Editing List of ZX Spectrum clones

{{Short description|None}}

The following is a list of [[clone (computer science)|clone]]s of [[Sinclair Research]]'s [[ZX Spectrum]] [[home computer]]. This list includes both official clones (from [[Timex Sinclair|Timex Corporation]]) and many unofficial clones, most of which were produced in [[Eastern Bloc]] countries. The list does not include computers which require additional hardware or software to become ZX-compatible. 
Many [[List of computer system emulators#Sinclair ZX Spectrum|software emulators]] can fully or partially emulate some clones as well.

== Official ==
The only official clones of the Spectrum were made by [[Timex Sinclair|Timex]]. There were three models developed, only two of which were released:

=== Timex Sinclair 2068 ===
{{main|Timex Sinclair 2068}}
The '''Timex Sinclair 2068''' or '''T/S 2068''' (also known as '''TC 2068''' or '''UK 2086''') was a significantly more sophisticated machine than the original Spectrum.<ref name="byte198312">{{cite news |author=Advertisement |date=December 1983 |title=Now from Timex...a powerful new computer. |pages=281 |work=BYTE |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-12/1983_12_BYTE_08-12_Easy_Software#page/n281/mode/2up |accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> The most notable changes were the addition of a cartridge port, an [[AY-3-8912]] sound chip, and an improved [[Gate array|ULA]] giving access to better graphics modes. The T/S 2068 was produced for consumers in the [[United States]], while very similar machines were marketed in [[Portugal]] and [[Poland]] as the Timex Computer 2068 (TC 2068) and [[Komputer 2086|Unipolbrit Komputer 2086]] (UK 2086) respectively.<ref name="homecomputerde">[http://www.homecomputer.de/pages/easteurope_pl.html HCM: East-European Home-Computer], homecomputer.de website. Article retrieved 2006-11-15.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=July/August 1986 issue of Timelinez Newsletter |url=http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/poland.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203546/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/poland.htm |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref> A small number of TC 2068s were also sold in Poland.<gallery>
File:Timex Sinclair 2068 Manipulated.jpg|Timex Sinclair 2068
File:Unipolbrit 2.JPG|Unipolbrit 2086
</gallery>

=== Timex Computer 2048 ===
{{main|Timex Computer 2048}}
The '''Timex Computer 2048''' or '''TC 2048''' was a similar machine to the Spectrum 48K, but with the improved ULA from the TC 2068 (allowing access to the improved graphics modes), [[Kempston joystick]] port, and [[composite video]] output.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Timex Computer 2048 |url=http://timex.comboios.info/tc2048.html |website=Timex Computer World}}</ref> Marketed only in Portugal and Poland.<ref name="autoa">{{Cite web |title=TC-2048 Timex Computers |url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=935 |website=www.old-computers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Timex 2048 - MCbx |url=http://oldcomputer.info/8bit/timex2048/index.htm |website=oldcomputer.info}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |date=January 20, 1985 |title=Bajtek : z mikrokomputerem na ty : dodatek specjalny "Odrodzenia" i "Sztandaru Młodych". (Journal, magazine, 1985) [WorldCat.org] |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/749136207 |oclc=749136207 |via=Open WorldCat}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Timex-Computer-2048-Manipulated.jpg|Timex Computer 2048
</gallery>

=== Timex Sinclair 2048 ===
{{main|Timex Sinclair 2048}}
The '''Timex Sinclair 2048''' or '''T/S 2048''' was a never-released variant of the T/S 2068 with 16&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KB]] of RAM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rk.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/timex/ts2048.htm|title=Planet Sinclair: Computers: Timex/Sinclair: TS 2048|website=rk.nvg.ntnu.no}}</ref>

=== Inves Spectrum + ===
A clone of the ZX Spectrum+ developed by Investrónica in Spain in 1986,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=453|title=Inves Spectrum+ – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> the '''Inves Spectrum +''' was based on the work developed by the company on the [[ZX Spectrum 128]].<ref name="Bourne">{{Cite journal |last=Bourne |first=Chris |date=November 1985 |title=News: Launch of the Spectrum 128 in Spain |url=http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/044/news.htm |url-status=dead |journal=[[Sinclair User]] |issue=44 |page=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924095443/http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/044/news.htm |archive-date=24 September 2006 |access-date=15 August 2006}}</ref> Released just after [[Amstrad]] bought [[Sinclair Research Ltd]], it looked much like a regular [[ZX Spectrum#ZX Spectrum+|ZX Spectrum+]], but all the internal components were redesigned. As the ROM was also modified, it has compatibility problems with some games – notably [[Bombjack]], [[Commando]], and [[Top Gun (video game)|Top Gun]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=del Vas |first1=Jesús Martínez |title=Queremos su Dinero: EL Hombre tras Amstrad España |year=2019 |publisher=Dolmen Books |isbn=9788417956288 |page=124}}</ref> A  Kempston joystick port was fitted on the rear of the machine.

Due to Invéstronica being the distributor of Sinclair's products in Spain, and because Amstrad already had its own exclusive distributor in Spain (Indescomp, later bought by Amstrad itself), Amstrad sued Investrónica in 1987 to cease sales of the computer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferrándiz Javier |first1=José Ramón |title=Jurisprudencia sobre propiedad industrial, publicidad y derecho de la competencia |year=2007 |publisher=La Ley |isbn=9788497257954 |page=377}}</ref> The court agreed with Amstrad, but the decision was not issued until 1991, when the computer was discontinued, as the 8-bit computer market in Spain was succeeded by [[16-bit computer]]s.

<gallery>
File:Inves Spectrum+ (RetroMadrid 2018).jpg|Inves Spectrum +
</gallery>

===Decibels dB Spectrum+===
The '''Decibels dB Spectrum+''' was an official clone of the [[ZX Spectrum#ZX Spectrum+|ZX Spectrum+]] for the Indian market, introduced in 1988 by Decibels Electronics Limited, selling over 50000 units and achieving an 80% market share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirlochan Singh |url=https://isourcingindia.com/team/tirlochan-singh/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=isourcingindia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Decibels Electronics Limited Information - Decibels Electronics Limited Company Profile, Decibels Electronics Limited News on The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=455|title=Decibels dB Spectrum+ – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=dB Spectrum+ at Spectrum Computing - Sinclair ZX Spectrum games, software and hardware |url=https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/1000517/Hardware/dB_Spectrum |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Spectrum Computing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The innovative legacy of Clive Sinclair |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2021/09/18/the-innovative-legacy-of-clive-sinclair.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> 
<gallery>
File:DB_Spectrum%2B.jpg|Decibels dB Spectrum+
</gallery>

== Unofficial ==

=== British ===

==== Harlequin ====
A British clone of the 48K ZX Spectrum, '''Harlequin''' was designed and developed by Chris Smith, to aid the reverse engineering of the ZX Spectrum custom ULA chip, and its research documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spectrum Clone Design Blog |url=http://www.zxdesign.info/vidresearch.shtml |website=www.zxdesign.info}}</ref> Completed in 2008, it is the first 100% timing compatible clone. Until 2012/13 the Harlequin existed only as a [[Breadboard|breadboard prototype]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harlequin board image |url=http://www.zxdesign.info/images/prototype/fullBoard.jpg |website=ZX Design Info}}</ref> but recently, José Leandro Martínez, Ingo Truppel, and others produced a limited number of PCB versions<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superfo Harlequin ZX Spectrum clone. Introduccion |url=https://trastero.speccy.org/cosas/JL/Harlequin/superfo1.html |website=trastero.speccy.org}}</ref> as an exact board replacement for an actual ZX Spectrum.

===Czech & Czechoslovak ===

==== Bobo64 ====
The '''Bobo64''' was an advanced Czech computer compatible with the ZX Spectrum, developed by Václav Daněček<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1991 |title=Rozsireni pameti BOBO 64 na 256KB |url=http://sindik.at/data/Mbaze_91_01.pdf |journal=Microbaze Hobby |issue=1 |pages=12}}</ref> between 1986 and 1987. It has many enhancements over the original ZX Spectrum, including 256×256 graphics with attributes per 8&nbsp;x&nbsp;1 pixels, and 512&nbsp;x&nbsp;256 graphics. Unlike other Czechoslovak home-made ZX Spectrum clones, the Bobo64 gained some popularity, and was built by dozens of enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OldComp.cz • Zobrazit téma - Bobo64 |url=https://www.oldcomp.cz/viewtopic.php?t=1630&p=132161 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.oldcomp.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobo64 – .:darkbyte:. |url=https://blog.darkbyte.sk/?p=318020 |access-date=2023-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Didaktik series ====
{{Main|Didaktik}}
The '''[[Didaktik]]''' was a series of home computers produced by Didaktik in [[Skalica]], in the former [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2014 |title=Home Computers Behind The Iron Curtain |url=https://hackaday.com/2014/12/15/home-computers-behind-the-iron-curtain/ |accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Didaktik Skalica Ltd. |url=https://zx.interface1.net/clones/didaktik.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kompakt Didaktik |url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=953 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.old-computers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum |url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/company.asp?st=1&m=162 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.old-computers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Domov |url=https://www.didaktik.sk/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.didaktik.sk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1000BiT - Computers list by manufacturer |url=https://www.1000bit.it/database2.asp?id=393 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.1000bit.it}}</ref>

The first model compatible with the ZX Spectrum was the '''Didaktik Gama''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=502|title=Didaktik Gama – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> based on the [[U880]] or [[Zilog Z80]] [[central processing unit|processors]] and the original ULA chip. It was produced in three variants between 1987 and 1989. The Gama has a built-in 8255 chip (used for the Kempston joystick, and also as a printer port) and 80&nbsp;KB RAM, adding an alternative memory bank from the address 32768 to 65535.

The Gama was followed by the cheaper '''Didaktik M'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=504|title=Didaktik M – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> (first variant released in 1990; the second in 1991). The model M had a modernised case, Sinclair and Kempston Joystick ports, and a keyboard with cursors and reset key. The design, however, was of lower quality than the Gama. Its screen aspect ratio and display timing are different from the original ZX Spectrum because the M uses a different ULA chip, compatible with the Belarusian clone Baltik. It ran at 4&nbsp;MHz. The final model was the '''Didaktik Kompakt''' (1991) which integrated all previous M hardware with a 3.5″ floppy disk drive.

Unlike previous versions, the '''Didaktik 192K''' was an amateur project, partly combining the hardware of the Didaktik Gama and the ZX Spectrum 128K.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cygnus.speccy.cz/popis_prestavba_didaktik-gama-192k.php|title=Cygnusova stránka o Sinclair ZX Spectrum|website=cygnus.speccy.cz}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Didaktik Gama.jpg|Didaktik Gama (pre 1989 design)
File:Gama 1989.jpg|Didaktik Gama (post 1989 design)
File:Didaktik M.jpg|Didaktik M
</gallery>

==== Krišpín ====
The '''Krišpín'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oldcomp.cz/viewtopic.php?f=51&t=10200&start=15#p143199|title=OldComp.cz • Zobrazit téma - Krišpín - Československý klon ZX Spectra|website=oldcomp.cz}}</ref> was a czechoslovakian clone of the ZX Spectrum, developed by František Kubiš at 1984, a student of EF SVŠT (Electrotechnical Faculty of [[Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava|Slovak Technical University]]) [[Bratislava]]. The ULA was designed using discrete 74xx ICs, which resulted in the screen part of RAM being synchronised perfectly, without CPU blocking. {{Citation needed|reason=Source,more information|date=January 2018}}

==== MISTRUM ==== 
{{about|2=other uses of 'Mistrum'|3=Gender-neutral title#Titles in use or proposed for common use{{!}}"Gender-neutral title"}}Another Czechoslovakian clone of the 48K ZX Spectrum, the '''MISTRUM,''' was supplied in [[Electronic kit|kit form]]. The ROM was modified to include letters with Czech [[Diacritic|diacritic marks]]. An article on how to build a Mistrum was published in the Czechoslovak [[amateur radio]] magazine ''Amatérské Radio'' 1/89.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1989 |title=MISTRUMZX Spectrum re-engineered |url=http://users.tpg.com.au/maba/MISTRUMwebsite/pdfs/MISTRUM-ZX_Spectrum_re-engineered_%28in%20English%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825120442/http://users.tpg.com.au/maba/MISTRUMwebsite/pdfs/MISTRUM-ZX_Spectrum_re-engineered_%28in%20English%29.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-25  |journal=Amatérské Radio |volume=XXXVIII |issue=1}}</ref>
==== Nucleon ====
The '''Nucleon''' was a Czech clone of the [[Pentagon (computer)|Pentagon 512K]], made by CSS Electronics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hackster.io/news/css-electronics-zx-nucleon-is-an-eight-bit-clone-of-a-clone-designed-with-russian-software-in-mind-0695274c412f|title=CSS Electronics' ZX Nucleon Is an Eight-Bit Clone-of-a-Clone Designed with Russian Software in Mind|website=Hackster.io}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:ZX Nucleon 512K ver. 1D.jpg|ZX Nucleon 512K ver. 1D
</gallery>

==== Sparrow 48K ====
The '''Sparrow 48K''' is the first modern clone of the ZX Spectrum designed to replace the original motherboard in standard and Spectrum+ case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zxsparrow.com/speccy_hw/Sparrow48K/index_eng.html|title=Sparrow 48K}}</ref> Production commenced in 2013. In addition to the use of the original ULA chip, this clone was heavily modernised, replacing part of the larger glue logic with one CPLD chip, the entire main memory with one SRAM chip, and all 8 video memory chips with a second SRAM. The TV modulator has been dropped in favour of a video signal, and the [[Power supply unit (computer)|PSU]] was changed and improved. The Sparrow also offers a larger ROM, which can be increased by 16 KB via a switch or a jumper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zxsparrow.com/speccy_hw/Sparrow48K/index_eng.html|title=Sparrow 48K|website=zxsparrow.com}}</ref> The successor is the Sparrow SX, with software ROM switching  and RTC.

=== East German ===

==== HCX ====
The '''HCX''' was a Spectrum clone developed at the [[Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg|Technical University of Magdeburg]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zander |first=Ulrich |date=2016 |title='HCX' - ZX-Klone der TH Magdeburg |url=http://www.sax.de/~zander/zx/hcx.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Ulrich Zander}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=www.robotrontechnik.de - Die Geschichte der Computertechnik der DDR |url=https://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/computer/bausaetze.htm |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.robotrontechnik.de}}</ref><gallery>
File:HCX im Gehäuse der Vorserie des SKET Magdeburg.jpg|HCX unfinished pre-production sample created in SKET Magdeburg in cooperation with University of Magdeburg
File:HCX im Gehäuse einer Kleinserien die im Wesentlichen von Mitarbeitern der Universität Magdeburg erstellt wurde.jpg|HCX from small series that was not manufactured at SKET Magdeburg
File:HCX Startbildschirm.jpg|HCX boot screen
</gallery>

==== RR-Spectrum ====
The '''RR-Spectrum''' was a privately built East German clone of the ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZX-Spectrum Clone - Ralf-Rathgeber |url=https://ralf-rathgeber.de/zx-spectrum-clone.html |website=ralf-rathgeber.de}}</ref>

==== Spectral ====
'''Spectral''' was another An East German clone of the ZX Spectrum. It came with a built-in joystick interface, and either 48 or 128&nbsp;KB RAM. It was sold in kit form by [[Hübner Elektronik]].<ref>{{cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=Heimcomputer-Bausätze |url=http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/computer/bausaetze.htm |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2015-09-13 |publisher= |pages= |language= |quote= |periodical=Robotrontechnik.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=Lerncomputer |url=http://www.robotron-net.de/lerncomp.html |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2015-09-13 |publisher=Peter Salomon |pages= |language= |quote= |periodical=Robotron-net.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=ZX-Nachbau Spectral |url=http://www.sax.de/~zander/zx/spectral.html |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2015-09-13 |publisher=Ulrich Zander |pages= |language= |quote= |periodical=}}</ref><gallery>
File:Spectral.jpg|Spectral Platine CPU U880 and 128Kb [[Spectral|RAM]]
</gallery>

=== Hungarian ===

==== HT 3080C ====
The '''HT 3080C''' was a Hungarian ZX Spectrum clone made by Híradástechnikai Szövetkezet (Telecommunication Technology Cooperative), and released in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ht.homeserver.hu/html/english.html|title=HT|website=ht.homeserver.hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Híradástechnika Szövetkezet - ITF, NJSZT Informatikatörténeti Fórum |url=https://itf.njszt.hu/intezmeny/hir-szov |website=itf.njszt.hu}}</ref> It was the third computer from the company. The two first computers (HT 1080Z and HT 2080Z) were clones of the [[TRS-80]], and were unsuccessful because of the poor graphics features and high price. They were both school computers.

In 1986, Hungarian school computers were required to meet two criteria: produce high resolution graphics, and support letters with Hungarian diacritic marks. The HT 3080C was produced to satisfy both these criteria, and was also designed to be compatible with the previous HT machines, with the option of switching between TRS-80 and ZX Spectrum mode. It had a graphics resolution of 256&nbsp;x&nbsp;192 (the ZX Spectrum standard) and an AY-chip for sound (for compatibility with previous HT machines).

It featured a 32&nbsp;KB ROM, 64&nbsp;KB RAM, and (uniquely) a Commodore serial port which enabled the connection of peripherals for the [[Commodore 64|C64]] (e.g. the 1541 floppy disk drive).

=== Polish ===

==== Elwro 800 Junior ====

The '''Elwro 800 Junior''' was Polish clone of the ZX Spectrum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=486|title=Elwro 800-3 Junior – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> produced by [[Elwro|ELWRO]] for use in schools. It ran a special version of [[CP/M]] called CP/J. The computer had a full size keyboard, and even a paper/document holder. The reason for the latter is that the machine shares the same case as the Elwirka [[electronic keyboard]], which had provisions for holding [[sheet music]]. Peripherals were attached to the computer using a mix of [[DIN connector|DIN]] and [[D-subminiature]] connectors.

ELWRO had developed a [[local area network]] protocol called JUNET (JUnior NETwork) for use with the machines which operated on a basis not unlike [[MIDI]], in which one DIN cable was used to receive data, and another to send it. In this manner, the teacher was able to monitor what all the students in the class were doing on their computers.

The updated '''Elwro 804 Junior PC''' had an internal 3.5″ disk drive.

<gallery>
File:Elwro 800 Junior jednostka centralna.jpg|Elwro 800 Junior
File:Elwro 800 calosc.jpg|Elwro 800 Junior system
File:Elwro 804 Junior 1.JPG|Elwro 804 Junior PC
</gallery>

===Portuguese===

==== IODO ====

The '''IODO''' (Issue One Dot One) was created in [[Portugal]] by '''Consultório da Paula''' (now '''PSiTech''') in 09/01/2019.{{Citation needed|reason=Source,more information|date=April 2023}} It is a clone of the original 16&nbsp;KB ZX Spectrum issue one, and it's on display on [https://loadzx.com/ LOAD ZX] museum in [[Cantanhede, Portugal|Cantanhede]], Portugal.{{Citation needed|reason=Source,more information|date=April 2023}}

<gallery>
File:Speccy IODO -0002h (1) a.jpg|IODO S/N #0002h
</gallery>

===Romanian===

==== CoBra ====
The '''CoBra''' ('''COmputer BRAsov''') was a ZX Spectrum clone built in [[Braşov]], [[Romania]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.homecomputer.de/pages/easteurope_ro.html#cobra|title=HCM: East-European Home-Computer ...|website=www.homecomputer.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/11/the-underground-story-of-cobra-the-1980s-illicit-handmade-computer/|title=The underground story of Cobra, the 1980s' illicit handmade computer|first=Ars|last=Staff|date=November 1, 2017|website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.homecomputer.de/images/infos/east-europe/Cobra_de.txt|title=CoBra (COmputer BRAsov)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/cobra.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Cobra|website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref> ROM contained the OPUS and CP/M operating systems.

==== CIP series ====
The '''CIP''' are Romanian ZX Spectrum clones made by Întreprinderea Electronică.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/cip.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - CIP-03|website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref> CIP stands for '''Calculator pentru Instruire Personală''' ("Computer for Personal Education"). The ROM is original Sinclair, but has been modified to display 'BASIC S' in place of the standard Sinclair copyright message. Only one set of 8&nbsp;x&nbsp;1-bit 64&nbsp;KB RAM modules is present.

The initial version, '''CIP-02,''' had a low quality 2&nbsp;KB EEPROM with a propensity for fast data loss, and BASIC had to be loaded from tape. '''CIP-03''' was a version of the EEPROM designed to work with the 3 data densities on the tape at speeds up to 3 times higher than the original, and the 2K ROM was also capable of loading and saving at those speeds, using the whole 64K as storage. The top data density was often hit and miss; very good magnetic tape had to be used, and a special monophonic cassette recorder could be bought separately for best results. Produced from 1988 to 1993 it was a common clone in Romania, with about 15,000 units produced. '''CIP-04''' was a ZX Spectrum +3 clone with a built-in floppy disk drive and 256&nbsp;KB RAM.
<gallery>
File:PCip03-1.jpg|Romanian ''Electronică'' CIP-03 (blue version)
File:Romanian CIP motherboard.jpg|"CIP" microcomputer motherboard
</gallery>

==== Felix HC series ====
'''Felix HC''' are a series of ZX Spectrum clones manufactured in Romania from 1985 to 1994 by ICE Felix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/hc85.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Felix HC 85, HC 90, HC 91|website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref> The '''HC''' designation stands for '''Home Computer''', and for the first four models in the series, the number indicates the year of first manufacture. Models in the series were: '''HC 85''', '''HC 88''', '''HC 90''', '''HC 91''', '''HC91+''' ('''HC128'''), [[:ro:HC#HC 2000|'''HC 2000''']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=508|title=ICE Felix HC 2000 – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> and '''HC386'''.

The earliest version ('''HC 85''') closely resembled the Spectrum, with a built-in [[BASIC]] interpreter, Z80A processor, 48&nbsp;KB RAM, tape, and TV interfaces.<ref>[http://www.csit-sun.pub.ro/research/history/HC%2085.pdf Microcalculatorul personal HC-85.], Authors: A. Petrescu, F. Iacob, T. Domocos, T. Mihu, E. Dobrovie</ref> It was used in schools/universities, and as a personal computer.

An optional Interface 1 expansion was available for the HC 85, HC 90, and HC 91. It was functionally similar to the [[ZX Interface 1]], but instead of Microdrives it supported single-density or double-density floppy disks.

The '''HC 90''' had a redesigned circuit board supporting fewer, larger memory chips; it was functionally equivalent to the HC 85.

The '''HC 91''' had a modified keyboard with 50 keys instead of 40. It had 64&nbsp;KB RAM, and extra circuitry which provided [[CP/M]] support if the Interface 1 expansion was also present.

The '''HC 2000''' (manufactured from 1992 to 1994) had a built-in 3.5-inch 720&nbsp;KB floppy disk drive, and 64&nbsp;KB RAM. It could be used both as a Spectrum clone with added disk functionality (only 48&nbsp;KB RAM available) or in CP/M mode, giving access to the full 64&nbsp;KB memory. Essentially, it consolidated the HC 91, Interface 1, and floppy disk drive into a single case.

The last model to be made in the Z80 line was the '''HC91+'''. It was a ZX Spectrum 128K clone in a HC91 case and keyboard, and had some compatibility problems. For the first time, the AY-8910 sound chip was offered as an add-on service, and was soldered on the board by factory technicians. [[Demoscene]] demos had problems running multi-colour effects, and displaying sound VU meter-like effects, through lack of data in the AY chip.
<gallery>
File:HC 85 - 01.JPG|HC 85
File:HC85 extended.jpg|HC85+
</gallery>

==== JET ====
'''JET''' was a Romanian clone from 1989<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=506|title=Electromagnetica JET – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/jet.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - JET|website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref> produced by Electromagnetica. JET is an acronym for '''''J'''ocuri '''E'''lectronice pe '''T'''elevizor'' ("Electronic Games on Television").

==== Timisoara series ====
The '''Timisoara''' series were Romanian ZX Spectrum clones developed in a university of [[Timișoara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-21 |title=IPTVT (TRAIAN VUIA POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE) MicroTim+ |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=649 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121052238/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=649 |archive-date=2010-11-21 }}</ref> Its name is a portmanteau of Timişoara and Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://retroit.ro/product/tim-s/|title=Tim-S}}</ref> The first model, '''TIM-S''', It had Source (ALIM) parallel and serial connectors, as well as ports for connecting a cassette recorder, and television set. Later models ('''microTIM, microTIM+ and TIM-S+''') were equipped with a joystick port, and came with 128&nbsp;KB RAM and an AY-3-8912 sound chip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=622|title=IPTVT (TRAIAN VUIA POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE) > MicroTim}}</ref> Production continued into the early 1990s.<gallery>
File:TIM-S computers with peripherals.jpg|TIM-S computers with peripherals
File:RetroIT Arad 52.jpg|MicroTIM ZX Spectrum compatible computer
</gallery>

==== Sages ====
'''Sages V1''' was a ZX Spectrum clone with audio and joystick connectors placed on the front of the case, and a keyboard similar to that of the Ice Felix HC-85K.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-21 |title=SAGES V1 |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1097 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121050123/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1097 |archive-date=2010-11-21 }}</ref>

==== Pandora ====
'''Pandora''' was a ZX Spectrum clone, sold by a private engineer from [[Buzău]]. It had larger EPROM, allowing switch between classic Spectrum and a customized mode (character using a bold typeset, Pandora message displayed on startup, etc.).

===South American===

==== Czerweny CZ ====
{{Main|Czerweny computers}}
The [[Czerweny CZ 2000|Czerweny '''CZ 2000''']],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=461|title=Czerweny CZ 2000 – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> Czerweny '''[[CZ Spectrum]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=464|title=Czerweny CZ Spectrum – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> and Czerweny '''[[CZ Spectrum Plus]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=466|title=Czerweny CZ Spectrum Plus – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> were Argentinian ZX Spectrum clones which were produced from 1985 until an electrical fire destroyed the factory in [[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]] in June 1986.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/tecnologia/la-historia-de-czerweny-cz-spectrum-la-computadora-sinclair-con-sello-argentino-nid1886082|title=La historia de Czerweny CZ Spectrum, la computadora Sinclair con sello argentino - LA NACION|newspaper=La Nación}}</ref>

==== Microdigital TK90X ====
{{main|TK90X}}
The '''TK90X''' was the first [[Brazil]]ian ZX Spectrum clone. It was launched in 1985 by [[Microdigital Eletronica]], a company located in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, which had previously manufactured [[Sinclair ZX81|ZX81]] clones (TK82, [[TK82C]], TK83, and [[TK85]]) and a [[Sinclair ZX80|ZX80]] clone (TK80). The ROM was hacked to include a UDG editor, and accented characters. In spite of this, incompatibility issues with ZX Spectrum software are very rare. The keyboard membrane is more durable than that found on the original ZX Spectrum 48K. The TK90X also features a Sinclair-compatible joystick port.

==== Microdigital TK95 ====
{{main|TK95}}
The '''TK95''' [[microcomputer]] was the successor to the [[TK90X]]. Launched in November 1986, its improvements were largely cosmetic, as it uses exactly the same [[Printed circuit board|PCB]] as the [[TK90X]], but had its ROM capacity increased to 16&nbsp;KB.

=== South Korean ===

==== Samsung SPC-650 ====
The '''Personal Computer''' '''SPC-650''' was a South Korean clone of the ZX Spectrum+ by Samsung, with a similar design to the original machine.{{citation needed|reason=https://xcoolcat7.tistory.com/1004, https://blog.naver.com/da601/70139793843, https://i.stack.imgur.com/K6jPT.jpg - This is all user-generated contents. Find a reliable source|date=July 2024}}

===Soviet/Russian===

==== ALF TV Game ====
A game console based on the ZX Spectrum 48, developed by the Brest Special Design Bureau "Zapad" and produced by the " Tsvetotron " plant. Cartridges are a board with ROM chips and a page decoder (the cartridge is accessed through 16K pages).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-01 |title=Jeu vidéo : sur les traces de l'Alf, la console soviétique oubliée |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2020/01/01/jeu-video-sur-les-traces-de-l-alf-la-console-sovietique-oubliee_6024541_4408996.html |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref>

==== AZX-Monstrum ====
A Spectrum-compatible computer based on the [[Zilog Z380]] (a 32-bit version of the Z80, capable of running at 40&nbsp;MHz). Development started in 1999 and was abandoned in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-03 |title=Новый Speccy - AZX-Monstrum! |url=http://users.i.com.ua/~sxxxpert/rux/art1/art36.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703212839/http://users.i.com.ua/~sxxxpert/rux/art1/art36.html |archive-date=2008-07-03 }}</ref>

==== Anbelo/C ====
Produced as a kit for assembly and as a finished computer by the Research Institute of Precision Technology ([[Zelenograd]]), the [[Angstrem (company)|Angstrem]] plant and the Anbelo MGP ([[Belozersky District, Vologda Oblast|Belozersky]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBLive.narod.ru - ANBELO-C |url=http://sblive.narod.ru/ZX-Spectrum/ANBELO-C/ANBELO-C.htm |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=sblive.narod.ru}}</ref>

==== Arus ====
The '''Arus''' (ru: Арус) is a ZX Spectrum clone based on the Pentagon. Developed in the early 1990s it was produced at the Iset plant in [[Kamensk-Uralsky]]. It has supports the Russian language in the BASIC interpreter and TR-DOS operating system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speccy.info/w/images/6/68/Arus_shema_%28devel%29.png|title=Arus schematic}}</ref>

==== ATM Turbo ====
{{Main|ATM (computer)}}
The '''ATM''' '''Turbo''' (ru: '''АТМ-ТУРБО''') was developed in [[Moscow]] in 1991 by two companies: MicroArt and ATM. It featured a 7&nbsp;MHz [[Z80]] processor, 1024&nbsp;KB [[RAM]], 128&nbsp;KB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], [[AY-3-8910|AY-8910]] sound chip (two were fitted in upgraded models), [[8-bit]] [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]], 8-channel [[Analog-to-digital converter|ADC]], [[RS-232]] and [[Centronics]] ports, [[Beta Disk Interface]], [[Advanced Technology Attachment|IDE]] interface, [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|AT]]/[[IBM PC XT|XT]] keyboard, text mode (80×25, 16 possible colours in an 8×8 pattern), and two additional resolutions of 320&nbsp;x&nbsp;200 and 640&nbsp;x&nbsp;200 pixels. A substantial part of the ATM design was transferred to the Baseconf core of the ZX-Evolution computer.

==== Baltica ====
'''Baltica''' (or '''Baltic,''' ru: '''Балтик''') was a Soviet clone of the 48K ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltica |url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/baltica.html |website=Sinclair Nostalgia Products}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Baltic |url=http://zxbyte.ru/baltic_en.htm |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=zxbyte.ru}}</ref> Its CPU Z80 ran at a higher frequency (4&nbsp;MHz) which made it less compatible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltica |url=http://oldcomputermuseum.com/baltica.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=oldcomputermuseum.com}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> It was first released in 1988 by a company named ''Sonet'' from [[Minsk]] and different versions exist, with expanded hardware and operating systems, compared to the original ZX Spectrum.<ref name=":4" /><gallery>
File:Baltic Sonet.jpg|Baltic Sonet
</gallery>

==== Best III ====
The '''Best III''' was a ZX Spectrum clone made in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best III |url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/best3.html |website=Sinclair Nostalgia Products}}</ref> The size of the system unit is 16.8 × 10 × 2{{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;inches. Its CPU is a Russian Z80 clone.

==== Bi Am ZX-Spectrum 48/64 and 128 ====
The '''Bi Am ZX-Spectrum 48/64''' was Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum produced between 1992 and 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bi aM |url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/biam.html#biam4864 |website=Sinclair Nostalgia Products}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Bi Am (Russian) Sinclair ZX Spectrum 48-64 Clone |url=https://www.nightfallcrew.com/11/06/2016/bi-am-russian-sinclair-zx-spectrum-48-64-clone/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=nIGHTFALL Blog / RetroComputerMania.com}}</ref> The system unit is made of metal, and measures 10 × 8.4 × 2&nbsp;inches. The '''Bi Am ZX-Spectrum 128''' was a 128&nbsp;KB version of the same computer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bi aM |url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/biam.html#biam128 |website=Sinclair Nostalgia Products}}</ref>

==== Blic ====
'''Blic''' (ru: '''Блиц''') or '''Blitz''' is a Soviet clone of the ZX Spectrum 48K, designed in 1990, and based on the earlier '''[[#Leningrad|Leningrad]]''' clone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://speccy.info/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86|title=Блиц — SpeccyWiki|website=speccy.info}}</ref> The ROM had been modified to display “BLIC Home Computer” alongside three rectangles which were respectively coloured blue, red, and green. The firmware contained a modified font of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet. Keyboard layouts were switched between Cyrillic and Latin using the POKE 23607.56 and POKE 23607.56 commands, respectively. The layout of the [[Keyboard layout|Cyrillic keyboard]] is [[Keyboard layout#Russian QWERTY/QWERTZ-based phonetic layouts|YaWERT (яверт)]] rather than the more familiar [[JCUKEN]]. The keys were made of rubber, and their size and placement was virtually identical to that on the original ZX Spectrum 48K.

==== Byte ====
[[File:BYTE.jpg|left|thumb|This is the Soviet ZX Spectrum known as a Byte. this "Byte" is from 1990]]
'''Byte''' (ru: '''Байт''') was a Soviet clone made in [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] by the ''Brest Electromechanical Plant''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computer "Byte" and other rare Soviet Union computers |url=http://zxbyte.ru/index_en.htm |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=zxbyte.ru}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The manufacturer of computer "Byte" |url=http://zxbyte.ru/manufacturer_of_computer_byte.htm |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=zxbyte.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=Welcome! |url=http://www.bemzbrest.by/en.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.bemzbrest.by |language=en-gb}}</ref> Introduced in 1989, it used several Z80 CPU clones like the KR1858VM1, KR1858VM1 or T34VM1.<ref name=":5" /> Specifications are similar to the original Spectrum, with 48&nbsp;KB or RAM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelip |date=2014 |title="Bajt" - klon ZX Spectrum |url=http://www.facebook.com/pages/speccypl |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=speccy.pl |language=pl}}</ref> In 1992 an average of 1,705 computers were produced per month.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Statistics of production of a computer "Byte" |url=http://zxbyte.ru/statistics_of_production_computer_byte.htm |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=zxbyte.ru}}</ref> Production ended in 1995.<ref name=":6" />


==== BASIC and Breeze ====
These machines were produced at the [[Vladivostok]] plant ''Radiopribor'', based on South Korean microchips. They were sold in suitcase with a cassette containing programs and games. '''BASIC''' (ru: '''Бейсик''') came with 48&nbsp;KB of RAM, while the '''Breeze''' (ru: '''Бриз''') was a 128&nbsp;KB machine with a printer controller, disk drive and a sound chip.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic -- Бейсик -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=400 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== Composite ====
The '''Composite''' (ru: '''Композит''') was a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum introduced in 1993 by NTK (ru: НТК), with 48&nbsp;KB RAM. It is a modified version of [[Leningrad (computer)|'''Leningrad 2''']], produced by the Composite co-op.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=496|title=NTK Composite – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.homecomputer.de/pages/f_info.html?Composite.html|title=HCM: The Home Computer Museum ...|website=www.homecomputer.de}}</ref>

==== Dubna 48K ====
{{Main|Dubna 48K}}
'''Dubna 48K''' (ru: '''Дубна 48К''') was a 1991 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] clone of the ZX Spectrum home computer, named after the town of [[Dubna]], where it was produced. It used  Zilog Z80 processor clone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://k1.spdns.de/Vintage/Sinclair/82/Clones/Russia/Dubna-48K%20(%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%90-48K)/|title=Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Clones/Russia/Dubna-48K (ДУБНА-48K)/}}</ref><ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Dubna 48k ROM |url=https://speccy4ever.speccy.org/_DU.htm |website=speccy4ever.speccy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teixeira |first=Luís |url=https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rppedagogia/article/view/1647-8614_42-3_3/697 |title=Videojogos: Um (novo) média para a educação |journal=Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia |year=2008 |pages= 37–53|doi=10.14195/1647-8614_42-3_3 }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum -- Dubna 48K -- Дубна 48К -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=327&lang=1&test=0 |website=www.leningrad.su}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Os 25 anos do 'Speccy' |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/2007/os-25-anos-do-speccy-656642.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
<gallery widths="250" heights="175">
File:Dubna 48k.jpg|Dubna 48K
File:Dubna_48k_outlook.jpg|Dubna 48K mainboard
</gallery>

==== Duet ====
The '''Duet''' (ru: '''Дуэт''') was a ZX Spectrum 48K clone produced at the ''Lianozovsky Electromechanical Plant'' (LEMZ, Moscow).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duet -- Дуэт -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=341 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== Ella Ra ====
The '''Ella Ra''', Also known as the '''Elara-Disk 128''', this was a Russian clone, made in 1991, of the ZX Spectrum 128K. It featured a 58-key keyboard, floppy disk drive, and ports for both Kempston and Sinclair joysticks. Whilst it is possible to expand the system, incompatibilities may arise due to some of the ports having been changed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/ellara.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones|website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rk.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/clones/russian.htm|title=Planet Sinclair: Computers: Clones and variants: Russian clones|website=rk.nvg.ntnu.no}}</ref>

==== GrandRomMax ====
The '''GrandRomMax''' was a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum made in Moscow in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zx.interface1.net/clones/grandrommax.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones|website=zx.interface1.net}}</ref> It is very similar to the [[Pentagon (computer)|Pentagon]], but was designed to be more like the original ZX Spectrum. Several variations exist of the system, with only minor differences between them. One version has an improperly configured [[Beta Disk Interface]], resulting in all information on the disk being destroyed when an attempt to write to it is made on a different machine.

The GrandRomMax is not easy to expand because some of its PL/M chips do not support the signals required for sending and receiving data to and from certain peripherals.

==== Grandboard 2+ ====
'''Grandboard 2+''' was a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum, based on the GrandRomMax GRM2+ board. It was developed and manufactured in 1994 by the Independent Science-Manufacturing Laboratory of Computer Techniques in [[Fryazino]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/grandboard.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Grandboard2+|website=www.interface1.net}}</ref>

* CPU: Z-80 NEC ([[8-bit]])
* Clock frequency: 3.45&nbsp;MHz
* RAM: 128&nbsp;KB
* Text: 24&nbsp;x&nbsp;32, eight possible colours
* Graphics: 256&nbsp;x&nbsp;192, eight possible colours
* Sound processor AY-8910m (YM 2149F)
* Dimensions: 350 × 280 × 35&nbsp;mm (13.2 × 8.4 × 2&nbsp;inches)

==== Gamma ====
The '''Gamma''' (ru: '''Гамма''') was a ZX Spectrum 48K clone produced by ''OKB Processor'', [[Voronezh]], in the late 1980s. The ROM was changed from the original machine, with lowercase Latin characters replaced by Cyrillic and Sinclair BASIC messages translated into Russian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gamma -- Гамма -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=337 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== Hobbit ====
{{main|Hobbit (computer)}}

'''[[Hobbit (computer)|Hobbit]]''' (''ru:'' '''''Хоббит''''') was a Soviet/Russian [[8-bit]] home computer, based on the Sinclair Research ZX Spectrum hardware architecture. It also featured a CP/M mode, and [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]] mode or [[Logo programming language|LOGO]] mode, with the Forth or LOGO operating environment residing in an on-board ROM chip.

==== Impulse ====
'''Impulse''' (ru: '''Импульс''') series was built by the ''RIP'' plant in [[Krasnodar]]. The keyboard had Cyrillic characters and the ROM was modified. The '''Impulse-M''' model featured a built-in SECAM encoder for connecting the computer to a TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dosgametoxp.at.ua - ZX Spectrum clones |url=https://dosgametoxp.at.ua/index/zx_spectrum_clones/0-23 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=dosgametoxp.at.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Impulse -- Импульс -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=342 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== Iskra-1085 ====
The '''Iskra-1085''' (ru: '''Искра 1085''') was a ZX Spectrum 48K clone with 64K of RAM. Developed in the second half of the 1980s, it was produced by ''Schetmash'' in [[Kursk]]. The computer had a built-in power supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iskra 1085 -- Искра 1085 -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=246 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== Julduz ====
The '''Julduz''' (Юлдуз, meaning "star" in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]) was a ZX Spectrum clone aimed at schools, with 64&nbsp;KB of RAM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frolov |first=Sergei |date=2013 |title=Julduz -- Юлдуз -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=524 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref><gallery>
File:KYBT JULDUZ supeski komp da da eto on takoj ugu.JPG|Soviet made school personal computer "Julduz" (Azerbajdzan lang., mean "Star")
</gallery>

==== Kay 1024 ====
{{Main|Kay 1024}}
The '''[[Kay 1024]]''' was a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum, released by NEMO in 1998. It was intended to rival the popular '''Scorpion ZS 256''', and had a slightly lower price despite carrying far more onboard RAM (1024&nbsp;KB). It features a controller for a standard PC keyboard, as well as an [[Hard disk drive|HDD]], but not for [[Floppy disk drive|FDDs]]; support for these was available via an expansion card. The [[Central processing unit|CPU]] has a turbo mode, enabling it to run at 10&nbsp;MHz.

==== Krasnogorsk ====
The '''Krasnogorsk''' (ru: '''Красного́рск''') was a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum, named after the city in which it was built ([[Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnogorsk]]). It was developed and manufactured in 1991, but not produced in the same quantities as the [[Leningrad (computer)|'''Leningrad 1''']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=aneb |date=1999 |title=Ruské plečky |url=https://archive.org/download/zxmagazin/ZXMagazin_1999-03.pdf |journal=ZX Magazine |issue=3/4 |pages=24}}</ref>

==== Kvorum ====
The '''Kvorum''' (ru: '''КВОРУМ''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://microhobby.speccy.cz/stalvsmvsevm/k.htm|title=Letra K|website=microhobby.speccy.cz}}</ref> were a series of Russian ZX Spectrum clones with three different [[Random-access memory|RAM]] options: 48&nbsp;KB ('''Kvorum 48'''); 64&nbsp;KB ('''Kvorum 64'''); 128&nbsp;KB ('''Kvorum 128'''). The '''Kvorum 128'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://school38vrn.ru/en/porty-kompyuterov-kvorum-kompyutery-kotorye-my-vybiraem.html|title=Computer Ports Quorum. The computers we choose|website=school38vrn.ru}}</ref> featured built-in tests, a memory monitor, and the possibility of copying in ROM. It also had the option of running CP/M and TR-DOS (via [[Beta Disk Interface|Beta Disk]]).

The '''Kvorum 128+''' had the same features as the Kvorum 128, but included a built-in 3.5″ drive.<gallery>
File:Компьютер Кворум.JPG|Kvorum
</gallery>

==== Leningrad ====
'''Leningrad''' is a series of Soviet clones of the ZX Spectrum.The '''Leningrad 1<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Planet Sinclair: Computers: Clones and variants: Russian clones |url=http://rk.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/clones/russian.htm |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=rk.nvg.ntnu.no}}</ref>''' was released in 1988, and was a clone of the 48K – it became the cheapest out of all the mass-made clones. They computer was designed to be as simple as possible, and more compact than the other clones which were available at the time. It was designed by [[Sergey Zonov]], who later went on and created the [[Scorpion (computer)|Scorpion]]. The '''Leningrad 2''' was released in 1991.<ref name=":2" /> The joystick port was changed to one which was Kempston-compatible, and the keyboard was much improved. It sold in great numbers.{{Citation needed|reason=Source, more information|date=January 2018}}

==== Master ====
The '''Master''' (ru: '''MACTEP''') was a Soviet clone of the ZX Spectrum made in 1990.'''<ref name=":2" />''' It ran at 2.5&nbsp;MHz with 48&nbsp;KB RAM, and It had ports for both Sinclair and Kempston joysticks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master |url=http://oldcomputermuseum.com/master.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=oldcomputermuseum.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZX SPECTRUM 48K CLONES AND VERSIONS |url=http://zxspectrum48.i-demo.pl/clones.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=zxspectrum48.i-demo.pl}}</ref>

==== Master K ====
'''Master K''' is a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum made in [[Ivanovo]] in 1991.'''<ref name=":2" />''' It featured 48&nbsp;KB RAM, 16&nbsp;KB ROM, and a Kempston joystick interface. The dimensions of the system unit are 14 × 8 × 2{{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;inches, and its weight is approximately 1{{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;kg.{{Citation needed|reason=Source, more information|date=January 2018}}

==== Magic 05 ====
'''Magic-05''' or '''Магик-05''' is a home computer, based on Soviet components. Various models were developed and produced by the UOMZ and Vector plants ([[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}<gallery>
File:Migic 05.png|Magic 05
</gallery>

==== Moskva ====
'''Moskva''' (ru: '''Москва''', en: Moscow) was the name of two Soviet ZX Spectrum clones. Introduced in 1988, the '''Moskva 48K<ref name=":2" />''' was the first mass-produced clone of the 48K Spectrum in the USSR. One year later, the '''Moskva 128K<ref name=":2" />''' was launched, and was a faithful clone of the ZX Spectrum 128K, featuring a built-in printer interface, joystick and TV/RGB ports, but lacked a sound processor and disk drive.{{Citation needed|reason=Source, more information|date=January 2018}}

==== Nafanja ====
'''Nafanja''' (ru: '''НАФАНЯ''') was a Soviet ZX Spectrum clone from 1990, which was designed to be transported in a case.'''<ref name=":2" />''' It was made for diplomats and children. It is compatible with [[Dubna 48K]], and has a [[joystick]] port. At the time of launch, its price was 650 [[rouble]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=arn |first=lift |title=Nafanja |url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/nafanja.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Sinclair Nostalgia Products}}</ref>

==== Parus VI-201 ====
The '''Parus VI-201''' (ru: '''Парус BN-201''') was a Russian ZX Spectrum clone from 1992,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mebliok.com/otechestvennye-kompjutery-parus-vi-201|title=十堰晒恍新材料有限公司|website=www.mebliok.com}}</ref> designed for use as a [[video game console]]; ВИ (VI) stood for видео игра (video game). It was equipped with a Zilog Z80 processor, RF modulator, plus several [[DIN connector]]s for use with Kempston joysticks and an external cassette recorder.
<gallery>
File:Парус ВИ201.jpg|Парус ВИ201 (Parus VI201)
</gallery>

==== Orel BK-08 ====
The '''Orel BK-08''' (ru: '''Орель БК-08''') was a Ukrainian ZX Spectrum clone from 1991 which featured 64&nbsp;KB non-separate fast RAM, an NMI button, an extended keyboard with Cyrillic characters in the upper address of ROM, two Sinclair joystick ports, and one Kempston in both connectors (DIN connectors). The video signal is output via [[SRGB]], rather than an RF modulator. Memory access is clear (there is no conflict with the CPU and display controller) and display timing is the same as in the original ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orel BK-08 - MCbx |url=http://oldcomputer.info/8bit/orel/index.htm |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=oldcomputer.info}}</ref>

==== Pentagon ====
{{main|Pentagon (computer)}}The '''Pentagon''' (ru: '''Пентагон''') [[home computer]] was a clone of the British-made [[Sinclair Research|Sinclair]] [[ZX Spectrum|ZX Spectrum 128]]. It was  manufactured by amateurs in the former [[Soviet Union]], following freely distributable documentation. Its [[Printed circuit board|PCB]] was copied all over the ex-USSR in 1991-1996, which made it a widespread ZX Spectrum clone. The name "Pentagon" derives from the shape of the original PCB (Pentagon 48), with a diagonal cut in one of the corners.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Pentagon — SpeccyWiki |url=http://speccy.info/Pentagon |website=speccy.info}}</ref>

==== Peters MC64 and MD-256S3 ====
The '''Peters MC64''' was a Russian ZX Spectrum clone from around 1993, made by [[Peters Plus, Ltd.]], who went on to make the [[Sprinter (computer)|'''Sprinter''']]. Its dimensions are 14 × 7.2 × 2&nbsp;inches.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Peters Plus Ltd |url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/peters.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frolov |first=Sergei |date=2010 |title=Peters MP 64 Soviet Home Computer |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=334&lang=0&test=0 |website=SOVIET DIGITAL ELECTRONICS MUSEUM}}</ref> The '''Peters MD-256S3''' is an enhanced version of the MC64.<ref name=":3" />

==== Profi ====
The '''Profi''' or '''ZX-Profi''' is a Soviet ZX Spectrum clone developed in 1991 in Moscow by Kondor and Kramis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Profi |url=https://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/profi.html |website=Interface1.net |access-date=2023-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ATM-Turbo and others ZX Spectrum clones , history of Profi computer |url=http://zxpress.ru/article.php?id=18519&lng=eng |website=Zxpress.ru |access-date=2023-01-17 }}</ref><ref name=":2"/> It features a 7&nbsp;MHz Zilog Z80 CPU, up to 1024&nbsp;KB RAM, 64&nbsp;KB ROM, [[AY8910]] sound chip, [[Beta 128]] disk interface, [[Integrated Drive Electronics|IDE]] interface, and 512&nbsp;x&nbsp;240 multi-colour (i.e. two possible colours per 8&nbsp;x&nbsp;1 block) graphics mode for CP/M. Users liked to plug in two 8-bit DACs to play 4-channel modules of [[Scream Tracker]]. It also has both parallel and serial ports, and the possibility of attaching an IBM keyboard.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Robik computer keyboard.png|thumb|Robik keyboard layouts]]

==== Robik ====
{{main|Robik}}
'''[[Arithmetic logic unit|ALU]] Robik''' ({{Langx|ru|Арифметико-Логическое Устройство «Робик»|lit=Arithmetic Logic Unit «Robik»}}) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[ZX Spectrum]] clone produced between 1989 and 1998 by NPO "Rotor" in [[Cherkasy]] (Ukraine).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demidenko |first=Gennadiy |date=May 2024 |title=Історія та статистика побутового комп'ютера "Робік" |trans-title=The History and Statistic of the Robik home computer |url=https://cherkasy-city.itch.io/legends-of-bytes-10 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Legends of Bytes |language=uk |location=Cherkasy |publisher=G. Demidenko |issue=10 |pages=30–101 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/legends_of_bytes/LegendsOfBytesIssue10 |archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

==== Santaka 002 ====
A ZX Spectrum+ clone produced in 1990 in [[Kaunas]] (as mentioned on the computer startup screen),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Repairing Santaka-002 ZX Spectrum clone – Ask Notes |url=http://asknotes.com/2020/08/25/repairing-santaka-002-zx-spectrum-clone/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> then on the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuanian SSR]]. Its keyboard features Cyrillic characters rather than Latin ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Santaka 002 |url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/santaka.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SANTAKA-002 |url=http://by-anisky.narod.ru/santaka002/santaka002.htm |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=by-anisky.narod.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HCM: The Home Computer Museum ... |url=http://www.homecomputer.de/pages/f_info.html?Santaka_002.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.homecomputer.de}}</ref><ref name=":2"/>

==== Scorpion ZS-256 ====
{{Main|Scorpion ZS-256}}

The '''Scorpion ZS-256''' (ru: '''Скорпион ЗС-256''') was a very widespread ZX Spectrum clone produced in [[St. Petersburg]] by Sergey Zonov.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/scorpion.html|title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Scorpion ZS-256|website=www.interface1.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speccy.info/Scorpion|title=Scorpion — SpeccyWiki|website=speccy.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scorpion-zs.com/|title=Scorpion ZS|website=scorpion-zs.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scorpion-zs.narod.ru/|title=Главная страница.|website=scorpion-zs.narod.ru}}</ref> It was fitted with a Zilog Z80 processor, whilst memory options ranged from 256 to 1024&nbsp;KB. Various expansions were produced, including SMUC: an adapter for [[Integrated Drive Electronics|IDE]] and [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] slots, which allowed the use of [[IBM PC compatible]] [[hard drive]]s and expansion cards. The Shadow Service Monitor (debugger) in the BASIC ROM was activated by pressing the Magic Button (NMI). There was also the option of fitting the machine with a ProfROM which included such software as a clock, hard disk utilities and the ZX-Word text editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Scorpion ZS-256 |url=https://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/scorpion.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref><gallery>
File:Плата компютера Scorpion ZS-256 Turbo.jpg|Scorpion ZS-256 Turbo mainboard
</gallery>

==== Sever 48/002 ====
'''Sever 48/002''' (ru: '''Север 48/002''') was a Soviet ZX Spectrum clone from 1990, whose name means 'North' (Север). It had 64&nbsp;KB of RAM, and a 16&nbsp;KB ROM. The dimensions of the system unit are 12 × 8 × 2{{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;inches, and its weight is 1{{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBnf-AOP-dM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/UBnf-AOP-dM |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=SEVER Soviet Spectrum clone|date=15 May 2016 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Sever (Nord) 48/002 |url=https://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/sever.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Компьютер_Север-48_002.JPG|Sever (Север) 48/002
</gallery>

==== Sintez and -Sintez- ====
The '''Sintez''' and '''-Sintez-''' are Soviet clones of the ZX Spectrum developed in the "Signal" factory (НПО «Сигнал») within the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldovan SSR]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinclaircollection.site/?page_id=484|title=Signal Sintez 2 – Sinclair Collection Site}}</ref> The original '''Sintez''' resembled the Spectrum+ model, while the '''-Sintez-''' was an improved version with a more common mechanical keyboard, an additional serial port, as well as the provision for an [[Intel 8080|8080]] or related processor (e.g. 8255) to be added and used together with the UA 880. Whilst it is largely compatible with software for the ZX Spectrum 48K (and has two Interface 2 joystick ports) its hardware is configured differently from the machine it is based on, utilising a different memory chip set-up, and lacking slowdown when accessing certain areas of memory, with the result that certain applications and games may produce unexpected results, or crash altogether.

==== Spektr 48 ====
'''Spektr 48''' (ru: '''Срektр 48''') was a Russian clone of the 48K ZX Spectrum, produced in 1991 by Oryol (Орёл). It used a membrane keyboard which featured both Latin and Cyrillic letters, and came with a monitor program in ROM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - Spektr 48 |url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/spektr48.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref>

==== Symbol ====
The '''Symbol''' (ru: '''Симбол''') was a Russian clone of the ZX Spectrum,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frolov |first=Sergei |date=2010 |title=Symbol Символ Soviet Home Computer |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=365 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref> produced by JSC "Radiozavod" in [[Penza]] from 1990 to 1995.{{Citation needed|reason=Source,more informations|date=January 2018}}
<gallery>
File:Soviet computer SYMBOL.jpg|Soviet computer SYMBOL
</gallery>

==== Vega ====
The '''Vega-64''' and '''Vega-128'''  were produced in [[Odesa]] by the ''VPO Prometheus'' from 1990 to 1991. It was used a school computer, and supported both Cyrillic and Latin character sets.

==== Vesta ====
'''Vesta''' (ru: '''Веста''') was a series of machines produced by the [[Stavropol]] radio plant ''Signal.'' The '''Vesta IK-30''' is a ZX Spectrum 48K clone with a 40-button keyboard, external power supply and a joystick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vesta IK-30 -- Веста ИК-30 -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=361 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref> '''Vesta IK-30M''' and '''Vesta IK-31''' are more modern models.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vesta IK-31 -- Веста ИК-31 -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=344 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== Vostok ====
The '''Vostok''' was a ZX Spectrum 48K clone, produced by the ''[[Izhevsk]] Radio Plant.'' It came with a Kempston joystick interface and a built-in tape recorder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vostok -- Восток -- Коллекция советской цифровой электроники |url=http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=575 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Soviet Digital Electronics Museum}}</ref>

==== ZX Next ====
'''ZX Next''' is a Russian ZX Spectrum clone with two Z80 processors (one serving as a video processor). It features an RS-232 port, turbo mode, IBM keyboard, 10&nbsp;Mbit/s local network interface, and a CGA graphics mode with 640×200 pixel resolution. Its RAM is expandable to 512&nbsp;KB.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - ZX Next |url=https://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/zxnext.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref> The machine also goes by the names '''ZX-Forum 2''' and '''ZX Frium2'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinclair Nostalgia Products - Sinclair Clones - ZX Next |url=http://www.interface1.net/zx/clones/zxnext.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.interface1.net}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Not to be confused with the [[ZX Spectrum Next|Sinclair ZX Spectrum Next]] released in 2017.

==== ZXM series ====
This is a series of Russian ZX Spectrum clones designed by Mick Laboratory.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://micklab-ru.translate.goog/MyComputer.htm?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=pt-PT&_x_tr_pto=wapp|title=Mick Laboratory - Мои компьютеры|website=micklab-ru.translate.goog}}</ref>

The '''ZXM-777''' was developed in 2006,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://micklab.ru/My%20Computer/ZXM777.htm|title=Mick Laboratory - ZXM-777}}</ref> and uses a TMPZ84C00-8 CPU at 3.5&nbsp;MHz in normal mode, or 7.0&nbsp;MHz in turbo mode. It features 128 KB of RAM, a YM2149F sound chip, a floppy disk controller, and can TR-DOS, BASIC 128, or ASIC 48.<ref name=":0" />

The '''ZXM-Phoenix''' was introduced in 2008,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://micklab.ru/My%20Computer/ZXMPhoenix.htm|title=Mick Laboratory - ZXM-Phoenix}}</ref> and uses a KR1858VM1 (Z80A clone) CPU running at  3.5&nbsp;MHz, or a TMPZ84C00-8 running at 3.5&nbsp;MHz in normal mode, or 7.0&nbsp;MHz in turbo mode. It has 1024/2048&nbsp;KB of RAM, floppy and hard drive controllers, and features mouse support.<ref name=":1" />

The '''ZXM-Alcyon''' was developed in late 2015, and is based on the transformation of an ''Igrosoft'' slot machine board (which uses a Zilog Z80 microprocessor) into a ZX Spectrum compatible machine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://micklab.ru/My%20Computer/ZXMAlcyon.htm|title=Mick Laboratory - ZXM-Alcyon}}</ref>

The '''ZXM-Jasper''' was developed in 2016, and is also based on the ''Igrosoft'' board, but its goal was to be a [[Pentagon (computer)|Pentagon-compatible]] machine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://micklab.ru/My%20Computer/ZXMJasper.htm|title=Mick Laboratory - ZXM-Jasper}}</ref>

The '''ZXM-Zephyr''' is a 2013 development, based on the ZXM-Phoenix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://micklab.ru/My%20Computer/ZXMZephyr.htm|title=Mick Laboratory - ZXM-Zephyr}}</ref> It is Spectrum compatible, and adds a USB connection, and an SD card reader.

===Other===

==== AZX-Monstrum ====
The '''AZX-Monstrum''' is a proposal for a vastly modernised ZX Spectrum compatible computer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azx.8m.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615124757/http://www.azx.8m.com/ |archive-date=2016-06-15 |title=AZX Omnius|date=June 15, 2016}}</ref> The CPU is a [[Zilog Z380]] (a [[32-bit]] version of the Z80, capable of running at 40&nbsp;MHz), it has its own graphic adapter, AT-keyboard, own BIOS and extended BASIC-ROM, and [[RAM]] expandable up to 4&nbsp;GB linear. The computer is supposed to be almost 100% compatible. Standard devices of are HDD-controller, DMA vs IRQ controller, ROM-Task Switching, and more. So far only the HDD-controller has been produced, but the rest exists as drawings. All the plans are freely available.

==== Just Speccy ====
A ZX Spectrum clone made by Zaxxon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Just Speccy |url=https://www.eightbitclone.com/just.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.eightbitclone.com}}</ref>

==== Speccybob ====
The '''SpeccyBob''' is a ZX Spectrum clone built entirely around standard 74HC [[TTL (electronics)|TTL]] chips and a programmable [[EPROM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBLive.narod.ru - SpeccyBob |url=http://sblive.narod.ru/ZX-Spectrum/SpeccyBob/SpeccyBob.htm |website=sblive.narod.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The SpeccyBob Hardware Page |url=http://www.chuntey.com/speccybob/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326141028/www.chuntey.com/speccybob/ |archive-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>

==== ZX Spectrum SE ====
The '''ZX Spectrum SE''' is a proposal for an advanced Spectrum machine, based on the [[Timex Computer 2048|Timex TC 2048]] and the ZX Spectrum 128, with Timex graphic modes, and 280K RAM.,<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Andrew |date=2003 |title=The ZX Spectrum SE |url=https://z00m.speccy.cz/files/ZXF03.pdf |journal=ZXF |issue=3 |pages=18}}</ref> made by Andrew Owen and Jarek Adamski in 2000.<ref name="auto"/> A prototype was created, and this configuration is supported by different emulators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scratchpad.fandom.com/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_SE|title=ZX Spectrum SE|website=Scratchpad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://8bit.yarek.pl/computer/zx.se/index.html|title=ZX Spectrum SE -- 8bit Projects For Everyone|website=8bit.yarek.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldofspectrum.org/faq/reference/sereference.htm|title=ZX Spectrum SE Technical Information|website=worldofspectrum.org}}</ref>

==== ZX Chloe 140SE and 280SE====
A planned production models of the ZX Spectrum SE are the Chloe 140SE and Chloe 280SE.<ref name="Gabor 2021">{{Cite web |last=Gabor |first=Tarjan |date=2021 |title=ZX Spectrum in the 21st Century? |url=http://users.atw.hu/zxspectrum/index.html}}</ref> 
It subsequently became an FPGA project not directly related to the ZX Spectrum.,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chloe 280SE |url=https://sinclair.wiki.zxnet.co.uk/wiki/Chloe_280SE |website=Sinclair Wiki}}</ref> adds a graphics mode with 320 points (instead of 256) per width and uses a dialect of Microsoft BASIC.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zedex |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Introducing the Chloe 280SE, a new Z80 microcomputer |url=https://www.vintageisthenewold.com/introducing-the-chloe-280se-a-new-z80-microcomputer |website=Vintage is the New Old}}</ref>

==== ZX128u+ ====
The '''ZX128u+''' is a Spanish clone with the ULAplus display support, using an emulated DivMMC interface as mass storage. The board is based on the Harlequin clone and contains aZ80 processor and AY chip.<ref name="Gabor 2021"/>

===PLD-based clones===
These machines are based on [[programmable logic device|programmable logic devices (PLDs)]] – [[Electronics|electronic]] components used to build [[Reconfigurable computing|reconfigurable]] [[Digital electronics|digital circuits]].

==== Buryak ====
A ZX Spectrum compatible computer with a real Z80 cpu, VGA, Turbosound, PS/2 keyboard, Kempston joystick, customized for Raspberry Pi 3B case.<ref>{{cite web |last=AnMi3 |title=Buryak Pi 2020 |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/AnMi3/buryak-pi-2020}}</ref>

==== Centoventotto ====
A ZX Spectrum clone made by Mario Pratto in 2022.

==== Chrome and Chrome 128  ====
'''Chrome''' and '''Chrome 128''' are Spectrum clones featuring a 7&nbsp;MHz Zilog Z80 CPU, 160+64 RAM, PlusD floppy disk interface, AY sound chip, and an [[RGB]] [[SCART]] port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aticatac.altervista.org/portale/?q=node/2|title=Chrome - Italian ZX Spectrum clone|website=aticatac.altervista.org/}}</ref>

==== eLeMeNt ZX ====
The '''eLeMeNt ZX''' was developed by Jan Kučera (a.k.a. LMN128) in 2020, based on a lot of experience from developments of the universal FPGA interface named MB03+.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sinclair.wiki.zxnet.co.uk/wiki/MB03%2B_Ultimate|title=MB03+ Ultimate|website=sinclair.wiki.zxnet.co.uk}}</ref> It is the first (and only, as of 2022) clone with 100% hardware and display timings aligned with a digital video and sound output (incl. HDMI). It uses a genuine (faster) Z80 CPU switchable from 3.5&nbsp;MHz up to 20&nbsp;MHz, which can be overclocked to 30&nbsp;MHz, or changed for a T80 core at higher speed. Other logic circuitry is integrated in the Alchitry AU and AU+ FPGA modules, attachable to the eLeMeNt's motherboard.

The eLeMeNt ZX combines 48K, 128K, +2, +2A, and many Russian memory models, including four [[Pentagon (computer)]] and several other Russian models, and the most popular interfaces, such as: K-Mouse; TurboSound FM; Sound Interface Device ([[MOS Technology 6581|SID]]); enhanced Covox and Soundrive; DivMMC; Z-Controller; Timex and advanced HiRes 512×192 with attributes and [[Planar (computer graphics)|planar-based]] and chunky [[ZX Spectrum graphic modes#HGFX Graphics|HGFX graphics modes]]; ULA+ and indexed true colour palettes; USB mouse and keyboard; 2 interchangeable SD card slots; 3 joystick slots, supporting 2-button Kempston and 8-button Sega controllers; USB serial connection with PC through a standard USB-A cable. The eLeMeNt features the original ZX bus (1x external, 2x internal), a USB-A serial connection and a rich internal pinout expansion for other modern peripherals.

The eLeMeNt has 2&nbsp;MB of RAM, which is upgradeable to 4&nbsp;MB. The ROM system supports 16K to 64&nbsp;KB ROMs, plus SetUp (BIOS) ROM, Rescue ROM, and the latest version of the modern FAT and POSIX-API based filesystem: esxDOS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/elementzx/home|title=eLeMeNt ZX is a powerful ZX Spectrum clone|website=128land.com}}</ref>

==== Humble 48 ====
A spanish clone, introduced in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=BCH |date=2017 |title=Humble48 - Clon Spectrum 48k |url=https://www.va-de-retro.com/foros/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=5733 |website=Va de Retro (Satanás)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/30zer6q2ifaoa82cjhqr0/Humble48_3.1b.zip?rlkey=pmyz5sy6o7edl5wpn4gfisv9x&dl=0|title=Dropbox|website=www.dropbox.com}}</ref>

==== Karabas 128, Pro ====
The Karabas-128 is a ZX Spectrum 128k clone developed by Andy Karpov, based on CPLD Altera EPM7128STC100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Karpov |first=Andy |date=2022 |title=Karabas-128 Yet another ZX Spectrum clone ;) |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/andykarpov/karabas-128}}</ref> The Karabas Pro is FPGA based clone with FDD and HDD controllers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Karpov |first=Andy |date=2023 |title=Karabas-Pro Yet another FPGA ZX Spectrum clone ;) |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/andykarpov/karabas-pro}}</ref>

==== N-Go ====
A clone of the ZX Spectrum Next.

==== SAM Coupé ====
{{main|SAM Coupé}}
'''SAM Coupé''' was an advanced 8-bit computer from 1989, compatible with the ZX Spectrum 48K. The design of the disk-drive hardware was based on the MG PlusD interface. SAM BASIC was very similar to the BetaBasic, and was developed by the same author. The Coupé was considered the successor to the ZX Spectrum in the late '80s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/50/sam.htm|title=CRASH 50 - Tech Niche: SAM Coupé|website=www.crashonline.org.uk}}</ref>

==== Sizif ====
The Sizif is a ZX Spectrum CPLD-based clone for rubber case, developed by Eugene Lozovoy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lozovoy |first=Eugene |title=Sizif-512 |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/UzixLS/zx-sizif-512}}</ref>

==== Speccy 2010 ====
The Speccy2010 is FPGA development board by Martin Bórik, built for the implementation of various gaming computers, originally focused on ZX Spectrum and its clones.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bórik |first=Martin |date=2022 |title=Speccy2010 |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/mborik/speccy2010}}</ref>

==== Sprinter ====
{{main|Sprinter (computer)}}

==== Superfo (ZX mini, ZX Max, ZX Spider, ZX Nuvo) ====
These are ZX Spectrum clones by Don "Superfo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZX Max 48 |url=https://www.qsl.net/yt2fsg/zx_spectrum/zx_spectrum_clone.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.qsl.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ZX 48 Spider |url=https://speccy.pl/wiki/index.php?title=ZX_48_Spider |website=ZX Spectrum Wiki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://onedrive.live.com/?id=E0ADBB58ADB8D869%21141&cid=E0ADBB58ADB8D869 | title=OneDrive }}</ref>

==== ZX Badaloc ====
'''ZX Badaloc''' was the very first CPLD/FPGA advanced ZX Spectrum clone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.probosci.de/zxbada/|title= ZX-Badaloc Reloaded|website=www.probosci.de/zxbada/fpga}}</ref>

==== ZX Chloe 280SE ====
Based on the ZX Spectrum SE (128K model + Timex), could be seen as a continuation of the ZX-Uno. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Old|first=Vintage is The New|date=4 February 2020|title=Introducing the Chloe 280SE, a new Z80 microcomputer|url=https://vintageisthenewold.com/introducing-the-chloe-280se-a-new-z80-microcomputer/|access-date=30 July 2020|website=Vintage is the New Old, Retro Games News, Retro Gaming, Retro Computing|language=en-US|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516004252/https://www.vintageisthenewold.com/introducing-the-chloe-280se-a-new-z80-microcomputer|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== ZX-Evolution (Ts-Conf and Baseconf) ====
A Spectrum-compatible computer with improved hardware specifications and using modern peripherals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hobby computer ZX Evolution! |url=http://www.nedopc.com/zxevo/zxevo_eng.php |website=NedoPC.COM}}</ref> In addition to the basic core (Baseconf), it also has extended core named TS-Conf, which supports sprites, other extended video modes and have original memory manager.

==== ZX Prism ====
The '''ZX Prism''' is a proposal for a modern ZX Spectrum clone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zxprism.blogspot.com/|title=ZX Prism|website=zxprism.blogspot.com}}</ref>

==== ZX-Uno(+) ====
The '''ZX-Uno''' is based on a FPGA board focused on replicating ZX Spectrum computer models.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZX-Uno [ZX Spectrum Computer Clone Based on FPGA] |url=https://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=zxuno.speccy.org}}</ref> It has a similar size to the [[Raspberry Pi]] and fit into a RasPi case.

=== Multi-platform computers with ZX-Spectrum core ===

==== DivGMX ====
A ZX Spectrum interface that can also work as a standalone computer.<ref>{{cite web |last=mvvproject |date=2019 |title=DivGMX |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/mvvproject/DivGMX}}</ref>

==== ReVerSE ====
Several projects by mvvproject.<ref>{{cite web |title=mvvproject |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/mvvproject}}</ref>

==== ZX DOS+ ====
ZXDOS is the continuation of the ZX-Uno project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=ZXDOS+: ядро Spectrum и esxDOS |url=https://dukeyusupov.ru/2020/11/25/zxdos-plus-spectrum-esxdos.html |website=Duke Yusupov Personal Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanzamiento del ZXDOS - ForoFPGA |url=http://www.forofpga.es/viewtopic.php?f=151&t=61 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.forofpga.es}}</ref> A 1 MB version of the ZXDOS was released in 2020 that is compatible with the SpecNext core.

==== ZX Tres ====
ZXTres is an evolution of ZXDOS and ZX-Uno, based on the QMTECH Artix7 [[Xilinx Virtex|Xilinx]] board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZXTRES |url=https://github.com/zxtres |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{commons category|Derivatives and clones of Sinclair ZX Spectrum}}
* [http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/clones/clones.htm Planet Sinclair: Computers: Clones and Variants]
* [http://zx.interface1.net/zxclones.html Sinclair Nostalgia Products — Sinclair Clones]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618101049/http://www.azx.8m.com/ Wayback Machine]
* [http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=629 Old-computers.com - ICE Felix HC-85] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930025030/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=629 |date=2007-09-30 }}
* [http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=632 Old-computers.com - ICE Felix HC-91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034804/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=632 |date=2007-09-30 }}
* [http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=911 Old-computers.com - ICE Felix HC-2000]

{{Sinclair computers and clones}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zx Spectrum Clones}}
[[Category:ZX Spectrum clones| ]]
[[Category:Lists of computer hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware clones]]