Editing List of artificial intelligence projects

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{{Artificial intelligence}}
{{for|a list of artificial intelligence companies|List of artificial intelligence companies}}
The following is a list of current and past, non-classified notable [[artificial intelligence]] projects.
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==Specialized projects==

===Brain-inspired===
* [[Blue Brain Project]], an attempt to create a synthetic brain by [[Reverse engineering|reverse-engineering]] the mammalian brain down to the molecular level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham-Rowe |first=Duncan |title=Mission to build a simulated brain begins |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7470-mission-to-build-a-simulated-brain-begins/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Google Brain]], a deep learning project part of [[Google X]] attempting to have intelligence similar or equal to human-level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=What is Google Brain? |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-google-brain/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Human Brain Project]], ten-year scientific research project, based on exascale supercomputers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siva |first=Nayanah |title=What happened to the Human Brain Project? |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02346-2 |journal=The Lancet |date=2023 |volume=402 |issue=10411 |pages=1408–1409 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02346-2 |pmid=37866363 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>

===Cognitive architectures===
{{further|List of cognitive architectures}}
* [[4CAPS]], developed at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] under [[Marcel Just|Marcel A. Just]]<ref name="jv2006">Just, M. A., & Varma, S. (2007). The organization of thinking: What functional brain imaging reveals about the neuroarchitecture of complex cognition. ''Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience'', ''7(3)'', 153-191.</ref>
* [[ACT-R]], developed at Carnegie Mellon University under [[John Robert Anderson (psychologist)|John R. Anderson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACT-R » Software |url=http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/software/ |access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref>
* [[AIXI]], Universal Artificial Intelligence developed by [[Marcus Hutter]] at [[IDSIA]] and [[Australian National University|ANU]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Marcus Hutter |url=https://archive.org/details/arxiv-cs0004001 |title=A Theory of Universal Artificial Intelligence based on Algorithmic Complexity |year=2000 |bibcode=2000cs........4001H |arxiv=cs.AI/0004001}}</ref>
* [[CALO]], a DARPA-funded, 25-institution effort to integrate many artificial intelligence approaches (natural language processing, [[speech recognition]], [[machine vision]], [[probabilistic logic]], [[planning]], [[reasoning]], many forms of [[machine learning]]) into an AI assistant that learns to help manage your office environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-07-30 |title=75 Years of Innovation: CALO (Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes) |url=https://www.sri.com/75-years-of-innovation/75-years-of-innovation-calo-cognitive-assistant-that-learns-and-organizes/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=SRI |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[CHREST]], developed under [[Fernand Gobet]] at [[Brunel University]] and Peter C. Lane at the [[University of Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHREST {{!}} CHREST |url=http://chrest.info/chrest.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=chrest.info}}</ref>
* [[CLARION (cognitive architecture)|CLARION]], developed under [[Ron Sun]] at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] and University of Missouri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The CLARION Project Home Page |url=http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/~rsun/clarion.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818214002/http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/~rsun/clarion.html |archive-date=2010-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[JACK Intelligent Agents|CoJACK]], an [[ACT-R]] inspired extension to the JACK multi-agent system that adds a cognitive architecture to the agents for eliciting more realistic (human-like) behaviors in virtual environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritter |first1=Frank E. |last2=Bittner |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Kase |first3=Sue E. |last4=Evertsz |first4=Rick |last5=Pedrotti |first5=Matteo |last6=Busetta |first6=Paolo |year=2012 |title=CoJACK: A high-level cognitive architecture with demonstrations of moderators, variability, and implications for situation awareness |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bica.2012.04.004 |journal=Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures |volume=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1016/j.bica.2012.04.004 |issn=2212-683X}}</ref>
* [[Copycat (software)|Copycat]], by [[Douglas Hofstadter]] and [[Melanie Mitchell]] at the [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hofstadter |first=Douglas R. |url=https://pcl.sitehost.iu.edu/rgoldsto/courses/concepts/copycat.pdf |title=Fluid concepts & creative analogies: computer models of the fundamental mechanisms of thought |date=1995 |publisher=Basic Books |others=Fluid Analogies Research Group |isbn=978-0-465-05154-0 |location=New York |pages=205 |language=en-US |chapter=The Copycat Project: A Model Of Mental Fluidity and Analogy-making}}</ref>
* [[DUAL (cognitive architecture)|DUAL]], developed at the [[New Bulgarian University]] under [[Boicho Kokinov]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DUAL Cognitive Architecture |url=https://alexpetrov.com/proj/dual/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=alexpetrov.com}}</ref>
* [[FORR]] developed by Susan L. Epstein at [[The City University of New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FORR |url=https://www.cs.hunter.cuny.edu/~epstein/html/forr.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.cs.hunter.cuny.edu}}</ref>
* [[LIDA (cognitive architecture)|IDA and LIDA]], implementing [[Global Workspace Theory]], developed under [[Stan Franklin]] at the [[University of Memphis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Introduction to the LIDA Cognitive Architecture with Robotics Applications |url=https://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/ |website=Cognitive Computing Research Group - University of Memphis |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[OpenCog]] Prime, developed using the OpenCog Framework.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=David |date=2009-02-27 |title=OpenCog: Open-Source Artificial General Intelligence for Virtual Worlds |url=http://www.cybertechnews.org/?p=915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306053354/http://www.cybertechnews.org/?p=915 |archive-date=2009-03-06 |website=Cyber Tech News}}</ref>
* [[Procedural Reasoning System]] (PRS), developed by [[Michael Georgeff]] and Amy L. Lansky at [[SRI International]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Georgeff |first1=Michael |last2=Lansky |first2=Amy |date=1986-01-01 |title=A System For Reasoning In Dynamic Domains: Fault Diagnosis On The Space Shuttle |url=https://www.sri.com/publication/ocean-space-pubs/a-system-for-reasoning-in-dynamic-domains-fault-diagnosis-on-the-space-shuttle/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=SRI |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Psi-Theory]] developed under [[Dietrich Dörner]] at the [[Otto-Friedrich University]] in [[Bamberg]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dörner |first=Dietrich |title=Bauplan für eine Seele |date=1999 |publisher=Rowohlt Verl |isbn=978-3-498-01288-5 |edition=1. Aufl |location=Reinbek bei Hamburg |language=de}}</ref>
* [[Soar (cognitive architecture)|Soar]], developed under [[Allen Newell]] and [[John E. Laird|John Laird]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] and the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Soar Cognitive Architecture |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262538534/the-soar-cognitive-architecture/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |language=en-US |isbn=9780262538534 |last1=Laird |first1=John E. |date=20 August 2019 |publisher=MIT Press }}</ref>
* ''[[Society of Mind]]'' and its successor ''[[The Emotion Machine]]'' proposed by [[Marvin Minsky]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minsky |first=Marvin |title=The society of mind |date=1986 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-60740-1 |location=New York}}</ref>
* [[Subsumption architecture]]s, developed e.g. by [[Rodney Brooks]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. |date=1986 |title=A robust layered control system for a mobile robot |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1087032 |journal=IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1109/JRA.1986.1087032 |issn=0882-4967|hdl=1721.1/6432 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> (though it could be argued whether they are ''cognitive'').

===Games===
* [[AlphaGo]], software developed by [[Google]] that plays the Chinese board game Go.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-12 |title=Artificial intelligence: Google's AlphaGo beats Go master Lee Se-dol |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35785875 |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Chinook (draughts player)|Chinook]], a computer program that plays [[English draughts]]; the first to win the world champion title in the competition against humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinook - World Man-Machine Checkers Champion |url=https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~chinook/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=University of Alberta}}</ref>
* [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]], a chess-playing computer developed by [[IBM]] which beat [[Garry Kasparov]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eZh2giYL5MC |title=Kasparov and Deep Blue: The Historic Chess Match Between Man and Machine |date=1997-10-16 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-84852-5 |page=7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Halite AI Programming Competition|Halite]], an artificial intelligence programming competition created by [[Two Sigma]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-02 |title=Cornell Tech - Two Sigma Announces Public Launch of Halite, A.I. Coding Game |url=https://tech.cornell.edu/news/two-sigma-announces-public-launch-of-halite-ai-coding-game/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Cornell Tech |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Libratus]], a poker AI that beat world-class poker players in 2017, intended to be generalisable to other applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-31 |title=Libratus Poker AI Beats Humans for $1.76m. Is End of |url=https://www.pokerlistings.com/libratus-poker-ai-smokes-humans-for-1-76m-is-this-the-end-42839 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=PokerListings |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine]] (sometimes called the Machine Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine or MENACE) was a mechanical computer made from 304 matchboxes designed and built by artificial intelligence researcher [[Donald Michie]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Child |first=Oliver |title=Menace: the Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine |url=http://chalkdustmagazine.com/features/menace-machine-educable-noughts-crosses-engine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019141834/http://chalkdustmagazine.com/features/menace-machine-educable-noughts-crosses-engine/ |archive-date=2016-10-19 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Chalkdust Magazine |date=13 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Quick, Draw!]], an online game developed by [[Google]] that challenges players to draw a picture of an object or idea and then uses a [[Artificial neural network|neural network]] to guess what the drawing is.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burgess |first=Matt |title=You can now play a Pictionary-style game called Quick Draw against Google's AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/google-draw-ai-artificial-intelligence-experiments/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
* The [[Samuel Checkers-playing Program]] (1959) was among the world's first successful self-learning programs, and as such a very early demonstration of the fundamental concept of artificial intelligence (AI).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Richard |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/psych209/Readings/SuttonBartoIPRLBook2ndEd.pdf |title=Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction |publisher=MIT Press |year=1997 |page=279 |language=en |chapter=14.2 Samuel's Checkers Player}}</ref>
* [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish AI]], an open source chess engine currently ranked the highest in many [[Chess engine#Ratings|computer chess rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://stockfishchess.org/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Stockfish |language=en}}</ref>
* [[TD-Gammon]], a program that learned to play world-class [[backgammon]] partly by playing against itself ([[temporal difference learning]] with [[Artificial neural network|neural network]]s).<ref>{{Citation |title=TD-Gammon |date=2010 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Machine Learning |pages=955–956 |editor-last=Sammut |editor-first=Claude |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_813 |access-date=2024-06-07 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_813 |isbn=978-0-387-30164-8 |editor2-last=Webb |editor2-first=Geoffrey I.}}</ref>

===Internet activism===
* [[Operation Serenata de Amor|Serenata de Amor]], project for the analysis of public expenditures and detect discrepancies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Sistema que fiscaliza gastos de deputados gera 680 denúncias na Câmara |trans-title=System that monitors parliamentary spending generates 680 complaints in the Chamber of Deputies |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/sistema-que-fiscaliza-gastos-de-deputados-gera-680-denuncias-na-camara.ghtml |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref>

===Knowledge and reasoning===
* [[Alice (Microsoft)]], a project from Microsoft Research Lab aimed at improving decision-making in Economics
* [[Braina]], an [[intelligent personal assistant]] application with a voice interface for [[Windows OS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Artificial Intelligence (AI) software for your PC |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/free-artificial-intelligence-ai-software-for-your-pc/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Cyc]], an attempt to assemble an [[ontology (information science)|ontology]] and database of everyday knowledge, enabling [[commonsense reasoning|human-like reasoning]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=I. A. |date=2024-04-17 |title=Cyc: history's forgotten AI project |url=https://outsiderart.substack.com/p/cyc-historys-forgotten-ai-project |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Outsider Art}}</ref>
* [[Eurisko]], a language by [[Douglas Lenat]] for solving problems which consists of [[heuristic algorithm|heuristics]], including some for how to use and change its heuristics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=George |year=1984 |title=Eurisko, The Computer With A Mind Of Its Own |url=https://aliciapatterson.org/stories/eurisko-computer-mind-its-own |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429090429/https://aliciapatterson.org/stories/eurisko-computer-mind-its-own |archive-date=2019-04-29 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Alicia Patterson Foundation |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Google Now]], an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in [[Google]]'s [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[iOS]], as well as [[Google Chrome]] web browser on personal computers.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Luckerson |first=Victor |title=This May Be Google's Coolest Invention Ever |url=https://time.com/google-now/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>
* [[Holmes (computer)|Holmes]] a new AI created by [[Wipro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wipro HOLMES™ |url=https://www.thewealthmosaic.com/vendors/wipro/wipro-holmestm/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Wealth Mosaic}}</ref>
* [[Microsoft Cortana]], an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in [[Microsoft]]'s various [[Windows 10 editions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Karyne |title=Microsoft Has Its Own Version Of Siri, A Voice Assistant Called 'Cortana' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsofts-cortana-voice-assistant-2014-4 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Mycin]], an early medical expert system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Victor L. |date=1979-09-21 |title=Antimicrobial Selection by a Computer: A Blinded Evaluation by Infectious Diseases Experts |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1979.03300120033020 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=242 |issue=12 |pages=1279–1282 |doi=10.1001/jama.1979.03300120033020 |pmid=480542 |issn=0098-7484}}</ref>
* [[Open Mind Common Sense]], a project based at the [[MIT Media Lab]] to build a large common sense [[knowledge base]] from online contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Overview ‹ Open Mind Common Sense |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/open-mind-common-sense/overview/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MIT Media Lab}}</ref>
* [[Siri]], an intelligent personal assistant and [[Knowledge Navigator|knowledge navigator]] with a voice-interface in [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[iOS]] and [[macOS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-22 |title=SIRI RISING: The Inside Story Of Siri's Origins -- And Why She Could Overshadow The iPhone |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/siri-do-engine-apple-iphone_n_2499165 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>
* [[SNePS]], simultaneously a [[logic]]-based, [[frame language|frame]]-based, and [[semantic network|network]]-based knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting system.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/sha79d.pdf |title=Associative networks: representation and use of knowledge by computers |date=1979 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-256380-5 |editor-last=Findler |editor-first=N. V. |location=New York |pages=179–203 |language=en-US |chapter=The SNePS semantic network processing system}}</ref>
* [[Viv (software)]], a new AI by the creators of [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=2016-05-04 |title=Siri's creators will unveil their new AI bot on Monday |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11593564/viv-labs-unveiling-monday-new-ai-from-siri-creators |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wolfram Alpha]], an online service that answers queries by computing the answer from structured data.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-05-18 |title=Wolfram 'search engine' goes live |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8052798.stm |access-date=2024-06-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[MindsDB]], is an AI automation platform for building AI/[[Machine learning|ML]] powered features and applications.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.computerweekly.com/blog/Open-Source-Insider/MindsDB-drives-AI-for-open-source-machine-learning| title=MindsDB drives AI for open source machine learning | accessdate=2024-11-20}}</ref>

===Motion and manipulation===
* [[AIBO]], the robot pet for the home, grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Launches Four-Legged Entertainment Robot |url=https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/199905/99-046/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Sony |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Cog (project)|Cog]], a robot developed by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] to study theories of [[cognitive science]] and artificial intelligence, now discontinued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cog Project Overview |url=https://groups.csail.mit.edu/lbr/humanoid-robotics-group/cog/overview.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=groups.csail.mit.edu}}</ref>

=== Music ===
* [[Melomics]], a bioinspired technology for music composition and synthesization of music, where computers develop their own style, rather than mimic musicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artificial music: The computers that create melodies |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140808-music-like-never-heard-before |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=BBC Future |date=8 August 2014 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Natural language processing===
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* [[Artificial Intelligence Markup Language|AIML]], an [[XML]] dialect for creating [[natural language]] software agents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIML Foundation |url=http://www.aiml.foundation/doc.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.aiml.foundation}}</ref>
* [[Apache Lucene]], a high-performance, full-featured text search engine library written entirely in Java.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Apache Lucene |url=https://lucene.apache.org/index.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=lucene.apache.org}}</ref>
* [[OpenNLP|Apache OpenNLP]], a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text. It supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking and parsing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apache OpenNLP |url=https://opennlp.apache.org/index.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=opennlp.apache.org}}</ref>
* [[Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity]] (A.L.I.C.E.), a natural language processing [[chatterbot]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alicebot Technology History |url=http://www.alicebot.org/history/technology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230095936/http://www.alicebot.org/history/technology.html |archive-date=2017-12-30 |accessdate=2024-06-07 |website=alicebot.org}}</ref>
* [[ChatGPT]], a chatbot built on top of OpenAI's [[GPT-3|GPT-3.5]] and [[GPT-4]] family of [[large language model]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2023-03-14 |title=OpenAI's GPT-4 exhibits "human-level performance" on professional benchmarks |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Claude (language model)|Claude]], a family of large language models developed by [[Anthropic]] and launched in 2023. Claude LLMs achieved high coding scores in several recognized LLM benchmarks. [https://www.swebench.com/] [https://paperswithcode.com/sota/code-generation-on-humaneval]
* [[Cleverbot]], successor to Jabberwacky, now with 170m lines of conversation, Deep Context, fuzziness and parallel processing. Cleverbot learns from around 2 million user interactions per month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saenz |first=Aaron |date=2010-01-13 |title=Cleverbot Chat Engine Is Learning From The Internet To Talk Like A Human |url=https://singularityhub.com/2010/01/13/cleverbot-chat-engine-is-learning-from-the-internet-to-talk-like-a-human/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Singularity Hub |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[ELIZA]], a famous 1966 computer program by [[Joseph Weizenbaum]], which parodied [[person-centered therapy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-09-13 |title=Alan Turing at 100 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/09/alan-turing-at-100/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[FreeHAL]], a self-learning conversation simulator ([[chatterbot]]) which uses semantic nets to organize its knowledge to imitate a very close human behavior within conversations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - FreeHAL |url=https://freehal.github.io/index.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=freehal.github.io}}</ref>
* [[Gemini (language model)|Gemini]], a family of multimodal large language model developed by Google's [[DeepMind]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Nico |date=2023-05-10 |title=Google Builds on Tech's Latest Craze With Its Own A.I. Products |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/10/technology/google-ai-products.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Drives the [[Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini chatbot]], formerly known as Bard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Bard to Gemini: Google's ChatGPT Competitor Gets a New Name and a New App |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/from-bard-to-gemini-googles-chatgpt-competitor-gets-a-new-name-and-a-new-app/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>
* [[GigaChat]], a chatbot by Russian [[Sberbank]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Russia's Sberbank releases ChatGPT rival GigaChat |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/russias-sberbank-releases-chatgpt-rival-gigachat-2023-04-24/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
* [[GPT-3]], a 2020 language model developed by [[OpenAI]] that can produce text difficult to distinguish from that written by a human.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=From GPT-3 to Human-Like Prose: Assessing the Effectiveness of Text Generation Models |url=https://aicontentfy.com/en/blog/from-to-human-like-prose-assessing-of-text-generation-models |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=AIContentfy |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jabberwacky]], a chatbot by [[Rollo Carpenter]], aiming to simulate natural human chat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No One's Talking About The Amazing Chatbot That Passed The Turing Test 3 Years Ago {{!}} Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/no-ones-talking-about-the-amazing-chatbot-that-passed-the-turing-test-3-years-ago/articleshow/36452106.cms |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Business Insider |language=en}}</ref>
* [[LaMDA]], a family of conversational [[neural language model]]s developed by [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google I/O 2021: Google unveils LaMDA |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-google-unveils-new-conversational-language-model-lamda/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Llama (language model)|LLaMA]], a 2023 language model family developed by [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] that includes 7, 13, 33 and 65 billion parameter models.[https://ai.meta.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/]
* [[Mycroft (software)|Mycroft]], a free and open-source intelligent personal assistant that uses a natural language user interface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhartiya |first=Swapnil |date=2016-01-17 |title=Mycroft: Linux's Own AI |url=https://www.linux.com/news/mycroft-linuxs-own-ai/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Linux.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[PARRY]], another early chatterbot, written in 1972 by Kenneth Colby, attempting to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parry the AI chatterbot |url=https://phrasee.co/news/parry-the-a-i-chatterbot-from-1972/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Phrasee |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[SHRDLU]], an early natural language processing computer program developed by [[Terry Winograd]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] from 1968 to 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winograd |first=Terry |date=1971-01-01 |title=Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7095 |journal=AI Technical Reports |hdl=1721.1/7095 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[SYSTRAN]], a [[machine translation]] technology by the company of the same name, used by [[Yahoo!]], [[AltaVista]] and [[Google]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giussani |first=Bruno |date=1998-03-10 |title=Free Translation of Language Proves More Divertimento Than a Keg of Monkeys |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/03/cyber/eurobytes/10euro.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[DBRX]], 136 billion parameter open sourced large language model developed by [[Mosaic ML]] and [[Databricks]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Knight |first=Will |title=Inside the Creation of the World's Most Powerful Open Source AI Model |url=https://www.wired.com/story/dbrx-inside-the-creation-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-open-source-ai-model/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

===Speech recognition===
{{further|List of speech recognition software}}
* [[CMU Sphinx]], a group of speech recognition systems developed at Carnegie Mellon University.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El Amrani |first1=Mohamed Yassine |last2=Rahman |first2=M.M. Hafizur |last3=Wahiddin |first3=Mohamed Ridza |last4=Shah |first4=Asadullah |year=2016 |title=Building CMU Sphinx language model for the Holy Quran using simplified Arabic phonemes |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2016.04.002 |journal=Egyptian Informatics Journal |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=305–314 |doi=10.1016/j.eij.2016.04.002 |issn=1110-8665}}</ref>
* [[DeepSpeech]], an [[Open source|open-source]] Speech-To-Text engine based on Baidu's deep speech research paper.<ref>{{cite web |title=A TensorFlow implementation of Baidu's DeepSpeech architecture |date=2017-12-05 |url=https://github.com/mozilla/DeepSpeech |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>
* [[Whisper (speech recognition system)|Whisper]], an open-source speech recognition system developed at OpenAI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiggers |first=Kyle |date=2022-09-21 |title=OpenAI open-sources Whisper, a multilingual speech recognition system |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/21/openai-open-sources-whisper-a-multilingual-speech-recognition-system/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Speech synthesis===
{{further|Comparison of speech synthesizers}}
* [[15.ai]], a real-time artificial intelligence text-to-speech tool developed by an anonymous researcher from [[MIT]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=Natalie |date=2021-01-19 |title=Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Amazon Polly]], a speech synthesis software by Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2018-02-08 |title=Amazon launches a Polly WordPress plugin that turns blog posts into audio, including podcasts |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/08/amazon-launches-a-polly-wordpress-plugin-that-turns-blog-posts-into-audio-including-podcasts/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Festival Speech Synthesis System]], a general multi-lingual speech synthesis system developed at the Centre for Speech Technology Research (CSTR) at the University of Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Festival Speech Synthesis System |url=https://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/festival/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Centre for Speech Technology Research - The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>
* [[WaveNet]], a deep neural network for generating raw audio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=2016-09-09 |title=Google's WaveNet uses neural nets to generate eerily convincing speech and music |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/09/googles-wavenet-uses-neural-nets-to-generate-eerily-convincing-speech-and-music/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Video===

* [[HeyGen]] is a video creation platform that generates digital avatars that recite and translate text inputs into varying languages.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fried |first=Ina |title=How to create your own personal deepfake |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/09/01/personal-deepfake-ai-video-avatar |work=Axios |date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Synthesia (company)|Synthesia]] is a video creation and editing platform, with AI-generated avatars that resemble real human beings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heikkiläarchive |first=Melissa |title=An AI startup made a hyperrealistic deepfake of me that's so good it's scary |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091772/new-generative-ai-avatar-deepfake-synthesia/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref>

===Other===
* [[1 the Road]], the first novel marketed by an AI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornigold |first=Thomas |date=2018-10-25 |title=The First Novel Written by AI Is Here—and It's as Weird as You'd Expect It to Be |url=https://singularityhub.com/2018/10/25/ai-wrote-a-road-trip-novel-is-it-a-good-read/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Singularity Hub |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[AlphaFold]] is a deep learning based system developed by [[DeepMind]] for [[Protein structure prediction|prediction of protein structure]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=AlphaFold |url=https://deepmind.google/technologies/alphafold/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Google DeepMind |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Otter.ai]] is a speech-to-text synthesis and summary platform, which allows users to record online meetings as text. It additionally creates live captions during meetings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=2019-10-02 |title=From Your Mouth to Your Screen, Transcribing Takes the Next Step |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations]] (SEAS), a model of the real world used by [[Homeland security]] and the [[United States Department of Defense]] that uses [[simulation]] and AI to predict and evaluate future events and courses of action.<ref name=register>{{cite web |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/23/sentient_worlds/ |title= Sentient world: war games on the grandest scale|last1= Baard|first1= Mark |date= 23 June 2007 |website= [[The Register]] }}</ref>

==Multipurpose projects==

===Software libraries===
* [[Apache Mahout]], a library of scalable machine learning algorithms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apache Mahout: Highly Scalable Machine Learning Algorithms |url=https://www.infoq.com/news/2009/04/mahout/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=InfoQ |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Deeplearning4j]], an open-source, distributed [[deep learning]] framework written for the JVM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novet |first=Jordan |date=2014-06-02 |title=Skymind launches with open-source, plug-and-play deep learning features for your app |url=https://venturebeat.com/dev/skymind-launches-with-open-source-plug-and-play-deep-learning-features-for-your-app/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Keras]], a high level open-source software library for machine learning (works on top of other libraries).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keras: Deep Learning for humans |url=https://keras.io/keras_3/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=keras.io}}</ref>
* [[Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit]] (previously known as CNTK), an open source toolkit for building [[artificial neural network]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-01-22 |title=The Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit - Cognitive Toolkit - CNTK |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/cognitive-toolkit/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=learn.microsoft.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[OpenNN]], a comprehensive C++ library implementing neural networks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenNN, An Open Source Library For Neural Networks |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/opennn-an-open-source-library-for-neural-networks |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=KDnuggets |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[PyTorch]], an open-source Tensor and Dynamic neural network in Python.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Moez |year=2023 |title=NLP with PyTorch: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/nlp-with-pytorch-a-comprehensive-guide |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Datacamp |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[TensorFlow]], an open-source software library for machine learning.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Metz |first=Cade |title=Google Just Open Sourced the Artificial Intelligence Engine at the Heart of Its Online Empire |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/11/google-open-sources-its-artificial-intelligence-engine/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
* [[Theano (software)|Theano]], a Python library and optimizing compiler for manipulating and evaluating mathematical expressions, especially matrix-valued ones.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergstra |first=J. |author2=O. Breuleux |author3=F. Bastien |author4=P. Lamblin |author5=R. Pascanu |author6=G. Desjardins |author7=J. Turian |author8=D. Warde-Farley |author9=Y. Bengio |date=30 June 2010 |title=Theano: A CPU and GPU Math Expression Compiler |url=http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/theano_scipy2010.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Python for Scientific Computing Conference (SciPy) 2010}}</ref>

===GUI frameworks===
* [[Neural Designer]], a commercial [[deep learning]] tool for [[predictive analytics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A high performance solution for predictive analytics {{!}} Neural Designer Project {{!}} Fact Sheet {{!}} H2020 |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/672676 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=CORDIS {{!}} European Commission |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Neuroph]], a Java neural network framework.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Java Neural Network Framework Neuroph |url=https://neuroph.sourceforge.net/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=neuroph.sourceforge.net}}</ref>
* [[OpenCog]], a GPL-licensed framework for artificial intelligence written in C++, Python and Scheme.<ref name=":0" />
* [[PolyAnalyst]]: A commercial tool for data mining, [[text mining]], and [[knowledge management]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Zhang |first1=Qingyu |title=Commercial Data Mining Software |date=2010 |work=Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook |pages=1245–1268 |editor-last=Maimon |editor-first=Oded |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09823-4_65 |access-date=2024-06-07 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-09823-4_65 |isbn=978-0-387-09823-4 |last2=Segall |first2=Richard S. |bibcode=2010dmak.book.1245Z |editor2-last=Rokach |editor2-first=Lior}}</ref>
* [[RapidMiner]], an environment for machine learning and [[data mining]], now developed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norris |first=David |date=2013-11-15 |title=RapidMiner – a potential game changer - Bloor Research |url=https://www.bloorresearch.com/2013/11/rapidminer-a-potential-game-changer/,%20https://www.bloorresearch.com/2013/11/rapidminer-a-potential-game-changer/,%20https://www.bloorresearch.com/2013/11/rapidminer-a-potential-game-changer/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.bloorresearch.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Weka (machine learning)|Weka]], a free implementation of many machine learning algorithms in Java.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Holmes |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Donkin |first2=Andrew |last3=Witten |first3=Ian H. |year=1994 |title=Weka: A machine learning workbench |url=https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/publications/1994/Holmes-ANZIIS-WEKA.pdf |conference=Proceedings of the Second Australia and New Zealand Conference on Intelligent Information Systems, Brisbane, Australia}}</ref>

===Cloud services===
* [[Data Applied]], a web based [[data mining]] environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Marshall |date=2009-12-01 |title=Ex-Microsofties Launch $500 'Meaning Machine' For Large Data Sets |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/external/readwriteweb/2009/12/01/01readwriteweb-ex-microsofties-launch-500-meaning-machine-22923.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Watson (computer)|Watson]], a pilot service by [[IBM]] to uncover and share data-driven insights, and to spur cognitive applications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Joab |date=2014-01-09 |title=IBM bets big on Watson-branded cognitive computing |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/443306/ibm-bets-big-on-watsonbranded-cognitive-computing.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=PCWorld |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Comparison of cognitive architectures]]
* [[Comparison of deep-learning software]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/search?q=artificial+intelligence&ref=searchresults&type=Repositories AI projects] on [[GitHub]]
* [http://sourceforge.net/directory/freshness:recently-updated/?q=artificial%20intelligence AI projects] on [[SourceForge]]
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{{Artificial intelligence (AI)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Artificial Intelligence Projects}}
[[Category:Computing-related lists|Artificial intelligence projects]]
[[Category:Applications of artificial intelligence|*]]