated by [[Marxism]].

A handful of dissident philosophers survived through the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet]] period, among them [[Aleksei Losev]]. Stalin's death in 1953 gave way for new schools of thought to spring up, among them Moscow Logic Circle, and [[Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School]].
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== Major Thinkers ==

===[[Russian Enlightenment]]===

*[[Vasily Tatishchev]] (1686–1750)
*[[Gregory Skovoroda]] (1722–1794)
*[[Mikhail Shcherbatov]] (1733–1790)
*[[Andrey Bolotov]] (1738–1833)
*[[Alexander Radishchev]] (1749–1802)

===[[Slavophile]]s and [[pochvennichestvo]]===
*[[Ivan Kireyevsky]] (1806–1856)
*[[Aleksey Khomyakov]] (1804–1860)
*[[Vladimir Odoyevsky]] (1803–1869)
*[[Konstantin Aksakov]] (1817–1860)
*[[Yuri Samarin]] (1819–1876)
*[[Fyodor Tyutchev]] (1803–1873)
*[[Nikolay Danilevsky]] (1822–1885)
*[[Nikolay Strakhov]] (1828–1896)
*[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1821–1881) ''Religious philosopher artist (see [[Nikolai Berdyaev]])''
*[[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]] (1827–1907)
*[[Konstantin Leontiev]] (1831–1891)
* [[Ivan Ilyin]] (1883–1954)

===[[Russian symbolism|Russian symbolists]]===
*[[Dmitry Merezhkovsky]] (1866–1941)
*[[Zinaida Gippius]] (1869–1945)
*[[Valery Bryusov]] (1873–1924)
*[[Konstantin Balmont]] (1867–1942)
*[[Maximilian Voloshin|Max Voloshin]] (1877–1932)
*[[Vsevolod Meyerhold]] (1874–1940)
*[[Alexander Blok]] (1880–1921)
*[[Andrei Bely]] (1880–1934)
*[[Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]] (1866–1949)
*[[Innokenty Annensky]] (1855–1909)
*[[Fyodor Sologub]] (1863–1927)
*[[Georgy Chulkov]] (1879–1939)

===[[Westernizer]]s===
*[[Pyotr Chaadayev]] (1794–1856)
*[[Nikolai Stankevich]] (1813–1840)
*[[Vissarion Belinsky]] (1811–1848)
*[[Alexander Herzen]] (1812–1870) ''Father of Russian Socialism''

===Russian Schellingians<!--'Russian Schellingians' and 'Russian Schellingianism' redirect here-->===
*[[Pyotr Chaadayev]] (1794–1856)
*[[Dmitry Venevitinov]] (1805–1827)
*[[Vissarion Belinsky]] (1811–1848)
*[[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]] (1853–1900)

===Russian [[Positivism|positivists]]===
*[[Peter Lavrovich Lavrov]] (1823–1900)
*[[Grigorii Nikolayevich Vyrubov|Grigory Vyrubov]] (1843–1913)
*[[Nikolay Mikhaylovsky]] (1842–1910)
*[[Konstantin Kavelin]] (1818–1885)
*[[Vladimir Lesevich]]  (1837–1905)
*[[Nikolai Korkunov]] (1853–1904)

====[[Russian Machism|Russian Machists]]====
*[[Vladimir Bazarov]] (1874–1939)
*[[Jakov Berman]]
*[[Alexander Bogdanov]] (1873–1928)
*[[Sergei Suvorov]]
*[[Pavel Yushkevich]] (1873–1945)

===[[Russian cosmism|Russian cosmists]]===
[[Image:Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg|thumb|The cover of the book ''The Will of the Universe. Intellect Unknown. Mind and Passions'' by [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], 1928]]
[[Image:Pasternak shestov.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of [[Lev Shestov]] by Leonid Pasternak, 1910]]
*[[Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov|Nikolay Fyodorov]] (1829–1903) ''N O Lossky lists Fyodorov as primarily a Christian philosopher.''
*[[Nicholas Roerich]] (1874–1947)
*[[Vladimir Vernadsky]] (1863–1945)
*[[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] (1857–1935)
*[[Alexander Chizhevsky]] (1897–1964)
*[[Evald Ilyenkov]] (1924–1979)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilyenkov |first1=Evald |title=Cosmology of the Spirit |journal=Stasis |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=http://stasisjournal.net/index.php/journal/article/view/19}}</ref>
*[[Victor Skumin]] (1948–)

===[[Occultism|Occultists]]===
*[[Nikolay Novikov]] (1744–1818)
*[[Madame Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] (1831–1891)
*[[G. I. Gurdjieff]] (1872–1949)
*[[P. D. Ouspensky]] (1878–1947)

===[[Epistemology|Epistemologists]], [[logic]]ians and [[Metaphysics|metaphysicians]]===
* [[Boris Chicherin]] (1828–1904)
* [[Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy|S. N. Trubetskoy]] (1862–1905)

===[[Narodniks]]===
* [[Alexander Herzen]] (1812–1870) ''Father of Russian Socialism''
* [[Nikolai Tchaikovsky]] (1851–1926)
* [[Pyotr Lavrov]] (1823–1900)
* [[Nikolay Mikhaylovsky]] (1842–1904)
* [[Lev Tikhomirov]] (1852–1923) (''later prominent conservative thinker'')
* [[Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik]] (1878–1946)

===[[List of Russian anarchists|Anarchists]]===
*[[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876), also listed among the [[materialism|materialist]] and [[nihilism|nihilist]] theorists<ref>''History of Russian Philosophy'' p. 59 by N. O. Lossky</ref>
*[[Sergey Nechayev]] (1847–1882), Political Activist, Anarchism theorist 
*[[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828–1910), whom some consider the greatest of Russian novelists
*[[Peter Kropotkin]] (1842–1921), known as the 'Anarchist Prince' or 'Father of Anarchism'

===[[Materialism|Materialists]] and [[Nihilism|nihilists]]===
*[[N. G. Chernyshevsky]] (1828–1889)
*[[Dimitri Pisarev]] (1840–1868)
*[[Ivan Sechenov]] (1829–1905)

===[[Socialism|Socialists]] and [[Marxism|Marxists]]===
*[[George Plekhanov]] (1856–1918) ''The first major Russian Marxist thinker''
*[[Vladimir Lenin]] (1870–1924) ''The founder of Leninism''
*[[Alexandra Kollontai]] (1872–1952)
*[[Alexander Herzen]] (1812–1870)
*[[Leon Trotsky]] (1879–1940) ''The founder of Trotskyism''
*[[Nikolai Bukharin]]  (1888–1938)
*[[Sofya Yanovskaya]] (1896–1966)
*[[Aleksandr Zinovyev]] (1922–2006)
*[[Evald Ilyenkov]] (1924–1979)
*[[Aleksandr Voronsky]] (1884–1937)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastman |first=Max |title=Artists in Uniform}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Art as the Cognition of Life |publisher=Mehring Books |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

===Christian philosophers===
Pre-[[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Solovyov]]
* [[Pamfil Yurkevich]] (1826–1874)
* [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]] (1853–1900) noted to have created the first complete encompassing system of Russian philosophy<ref>''History of Russian Philosophy'' p. 81 by N. O. Lossky</ref>
* [[Anna Schmidt]] (1851-1905)
* [[Vasily Rozanov]] (1856–1919)
* [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] (1821–1881) also listed as an [[existentialist]]
* [[Sergei Bulgakov]] (1871–1944)
* [[Nikolai Berdyaev]] (1874–1948) also listed as an [[existentialist]]
* [[Semyon Frank]] (1877–1955)
* Count [[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828–1910) also listed as the greatest of novelists and an [[anarchist]]

===Orthodox Christian theologians===
* [[Aleksey Khomyakov]] (1804–1860)
* [[Pavel Florensky]] (1882–1937)
* [[Vladimir Lossky]]  (1903–1958)
* [[Georges Florovsky]] (1893–1979)
* [[Michael Pomazansky]] (1888–1988)
* [[Alexander Schmemann]] (1921–1983)
* [[John Meyendorff]] (1926–1992)

===Intuitivist-personalists===
* [[Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov|Aleksei Kozlov]] (1831–1901)
* [[Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin|Leo Lopatin]] (1855–1920)
* [[Nikolai Lossky]] (1870–1965)
* [[Semyon Frank]] (1877–1950)
* [[Aleksei Losev]] (1893–1988)

===[[Existentialism|Existentialists]]===
* [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] (1821–1881)
* [[Lev Shestov]] (1866–1938)
* [[Nikolai Berdyaev]] (1874–1948)

===[[Aesthetics|Aestheticians]]===
* [[Alexei Losev]] (1893–1988)
* [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] (1895–1975)
*[[Mikhail Epstein]] (Epshtein) (1950–)

===Historians of thought=== 
* [[Isaiah Berlin]] (1909–1997)
* [[Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik]] (1878–1946)
 
===[[Global studies|Globalists]]===
* [[Alexander N. Chumakov|Alexander Chumakov]] (1950–)

== See also ==
* [[Philosophy in the Soviet Union]]
* [[Philosophers' ship]]
* [[Russian literature]]
* [[Valentin A. Bazhanov]]
* [[Lev Gumilev]]
* [[Aleksandr Dugin]]
* [[Dmitry Likhachev]]
* [[Daniil Andreyev]]
* [[Vasily Nalimov]]
* [[Victor Ovcharenko]]
* [[Karen Swassjan|Karen A. Swassjan]]
* [[Nicolai A. Vasiliev]]
* [[Sergei O. Prokofieff]]
* [[Alexander Zinoviev]]
* [[Geydar Dzhemal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''History of Russian Philosophy'' (''История российской Философии'') (1951) by N. O. Lossky. Publisher: Allen & Unwin, London. International Universities Press Inc NY, NY sponsored by [[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary]].
* ''[[A History of Philosophy (Copleston)|A History of Philosophy]], Volume 10: Russian Philosophy'' (1986) by [[Frederick Copleston]]. Publisher: Continuum, London.
* ''A history of Russian Philosophy'' (2 vols.) by [[Vasilii Vasilevich Zenkovsky]]; translator George L. Kline Publisher: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1953).
* ''Russian Philosophy. English-Russian Dictionary'' (ed. Vasily Vanchugov). Moscow, People's Friendship University of Russia, 2005.

== External links ==
* [http://new.runivers.ru/lib/rubriks/3216/ Books on Russian philosophy] at [[Runivers.ru]]
* [http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/rus_thought_overview.html Brief overview of Russian philosophy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040910091321/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/russian_philosophy/ PHILTAR]—Comprehensive web site with links to texts and resources
* [http://www.isfp.co.uk/russian_thinkers/index.html Gallery of Russian Thinkers] edited by Dmitry Olshansky
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/r/russian.htm Russian philosophy]—entry in the ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040910091055/http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/bel/2123.html Directory of links to Russian philosophers, mostly in Russian]}}
* [https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/russian-philosophy/v-1#E042P3.28 Routledge entry]
* [http://knleontiev.narod.ru/articles.htm Konstantin Leontiev]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026104014/http://geocities.com/sbulgakovsociety |date=October 26, 2009 |title=Sergius Bulgakov Society }}—Extensive collection of links to Bulgakov resources
* [https://www.amazon.com/Russias-Wisdom-Daniel-H-Shubin/dp/0966275764 Russia's Wisdom] by Daniel H. Shubin; a compendium of Russia's philosophers and selections. {{ISBN|978-0966275766}}

{{Lists of Russians|state=uncollapsed}}
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[[Category:Lists of Russian people by occupation|Philosophers]]
[[Category:Lists of philosophers|Russian]]