Editing List of astronauts by year of selection

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{{For|a list of those who have flown to space|List of space travelers by name}}
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{{Update|documentation|date=June 2020}}
<!---Only people selected as professional astronauts should be listed here-->
This is a '''list of [[astronaut]]s by year of selection''': people selected to train for a [[List of human spaceflight programs|human spaceflight program]] to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a [[spacecraft]]. Until recently, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the advent of [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital flight]] starting with privately funded [[SpaceShipOne]] in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the [[commercial astronaut]].

While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who trains for travels into space—including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists—this article lists only professional astronauts, those who have been selected to train as a profession. This includes national space programs and private industry programs which train and/or hire their own professional astronauts.

More than 500 people have trained as astronauts. A list of everyone who has flown in space can be found at ''[[List of space travelers by name]]''.

==X-15 pilot group (USA)==
:Fourteen pilots were directly involved with the [[North American X-15|X-15]], although only twelve actually flew the vehicles. There was no formal selection process, since everyone chosen was already a qualified test pilot.

:[[Scott Crossfield]] and [[Alvin S. White|Alvin White]] were the prime and backup North American Aviation test pilots who first became involved with the project. Air Force Captains [[Iven Kincheloe]] (prime pilot) and [[Robert Michael White|Robert White]] (backup) were assigned to the X-15 in 1957. When Kincheloe was killed in an accident through a different rocket aircraft program, White became prime pilot and Captain [[Robert Rushworth]] became his backup. The first NASA pilots were [[Joseph A. Walker|Joseph Walker]] and [[Neil Armstrong]]. Lieutenant Commander [[Forrest S. Petersen]] represented the Navy.

:Walker and Armstrong were eventually replaced by NASA pilots [[John B. McKay]] (1960), [[Milton Thompson]] (1963) and [[William H. Dana]] (1965). White and Rushworth were succeeded by Captain [[Joe Engle]] (1963), Captain [[William Joseph Knight]] (1964) and Major [[Michael J. Adams|Michael Adams]] (1966). The Navy selected Lieutenant Lloyd Hoover (1924–2016<ref name="spacefacts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/candidates/english/hoover_lloyd.htm |title=Biographies of Astronaut and Cosmonaut Candidates Lloyd Hoover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094358/http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/candidates/english/hoover_lloyd.htm |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>) as Peterson's replacement, though he never trained or flew.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinspace00cass|title=Who's Who in Space|last=Cassutt|first=Michael|date=November 1998|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|isbn=9780028649658|edition=Subsequent|location=New York|url-access=registration}}</ref>

:The last surviving member of this group was Joe Engle; he died in 2024.

==1958==
'''June 25 – [[Man in Space Soonest]] (USA)'''

:[[Neil Armstrong]], [[Bill Bridgeman|William B. Bridgeman]], [[Scott Crossfield|Albert S. Crossfield]], [[Iven C. Kincheloe]], [[John B. McKay]], [[Robert A. Rushworth]], [[Joseph A. Walker]], [[Alvin S. White]], and [[Robert M. White]].

:Nine test pilots from the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA), the United States Air Force (USAF), [[North American Aviation]] (NAA), and [[Douglas Aircraft Corporation]] were selected for the [[Man in Space Soonest]] project, a USAF initiative to put a man in space before the Soviet Union did. The project was cancelled on August 1, but two of these men would later reach space: Walker made two [[X-15]] flights above 100 kilometers in 1963; and Neil Armstrong joined [[NASA]] in 1962 and flew in [[Project Gemini]] and [[Apollo program|Apollo]], becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon at 02:56 [[Universal Coordinated Time|UTC]] July 21, 1969.<ref name="ALSJ 4">{{Cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html |title=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: One Small Step |last=Jones |first=Eric M. |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017080207/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html |archive-date=17 October 2023 }}</ref>

:The last surviving member of this group was Neil Armstrong; he died in 2012.

==1959==
'''April 9 – [[Mercury Seven|NASA Group 1]] – ''Mercury Seven'' (USA)'''

:[[Scott Carpenter]], [[Gordon Cooper]], [[John Glenn]], [[Virgil Grissom|Gus Grissom]], [[Wally Schirra]], [[Alan Shepard]] and [[Deke Slayton]].

:The first group of astronauts selected by [[NASA]] were for [[Project Mercury]] in April 1959. All seven were military test pilots, a requirement specified by President [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] to simplify the selection process. All seven eventually flew in space, although one, Deke Slayton, did not fly a Mercury mission due to a medical disqualification, instead flying a decade later on the [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz mission]]. The other six each flew one Mercury mission. For two of these, Scott Carpenter and John Glenn, the Mercury mission was their only flight in the Mercury/[[Project Gemini|Gemini]]/[[Apollo Program|Apollo]] era. Glenn later flew on the [[STS-95|Space Shuttle]].

:Three of the Mercury astronauts, Gus Grissom, Gordon Cooper and Wally Schirra, also each flew a mission during the Gemini program. Alan Shepard was slated to fly [[Mercury 10]] before its cancellation and was the original commander for the [[Gemini 3]] mission, but did not fly due to a medical disqualification. After surgery to correct the problem, he later flew as commander of [[Apollo 14]]. He was the only Mercury astronaut to go to the Moon.

:Wally Schirra was the only astronaut to fly into space on all three types of spacecraft, though Gus Grissom was scheduled to be first to complete that feat before he [[Apollo 1|died in a fire on Apollo 1]] during launchpad training. Gordon Cooper was a backup commander for [[Apollo 10]], the "dress rehearsal" flight for the lunar landing, and would have commanded another mission—likely to have been [[Apollo 13]], according to the crew rotation—but was bumped from the rotation after a disagreement with NASA management.

:Collectively, at least one member of the Mercury Seven flew on every NASA class of human-rated spacecraft (but neither the [[Skylab]] nor [[International Space Station|ISS]] space stations) through the end of the 20th century: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle.

:The last surviving member of this group was John Glenn; he died in 2016.

==1960==
'''March 7 – Air Force Group 1 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:Первый отряд космонавтов СССР]]

:[[Ivan Anikeyev]], [[Pavel Belyayev]], [[Valentin Bondarenko]], [[Valery Bykovsky]], [[Valentin Filatyev]], [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Viktor Gorbatko]], [[Anatoli Kartashov]], [[Yevgeny Khrunov]], [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]], [[Alexei Leonov]], [[Grigori Nelyubov]], [[Andrian Nikolayev]], [[Pavel Popovich]], [[Mars Rafikov]], [[Georgi Shonin]], [[Gherman Titov]], [[Valentin Varlamov]], [[Boris Volynov]], and [[Dmitri Zaikin]].

:The initial group of Soviet cosmonauts was chosen from Soviet Air Force jet pilots.

:As of 2024, the only surviving member is Boris Volynov.

'''April – Dyna–Soar Group 1 (USA)'''

:[[Neil Armstrong]], [[William H. Dana]], [[Henry C. Gordon]], [[William J. Knight|Pete Knight]], [[Russell L. Rogers]], [[Milton O. Thompson|Milt Thompson]], and [[James W. Wood]].

:In April 1960, seven men were secretly chosen for the [[Dyna-Soar]] program. Armstrong had previously been part of the [[Man in space soonest|MISS]] program. Armstrong and Dana left the program in the summer of 1962.

:The last surviving member of this group was William H. Dana; he died in 2014.

==1962==
'''March 12 – Female Group (USSR)'''

[[:ru:Женская группа космонавтов ВВС (1962)]]

:[[Tatyana Kuznetsova]], [[Valentina Ponomaryova]], [[Irina Solovyova]], [[Valentina Tereshkova]], and [[Zhanna Yorkina]].

:On March 12, 1962, a group of five civilian women with parachuting experience was added to the cosmonaut training program. Only Tereshkova would fly. A leading Soviet high-altitude parachutist, 20-year-old [[Tatyana Kuznetsova]] was, and remains, the youngest person ever selected to train for spaceflight.

'''September 17 – [[Astronaut Group 2|NASA Group 2]] – ''The Next Nine, aka'' ''The Nifty Nine'', ''The New Nine'' (USA)'''

:[[Neil Armstrong]], [[Frank Borman]], [[Pete Conrad]], [[Jim Lovell]], [[Jim McDivitt]], [[Elliot See]], [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Tom Stafford]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]], and [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]].

:A [[Astronaut Group 2|second group]] of nine astronauts was selected by NASA in September 1962. All of this group flew missions in the [[Gemini program]] except Elliot See, who died in a flight accident while preparing for the [[Gemini 9]] flight. All of the others also flew on Apollo, except for Ed White, who died in the [[Apollo 1]] launchpad fire.

:Three of this group, McDivitt, Borman and Armstrong, made single flights in both Gemini and Apollo.  Four others, Young, Lovell, Stafford and Conrad, each made two flights in Gemini and at least one flight in Apollo. Young and Lovell both made two Apollo flights. Conrad and Stafford also made second flights in Apollo spacecraft, Conrad on [[Skylab 2]] and Stafford in Apollo–Soyuz.

:Six of this group, Borman, Lovell, Stafford, Young, Armstrong and Conrad, made flights to the Moon. Lovell and Young went to the Moon twice. Armstrong, Conrad, and Young walked on the Moon. McDivitt was later Apollo Program Director and became the first [[General|general officer]] and would have been either the prime LM Pilot or backup commander for [[Apollo 14]], but left NASA due to a conflict between Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton. John Young also later flew on the [[Space Shuttle]] ([[STS-1]] and [[STS-9]]) and would retire from NASA in 2004, 42 years after becoming an astronaut. He was both the first and last of his group to go into space.

:As of July 2024, the last surviving member of this group is Jim Lovell.

'''September 19 – Dyna-Soar Group 2 (USA)'''

:On September 19, 1962, [[Albert H. Crews|Albert Crews]] (born 1929) was added to the Dyna-Soar program and the names of the six active Dyna-Soar astronauts were announced to the public.

==1963==
'''January 10 – Air Force Group 2 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:2-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1963)]]

:[[Yuri Artyukhin]], {{ill|Eduard Buinovski|ru|Буйновский, Эдуард Иванович}}, [[Lev Dyomin]], [[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], [[Anatoly Filipchenko]], [[Aleksei Gubarev]], {{ill|Vladislav Gulyayev|ru|Гуляев, Владислав Иванович}}, [[Pyotr Kolodin]], {{ill|Eduard Kugno|ru|Кугно, Эдуард Павлович}}, {{ill|Anatoli Kuklin|ru|Куклин, Анатолий Петрович}}, {{ill|Aleksandr Matinchenko|ru|Матинченко, Александр Николаевич}}, [[Vladimir Shatalov]], {{ill|Lev Vorobyov|ru|Воробьёв, Лев Васильевич}}, {{ill|Anatoly Voronov|ru|Воронов, Анатолий Фёдорович}}, [[Vitaly Zholobov]]

'''October 17, 1963 – [[Astronaut Group 3|NASA Group 3]] – ''The Fourteen'' (USA)'''

:[[Buzz Aldrin]], [[William Anders]], [[Charles Bassett]], [[Alan Bean]], [[Eugene Cernan]], [[Roger Chaffee]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], [[Walter Cunningham]], [[Donn Eisele]], [[Theodore Freeman]], [[Richard F. Gordon Jr.|Richard Gordon]], [[Russell Schweickart]], [[David Scott]], [[Clifton Williams]]

:While four members of Group 3 died in accidents before ever reaching space—Chaffee in the [[Apollo 1]] fire, Bassett, Freeman and Williams in crashes of NASA [[Northrop T-38 Talon|T-38]] [[jet trainers]]—the other ten all flew on the Apollo program. Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon. Five of them: Aldrin, Cernan, Collins, Gordon and Scott also flew missions during the Gemini program. Cernan would be the only astronaut from this group to fly to the Moon twice, being assigned to both [[Apollo 10]] and [[Apollo 17]], while Bean would command the [[Skylab 3]] mission.

==1964==
'''January 25 – Air Force Group 2 Supplemental (USSR)'''

:[[Georgi Beregovoi]] (1921–1995)

'''May 26 – Voskhod Group – Medical Group 1 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:Набор космонавтов для полёта на корабле «Восход» (1964)]]

:{{ill|Vladimir Benderov|ru|Бендеров, Владимир Николаевич}}, [[Georgy Katys]], [[Vasili Lazarev]], Boris Polyakov (born 1938), [[Aleksey Sorokin (officer)|Aleksei Sorokin]], [[Boris Yegorov]]

:The last surviving member of this group is Boris Polyakov.<!-- According to this: https://руни.рф/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 he is still alive-->

'''June 11 – Civilian Specialist Group 1 (USSR)'''

:[[Konstantin Feoktistov]] (1926–2009)

==1965==
'''June 1 – Journalist Group 1 (USSR)'''

:In 1965, three civilian journalists, [[Yaroslav Golovanov]], {{ill|Yuri Letunov|ru|Летунов, Юрий Александрович}}, {{ill|Mikhail Rebrov|ru|Ребров, Михаил Фёдорович}}, were selected for cosmonaut training in preparation for flight on a [[Voskhod programme|Voskhod]] mission. When the Voskhod program was canceled, Golovanov and Letunov were dismissed. Rebrov, on the other hand, stayed with the space program as a journalist until 1974.

:The last surviving member of this group was Yaroslav Golovanov; he died in 2003.

'''June 1 – Medical Group 2 (USSR)'''

:Three physicians were selected for the long-duration [[Voskhod programme|Voskhod]] flights: Yevgeni Illyin (born 1937), Aleksandr Kiselyov (born 1934), [[Yuri Senkevich]]. All were subsequently canceled to make way for the Soviet Moon program and dismissed at the beginning of the following year.

'''June 28 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 4|NASA Group 4]] – ''The Scientists'' (USA)'''

:[[Owen Garriott]], [[Edward Gibson]], [[Duane Graveline]], [[Joseph P. Kerwin|Joseph Kerwin]], [[Curt Michel]], [[Harrison Schmitt]]

:Graveline and Michel left NASA without flying in space. Schmitt walked on the Moon with [[Apollo 17]]. Garriott, Gibson and Kerwin all flew to Skylab. Garriott also flew on [[Space Shuttle]] flight [[STS-9]], becoming the first [[Amateur radio]] operator (callsign W5LFL) to operate from orbit.

'''October 28 – Air Force Group 3 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:3-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1965)]]

:{{ill|Boris Belousov (cosmonaut)|ru|Белоусов, Борис Николаевич}}, Vladimir Degtyarov (born 1932), {{ill|Anatoli Fyodorov|ru|Фёдоров, Анатолий Павлович}}, [[Yuri Glazkov]], {{ill|Vitali Grishchenko|ru|Грищенко, Виталий Андреевич}}, {{ill|Veygeni Khludeyev|ru|Хлудеев, Евгений Николаевич}}, [[Leonid Kizim]], [[Pyotr Klimuk]], {{ill|Gennadi Kolesnikov|ru|Колесников, Геннадий Михайлович (космонавт-испытатель)}}, {{ill|Aleksandr Kramarenko|ru|Крамаренко, Александр Яковлевич}}, {{ill|Mikhail Lisun|ru|Лисун, Михаил Иванович}}, {{ill|Aleksandr Petrushenko|ru|Петрушенко, Александр Яковлевич}}, {{ill|Vladimir Preobrazhensky|ru|Преображенский, Владимир Евгеньевич}}, [[Valery Rozhdestvensky]], [[Gennadi Sarafanov]], Ansar Sharafutdinov (born 1939), {{ill|Vasili Shcheglov|ru|Щеглов, Василий Дмитриевич}}, Aleksandr Skvortsov (1942-2024), {{ill|Eduard Stepanov|ru|Степанов, Эдуард Николаевич}}, {{ill|Valeri Voloshin|ru|Волошин, Валерий Абрамович}}, {{ill|Oleg Yakovlev (cosmonaut)|ru|Яковлев, Олег Анатольевич}}, [[Vyacheslav Zudov]]

:This cosmonaut group was selected for participation in five separate [[Soyuz programme]]s that the USSR was running. These included military programs—with and without the [[Almaz]]/[[Salyut]] [[space station]]s—and two lunar programs, only one of which aimed at an actual lunar landing. In the end, only the orbital program and the space station program went ahead. Few of the cosmonauts from this group ever were given the chance to fly.

'''November – USAF MOL Group 1 (USA)'''

:[[Michael J. Adams]], [[Albert H. Crews]] Jr., [[John L. Finley]], [[Richard E. Lawyer]], [[Lachlan Macleay]], [[Francis G. Neubeck]], [[James M. Taylor]], [[Richard H. Truly]].

:This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] (MOL) program. Of this group, only Truly transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program and later flew on the Space Shuttle. In 1989, Truly became the first astronaut to be [[NASA Administrator]].

==1966==
'''April 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|NASA Group 5]] (USA)'''

:[[Vance Brand]], [[John S. Bull]], [[Gerald P. Carr|Gerald Carr]], [[Charles Duke]], [[Joseph Engle]], [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]], [[Edward Givens]], [[Fred Haise]], [[James Irwin]], [[Don Lind]], [[Jack Lousma]], [[Ken Mattingly]], [[Bruce McCandless II]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[William Pogue]], [[Stuart Roosa]], [[Jack Swigert]], [[Paul J. Weitz|Paul Weitz]], [[Alfred Worden]].

:Veteran astronaut John Young christened this group the "Original Nineteen", in parody of the [[Mercury Seven|original seven]] Mercury astronauts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Carrying The Fire|first=Michael|last=Collins|year=1974|isbn=0-553-23948-1|page=180|publisher=Bantam Books }}</ref> Roughly half of them flew in the Apollo program, while others flew during Skylab and the Space Shuttle, with Brand also flying on the American half of the [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] in 1975. Engle was the only NASA astronaut to have earned his astronaut wings before his selection.
:Two of this group never flew into space: Givens was killed in a car accident in 1967, and Bull resigned from the Astronaut Corps in 1968 after discovering he had [[pulmonary disease]]. Engle, Lind, and McCandless were the only ones from this group who never flew an Apollo spacecraft; Brand, Haise, Lousma, Mattingly, and Weitz all flew both an Apollo and a Shuttle (though Haise only flew the Approach and Landing Tests in the Shuttle program, not into space).

'''May 23 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 (USSR)'''

:[[Sergei Anokhin (test pilot)|Sergei Anokhin]], [[Vladimir Bugrov]], [[Gennadi Dolgopolov]], [[Georgi Grechko]], [[Valeri Kubasov]], [[Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov|Oleg Makarov]], [[Vladislav Volkov]], [[Aleksei Yeliseyev]]

'''June 30 – USAF MOL Group 2 (USA)'''

:[[Karol Bobko]], [[Robert Crippen]], [[Gordon Fullerton]], [[Henry Hartsfield]], [[Robert Overmyer]].

:This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's MOL program. All transferred to NASA after the MOL program was canceled and all five flew on the Space Shuttle as pilot astronauts.

:As of 2024, the only surviving member is Robert Crippen.

'''September – Military Cosmonaut Group (USSR)'''

:[[Pavel Popovich]], Alexei Gubarev, [[Yuri Artyukhin]], Vladimir Gulyaev, [[Boris Nikolaevich Belousov|Boris Belousov]], and Gennadiy Kolesnikov.

:Cosmonaut training for the [[Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda]] program, a radically modified [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]]. In December 1967, the project was closed.<ref name="fighters">{{Cite web |url=http://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/pervushin/orb-ist.html |title=Истребители выходят на орбиту |trans-title=Fighters Enter Orbit |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809032028/https://epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/pervushin/orb-ist.html |archive-date=9 August 2023 |website=epizodsspace.narod.ru }}</ref>

'''1966–67 – Military Cosmonaut Group (USSR)'''

:Cosmonauts training for aerospace system Project "Spiral", 1969, the 4th Division of the 1st Cosmonaut Training Center Management:

:[[Gherman Titov]] (1966–70), Anatoly Kuklin (1966–67), [[Vasily Lazarev]] (1966–67), [[Anatoly Filipchenko]] (1966–67), [[Leonid Kizim]] (1969–73), Vladimir Kozelskiy (August 1969 – October 1971) [[Vladimir Lyakhov]] (1969–73), [[Yury Malyshev (cosmonaut)|Yury Malyshev]] (1969–73), Alexander Petrushenko (1970–73), [[Anatoly Berezovoy]] (1972–73), Anatoly Dedkov (1972–73), [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]] (July–December 1972), [[Yuri Romanenko]] (1972), and Lev Vorobyov (1973). In 1973, the department was disbanded in connection with the termination of the project.

==1967==
'''January 31 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 Supplemental (USSR)'''

:[[Nikolai Rukavishnikov]] and [[Vitali Sevastyanov]].

:The last surviving member of this group was Vitali Sevastyanov; he died in 2010.

'''February – Soviet crewed lunar programs cosmonauts in two training groups (USSR)'''

:First group: commanded by [[Vladimir Komarov]] (Gagarin, Nikolayev, Bykovskiy, Khrunov; Engineer – Cosmonauts: Gorbatko, Grechko, Sevastyanov, Kubasov, Volkov).
:Second group: commanded by [[Alexei Leonov]] (Popovich, Belyayev, Volynov, Klimuk; Engineer – Cosmonauts: Makarov, Voronov, Rukavishnikov, Artyukhin).

'''May 7 – Air Force Group 4 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:4-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1967)]]

:{{ill|Vladimir Alekseyev|ru|Алексеев, Владимир Борисович}}, {{ill|Vladimir Beloborodov|ru|Белобородов, Валерий Михайлович}}, {{ill|Mikhail Burdayev|ru|Бурдаев, Михаил Николаевич}}, {{ill|Sergei Gaidukov|ru|Гайдуков, Сергей Николаевич}}, Vladimir Isakov (born 1940), [[Vladimir Kovalyonok]], Vladimir Kozelsky (born 1942), [[Vladimir Lyakhov]], [[Yury Malyshev (cosmonaut)|Yuri Malyshev]], Viktor Pisarev (born 1941), {{ill|Nikolai Porvatkin|ru|Порваткин, Николай Степанович}}, {{ill|Mikhail Sologub|ru|Сологуб, Михаил Владимирович}}

'''May 22 – Academy of Sciences Group (USSR)'''

:Mars Fathulin, Rudolf Gulyayev, Ordinard Kolomitsev, Vsevolod Yegorov, Valentin Yershov

'''June – USAF MOL Group 3 (USA)'''

:[[James Abrahamson]], [[Robert Herres]], [[Robert Henry Lawrence Jr|Robert H. Lawrence Jr]], and [[Donald H. Peterson|Donald Peterson]].

:This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's MOL program. Lawrence was the first [[African-American]] to be chosen as an astronaut, but was killed in a jet accident before the MOL program was canceled in 1969. Had Lawrence not died, he would have been, if accepted by NASA, the first African-American astronaut candidate, predating [[Guion Bluford]], [[Ronald McNair]] and [[Frederick D. Gregory|Frederick Gregory]] by nine years.  Peterson transferred to NASA in 1969 after the MOL cancellation and would fly on the [[Space Shuttle]].  Herres would later become the first [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] under the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] in 1987.

:As of 2023, the only surviving member is James Abrahamson.

'''October 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 6|NASA Group 6]] – ''XS-11'' ''(The Excess Eleven)'' (USA)'''

:[[Joseph P. Allen|Joseph Allen]], [[Philip Chapman]], [[Anthony W. England]], [[Karl Henize]], [[Donald Holmquest]], [[William B. Lenoir]], [[Anthony Llewellyn]], [[Story Musgrave]], [[Brian O'Leary]], [[Robert A. Parker|Robert Parker]], [[William E. Thornton|William Thornton]].

:This second group of scientist-astronauts were assigned as support crew members for the last three Apollo missions or as backup crew members for Skylab.

:Chapman, Holmquest, Llewellyn, and O'Leary resigned from NASA before the end of the Apollo program, and the rest of the group members eventually flew as [[Mission Specialist|mission specialist]]s during the Space Shuttle program. With his flight on STS-80 at the age of 61, Musgrave held the title of "oldest astronaut" prior to John Glenn's second flight and subsequently [[Don Pettit]]’s most recent flight. England resigned from NASA in 1972 but rejoined the astronaut corps in 1979.

==1968==
'''May 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 3 (USSR)'''

:Vladimir Fartushny, [[Viktor Patsayev]], Valeri Yazdovsky

==1969==
'''August 14 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 7|NASA Group 7]] (USA)'''
:[[Karol Bobko]], [[Robert Crippen]], [[Gordon Fullerton]], [[Henry Hartsfield]], [[Robert Overmyer]], [[Donald H. Peterson]], [[Richard Truly]].

:This group is all USAF MOL astronauts who transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program in 1969. All flew on early Space Shuttle flights. Truly, in 1989, would become the first astronaut to be NASA Administrator, holding the post until 1992.

:As of July 2024, the final surviving member of this group is Robert Crippen.

'''September 10 – Civilian Engineer Group (USSR)'''

:Anatoli Demyanenko, Valeri Makrushin, and Dmitri Yuyukov.

==1970==
'''April 27 – Air Force Group 5 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:5-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1970)]]

:[[Anatoli Berezovoi]], Aleksandr Dedkov, [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]], Nikolai Fefelov, Valeri Illarianov, Yuri Isaulov, Vladimir Kozlov, [[Leonid Popov]], [[Yuri Romanenko]]

==1971==
'''February 25 – 1971 Scientific Group (USSR)'''

:Gurgen Ivanyan

'''May – [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] Group 1970 (China)'''

:Chai Hongliang, Dong Xiaohai, Du Jincheng, Fang Guojun, Hu Zhanzi, Li Shichang, Liu Chongfu, Liu Zhongyi, Lu Xiangxiao, Ma Zizhong, Meng Senlin, Shao Zhijian, Wang Fuhe, Wang Fuquan, Wang Quanbo, Wang Rongsen, Wang Zhiyue, Yu Guilin, Zhang Ruxiang

==1972==
'''March 22 – Civilian Specialist Group 4 (USSR)'''

:[[Boris Andreyev (cosmonaut)|Boris Andreyev]], [[Valentin Lebedev]], Yuri Ponomaryov

'''March 22 – Medical Group 3 – USSR'''

[[:ru:Отряд космонавтов ИМБП]]

:Georgi Machinski, [[Valeri Polyakov]], Lev Smirenny

==1973==
'''March 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 5 (USSR)'''

:[[Vladimir Aksyonov]], Vladimir Gevorkyan, [[Aleksandr Ivanchenkov]], Valeri Romanov, [[Valery Ryumin]], [[Gennady Strekalov]]

==1974==
'''January 1 – Physician Group (USSR)'''

:Zyyadin Abuzyarov

==1976==
'''August 23 – Air Force Group 6 – [[Buran (spacecraft)|Space shuttle Buran]]''' '''crew (USSR)'''

[[:ru:6-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1976)]]

:[[Leonid Ivanov (test pilot)|Leonid Ivanov]], [[Leonid Kadenyuk]], Nikolai Moskalenko, Sergei Protchenko, Yevgeni Saley, [[Anatoly Solovyev]], [[Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)|Vladimir Titov]], [[Vladimir Vasyutin]], [[Alexander Alexandrovich Volkov (cosmonaut)|Alexander Volkov]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tspk-6astronautgroup1976.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617055938/http://www.astronautix.com/t/tspk-6astronautgroup1976.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 17, 2017|title=TsPK-6 Astronaut Group, 1976|publisher=astronautix.com|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>[[:ru:Соловьёв, Анатолий Яковлевич|Соловьёв, Анатолий Яковлевич (Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich)]]{{Circular reference|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2018}}
Protchenko was removed from the squad for health reasons, Ivanov was killed in the crash of a [[MiG-27]] during test pilot training and Kadenyuk was removed from the squad over marital issues (but accepted back into the Cosmonaut Detachment in 1988). Vasyutin concealed a medical condition from doctors that resulted in his falling ill during the [[Soyuz T-14]]/ Salyut 7 EO-4 flight causing the premature termination of the mission 4 months early. This resulted in more stringent cosmonaut medical checks which Moskalenko and Saley failed.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Manned Cosmonautics – History, Equipment, People (Russian language)|editor=Yuri M. Baturin |publisher=Moscow Publishing House|date=2005|pages=600–601}}</ref>

'''November 25 – 1976 Intercosmos Group (USSR)'''

:[[Mirosław Hermaszewski]] (Poland), [[Zenon Jankowski]] (Poland), [[Sigmund Jähn]] (East Germany), [[Eberhard Köllner]] (East Germany), [[Oldřich Pelčák]] (Czechoslovakia), [[Vladimír Remek]] (Czechoslovakia)

==1977==

'''IMBD (USSR)'''

[[:ru:Отряд космонавтов ИМБП]]

'''July 12 – The first group of test pilots for Buran – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)'''

:[[Igor Volk]], [[Oleg Grigoriyevich Kononenko]], [[Anatoly Levchenko]], Nikolai Sadovnikov, [[Rimantas Stankevicius]], and Alexander Schukin.

==1978==
'''January 16 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 8|NASA Group 8]] – ''TFNG Thirty-Five New Guys'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Daniel Brandenstein]], [[Michael Coats]], [[Richard O. Covey|Richard Covey]], [[John Oliver Creighton|John Creighton]], [[Robert L. Gibson|Robert Gibson]], [[Frederick D. Gregory]], [[Frederick Hauck]], [[Jon McBride]], [[Dick Scobee|Francis "Dick" Scobee]], [[Brewster Shaw]], [[Loren Shriver]], [[David M. Walker (astronaut)|David Walker]], [[Donald E. Williams|Donald Williams]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Guion Bluford]], [[James Buchli]], [[John M. Fabian|John Fabian]], [[Anna Lee Fisher|Anna Fisher]], [[Dale Gardner]], [[S. David Griggs]], [[Terry Hart]], [[Steven Hawley]], [[Jeffrey Hoffman]], [[Shannon Lucid]], [[Ronald McNair]], [[Richard Mullane]], [[Steven Nagel]], [[George Nelson (astronaut)|George Nelson]], [[Ellison Onizuka]], [[Judith Resnik]], [[Sally Ride]], [[Rhea Seddon]], [[Robert L. Stewart|Robert Stewart]], [[Kathryn D. Sullivan]], [[Norman Thagard]], [[James van Hoften]]

:Due to the long delay between the last [[Project Apollo|Apollo]] mission and the [[STS-1|first flight of the Space Shuttle]] in 1981, few astronauts from the older groups stayed with [[NASA]]—though some did, including [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]]. Thus, in 1978, a new group of 35 astronauts was selected after 9 years without new astronauts, including the first American female astronauts, with one of them, [[Judith Resnik]], also being the first Jewish American astronaut, as well as the first African-American astronauts to fly, [[Guion Bluford]] and [[Frederick D. Gregory]] (the first black astronaut was [[Robert Henry Lawrence Jr]]), and the first Asian-American, [[Ellison Onizuka]]. [[Robert L. Stewart|Bob Stewart]] was the first [[U.S. Army|Army]] astronaut to be selected (almost 19 years after the original [[Mercury Seven]]). Since then, a new group has been selected roughly every two years.

:Two different astronaut groups were formed: pilots and mission specialists. Additionally, the [[Space Shuttle program|Shuttle Program]] has payload specialists who are selected for a single mission and are not part of the astronaut corps—mostly scientists, with a few politicians, and many international astronauts.

:Of the first of the post-Apollo group, Sally Ride would become the first American woman in space ([[STS-7]]). Later, she would fly with Kathryn Sullivan on a Shuttle flight in which Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an EVA. Dr. Thagard, who flew with Ride on STS-7, would later become the first American to be launched on a Russian rocket ([[Soyuz TM-21]] or "Mir-18") to the [[Mir]] space station, while Shannon Lucid would serve on Mir for slightly over six months, breaking all American space duration records (both the [[Skylab 4]] record and Thagard's) from 1996 to 1997 until [[Sunita Williams]], who was selected 20 years later, broke Lucid's record.
:Of this group, Scobee, Resnik, Onizuka, and McNair would perish in the [[Challenger Disaster]]. Of the astronauts chosen, Anna Fisher remained on active duty the longest, retiring in 2017 (although her tenure included an extended leave of absence from 1989 to 1996), while Robert Gibson and Rhea Seddon became the first active-duty astronauts to marry (both are now retired). Shannon Lucid's tenure was unbroken from 1978 until she announced her retirement in 2012. In later years she served as a space shuttle [[Flight controller#Spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM)|CAPCOM]], up to the final day of the final shuttle mission. After the ''Challenger'' disaster, Sally Ride would serve on both the [[Rogers Commission]] and the [[Columbia Accident Investigation Board]].

'''March 1 – 1978 Intercosmos Group''' ('''USSR''')

:[[Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov]] (Bulgaria), [[Dumitru Dediu]] (Romania), Jose Lopez Falcon (Cuba), [[Bertalan Farkas]] (Hungary), [[Maidarjavyn Ganzorig]] (Mongolia), [[Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa]] (Mongolia), [[Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut)|Georgi Ivanov]] (Bulgaria), [[Béla Magyari]] (Hungary), [[Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez]] (Cuba), [[Dumitru Prunariu]] (Romania)

'''May 1 – [[Spacelab]] Payload Specialists Group 1''' ('''ESA''')

:[[Ulf Merbold]] (West Germany), [[Claude Nicollier]] (Switzerland), [[Wubbo Ockels]] (Netherlands), [[Franco Malerba]] (Italy)

'''Air Force Group 7 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:7-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1978)]]

==1979==
'''August – USAF [[Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program]] – Group 1'''<ref name="cassutt1989"/> ('''USA''')

:Frank J. Casserino, Jeffrey E. Detroye, Michael A. Hamel, Terry A. Higbee, Daryl J. Joseph, Malcolm W. Lydon, [[Gary E. Payton]], Jerry J. Rij, Paul A. Sefchek, Eric E. Sundberg, David M. Vidrine, John B. Watterson, Keith C. Wright

: Of this group, only Payton ever flew into space, as a Payload Specialist aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle flight.

'''April 1 – 1979 Intercosmos Group''' ('''USSR''')

:[[Tuân Pham]] (Vietnam), [[Thanh Liem Bui]] (Vietnam)

==1980==
'''May 29 – [[NASA Group 9]]''' ('''USA''')
: '''Pilots''': [[John Blaha]], [[Charles Bolden]], [[Roy D. Bridges Jr.|Roy Bridges]], [[Guy Gardner (astronaut)|Guy Gardner]], [[Ronald Grabe]], [[Bryan O'Connor]], [[Richard N. Richards]], [[Michael J. Smith (astronaut)|Michael J. Smith]]
: '''Mission''' '''specialists''': [[James Bagian]], [[Franklin Chang-Diaz|Franklin Chang–Diaz]], [[Mary Cleave]], [[Bonnie Dunbar]], [[William Frederick Fisher|William Fisher]], [[David Hilmers]], [[David Leestma]], [[John Lounge]], [[Jerry L. Ross|Jerry Ross]], [[Sherwood Spring]], [[Robert C. Springer|Robert Springer]]
:'''International mission specialists''': [[Claude Nicollier]], [[Wubbo Ockels]]
: Of this group, Franklin Chang-Diaz would become the first Hispanic-American in space, Michael Smith would perish in the [[Challenger disaster]], and John Blaha would fly aboard the [[Mir]] space station. Both Jerry Ross and Chang-Diaz currently jointly hold the record of number of crewed spaceflights flown, at seven. Charles Bolden was chosen in 2009 to become the second NASA astronaut and the first African-American to the post of [[NASA Administrator]] on a full-time basis (although Frederick Gregory, who is also African-American and a former Shuttle commander, held the post on a temporary basis between the departure of [[Sean O'Keefe]] and the appointment of [[Michael D. Griffin|Michael Griffin]] in 2005). The announcement, made a day before the conclusion of the [[STS-125]] flight to the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], was coincidental, because Bolden was the pilot on the [[STS-31|telescope's deployment flight]] in 1990.

'''July 30 – [[Gromov Flight Research Institute|LII]]–1/IMBP–3/MAP/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE-5]]/AN–2 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''<ref name="30July1980">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/groups/english/ene5.htm |title=Cosmonaut Selection: LII-1 Selection.. |access-date=15 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094358/http://www.spacefacts.de/groups/english/ene5.htm |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>
: '''LII'''-1: [[Anatoly Levchenko]], Alexandr Shchukin, [[Rimantas Stankevicius]], [[Igor Volk]]
: '''IBMP''': ([[:ru:Отряд космонавтов ИМБП]]) Galina Amelkina, Yelena Dobrokvashina, Larisa Pozharskaya, Tamara Zakharova 
: '''MAP''': [[Svetlana Savitskaya]]
: '''NPOE''': Yekaterina Ivanova, Natalya Kuleshova, Irina Pronina
: '''AN–2''': Irina Latysheva

''' 1980 – CNES Group 1 (France)'''
: [[Patrick Baudry]], [[Jean-Loup Chrétien]]
: Chrétien and Baudry would become the first Frenchmen in space. Chrétien flew with Soviets to [[Salyut 7]] in 1982, and Baudry on Space Shuttle [[STS-51-G]] flight in 1985. Chrétien would later fly to the [[Space Station Mir]] and would become a Shuttle mission specialist in the 1990s.

==1982==
'''August – USAF [[Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program]] (Group 2)'''<ref name="cassutt1989"/>

:James B. Armor Jr., Michael W. Booen, [[Livingston L. Holder Jr.]], [[Larry D. James]], [[Charles Edward Jones|Charles E. Jones]], Maureen C. LaComb, Michael R. Mantz, Randy T. Odle, [[William A. Pailes]], Craig A. Puz, Katherine E. Roberts, Jess M. Sponable, W. David Thompson, Glenn S. Yeakel

:Jones was killed in the [[September 11 attacks]] as a passenger aboard [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Of this group, only Pailes ever flew in space, aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle mission as a Payload Specialist.

'''September 11 – 1982 [[Intercosmos]] Group (India)'''

:[[Ravish Malhotra]], [[Rakesh Sharma]]

'''December 1 – Spacelab Payload Specialists Group (Germany)'''

:[[Reinhard Furrer]], [[Ernst Messerschmid]]

==1983==
'''April 25 – The second group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group) (USSR)'''

:Ural Sultanov and [[Magomed Tolboev]]

'''December – [[National Research Council of Canada|NRC]] Group (Canada)'''

:[[Roberta Bondar]], [[Marc Garneau]], [[Steve MacLean (astronaut)|Steve MacLean]], [[Ken Money]], [[Robert Thirsk]], and [[Bjarni Tryggvason]]

:This first Canadian astronaut group was selected by the [[National Research Council (Canada)|National Research Council]] and were transferred to the [[Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA) when it was created in 1989. All the astronauts flew on the US Space Shuttle by 1997 except Ken Money, who resigned from CSA in 1992.

==1984==
'''February 15 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–6]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''
:[[Aleksandr Kaleri]] and Sergei Yemelyanov

'''May 23 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 10|NASA Group 10]] – ''The Maggots'' (USA)'''

:Pilots: [[Kenneth D. Cameron|Kenneth Cameron]], [[John Casper]], [[Frank Culbertson]], [[Sidney Gutierrez]], [[Blaine Hammond]], [[Michael McCulley]], [[James Wetherbee]]

:Mission specialists: [[James C. Adamson|James Adamson]], [[Ellen S. Baker|Ellen Baker]], [[Mark N. Brown|Mark Brown]], [[Sonny Carter]], [[Marsha Ivins]], [[Mark C. Lee|Mark Lee]], [[G. David Low|David Low]], [[William Shepherd]], [[Kathryn Thornton]], [[Charles Veach|Charles "Lacy" Veach]]

:Of this group, William Shepherd would become the commander of the first [[International Space Station]] crew (''[[Expedition 1]]''). James Wetherbee would become the only person to command five spaceflight missions. Sonny Carter died in 1991 in a plane crash while on NASA business.

'''June 12 – The third group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)'''

Victor Zabolotski.

==1985==
'''April –  Saudi Arabia'''
:[[Sultan bin Salman Al Saud]] and [[Abdulmohsen Al-Bassam]] 

:Al Saud flew aboard {{OV|103}} in 1985 as a [[payload specialist]] on mission [[STS-51-G]] which delivered [[Arabsat-1B]] to orbit. He became the first [[Arab]], the first [[Muslim]], and the first member of a [[royal family]] to travel to space. Al-Bassam was his backup. 

'''May – ISRO Insat Group (India)'''

:Nagapathi Chidambar Bhat and [[P. Radhakrishnan (scientist)|Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan Nair]].

:Although selected to fly on the Space Shuttle, none of the group members flew due to the ''Challenger'' disaster of 1986. Bhat was assigned to a [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions#STS-61-I|shuttle flight]] that was cancelled in the wake of ''Challenger''.

'''June (Mexico)'''

:[[Rodolfo Neri Vela]], [[Ricardo Peralta y Fabi]]

:Note: Neri Vela flew on Shuttle mission STS-61-B, in November 1985.

'''June 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 11|NASA Group 11]] (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Michael A. Baker]], [[Robert D. Cabana]], [[Brian Duffy (astronaut)|Brian Duffy]], [[Terence Henricks]], [[Stephen Oswald]], [[Stephen Thorne (astronaut)|Stephen Thorne]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Jerome Apt]], [[Charles Gemar]], [[Linda Godwin]], [[Richard Hieb]], [[Tamara Jernigan]], [[Carl Meade]], [[Pierre Thuot]]

:<nowiki>* Thorne was killed in the crash of a private airplane before his first flight assignment.</nowiki>

'''July 19 – NASA [[Teacher in Space Project|Teacher in Space]] Program (USA)'''

:[[Christa McAuliffe]], [[Barbara Morgan]]

:McAuliffe and Morgan were selected as the prime and backup Payload Specialists for the [[STS-51-L]] mission in 1985. McAuliffe was killed in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], 73 seconds after liftoff. Morgan would later join the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1998. She flew on the [[STS-118]] mission in 2007, 21 years after ''Challenger''.

'''August 1 – 1985 [[NASDA]] Group (Japan)'''

:[[Mamoru Mohri]], [[Chiaki Mukai]], [[Takao Doi]]

'''August – USAF [[Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program]] – Group 3'''<ref name="cassutt1989">Cassutt, Michael. "[http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/spaceflight/31/mse.html The Manned Space Flight Engineer Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230225623/http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/spaceflight/31/mse.html |date=2008-12-30 }}" ''Spaceflight'', January 1989.</ref> ('''USA''')

:Joseph J. Caretto, Robert B. Crombie, Frank M. DeArmond, David P. Staib Jr., Teresa M. Stevens

'''September 2 – [[State Red Banner Scientific Research Institute|GKNII–2]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–7]] Cosmonaut Group''' ('''USSR''')
:GKNII: [[Viktor Mikhaylovich Afanasyev|Viktor Afanasyev]], [[Anatoly Artsebarsky]], [[Gennadi Manakov]]
:NPOE: [[Sergei Krikalyov]], [[Andrei Zaytsev (cosmonaut)|Andrei Zaytsev]]

'''September 18 – CNES Group 2 (France)'''

:[[Claudie André-Deshays|Claudie André–Deshays]], [[Jean-François Clervoy|Jean–François Clervoy]], [[Jean-Jacques Favier|Jean–Jacques Favier]], [[Jean-Pierre Haigneré|Jean–Pierre Haigneré]], [[Frédéric Patat]], [[Michel Tognini]], [[Michel Viso]]

'''September 30 – 1985 Intercosmos Group (Syria)'''

:[[Muhammed Ahmed Faris]], [[Munir Habib Habib]]

'''October – Indonesian Palapa Group (Indonesia)'''

:[[Taufik Akbar]], [[Pratiwi Sudarmono]]

:Due to the ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'' accident, none of the group members flew in space. Sudarmono was assigned to a [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions#STS-61-H|shuttle flight in 1986]], with Akbar as her backup.

'''December 27 – ATLAS–1 (ESA)'''

:[[Dirk D. Frimout]] (Belgium)

'''IMBD (USSR)'''

[[:ru:Отряд космонавтов ИМБП]]

==1986==
'''January 2 – The fourth group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)'''

Sergey Tresvyatski and Yuri Schaeffer.

:Per the June 5, 1987 decision of the Interdepartmental Qualification Committee (IAC), all Buran test pilots were awarded the qualification ''test cosmonaut''.

==1987==
'''January 5 – Shipka Group (Bulgaria)'''

:[[Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov|Aleksandr Aleksandrov]] and Krasimir Stoyanov

'''March 26 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–8]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE-8]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''

[[:ru:8-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1987)]]

:TsPK: [[Valery Korzun]], [[Vladimir Dezhurov]], [[Yuri Gidzenko]], [[Yuri Malenchenko]], [[Vasily Tsibliyev]]
:NPOE: [[Sergei Avdeyev]]

'''June 5 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 12|NASA Group 12]] – ''The GAFFers'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Andrew M. Allen]], [[Kenneth Bowersox]], [[Curtis Brown]], [[Kevin Chilton]], [[Donald McMonagle]], [[William Readdy]], [[Kenneth Reightler]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Thomas Akers]], [[Jan Davis]], [[Michael Foale]], [[Gregory Harbaugh]], [[Mae Jemison]], [[Bruce Melnick]], [[Mario Runco]], [[James S. Voss|James Voss]]

:The group's informal nickname is an acronym for "[[George Abbey (NASA)|George Abbey]] Final Fifteen." Of this group, Mae Jemison would become the first female African-American in space, while Michael Foale would serve on extended missions to both [[Mir]] and the [[International Space Station]], as well as a mission to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].
:At the time of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster|''Columbia'' accident]] in 2003, William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox was commanding the ''[[Expedition 6]]'' crew on the ISS. Chilton, after leaving NASA, became the first NASA astronaut to become a [[4 star rank|General]] (O-10) in the [[U.S. Air Force|US Air Force]] (Lt. Gen. [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Thomas Stafford]], USAF, and VADM [[Richard Truly]], USN were three-star officers) and held the position of commander, [[U.S. Strategic Command|US Strategic Command]].

'''August 3 – 1987 German Group'''

:[[Renate Brümmer]], [[Hans Schlegel]], [[Gerhard Thiele]], [[Heike Walpot]], [[Ulrich Walter]]

==1988==
'''February 12 – OS "Mir" Group (Afghanistan)'''

:[[Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum]], [[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]]

'''Air Force Group 9 (USSR)'''

[[:ru:9-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1988)]]

==1989==
'''January 25 – [[Institute of Medical and Biological Problems|IMBP–5]]/[[State Red Banner Scientific Research Institute|GKNII–3]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–9]]/[[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–10]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''

[[:ru:10-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1989)]]

:IMBP: ([[:ru:Отряд космонавтов ИМБП]]) [[Vladimir Karashtin]], [[Vasili Lukiyanyuk]], [[Boris Morukov]]
:GNKII: [[Anatoli Polonsky]], [[Valeri Tokarev]], [[Aleksandr Yablontsev]]
:NPOE: [[Nikolai Budarin]], [[Yelena Kondakova]], [[Aleksandr Poleshchuk]], [[Yury Usachov]]
:TsPK: [[Sergei Kirchevsky]], [[Gennady Padalka]], [[Yury Onufriyenko]]

'''22 March – The last group of test pilots for the Buran project – Gromov Flight Research Institute group) (USSR)'''

:[[Yuri Prikhodko]]
:Officially, the cosmonaut corps LII (Letno-ispitatelny Institut = Flight Research Institute) ceased to exist in 2002, having gone through a long period of inactivity since the closure of the Buran program in 1993. Of all those selected and trained, only two cosmonauts traveled to space: [[Igor Volk]] and [[Anatoly Levchenko]]. More information about the Buran space flight program and Soyuz-Savior, the ''Soyuz-spasatel'' program and its cosmonauts, who were trained to fly in space, can be found on the Buran program website.<ref name="crewsofbruan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |title=Экипажи "Бурана" Несбывшиеся планы |trans-title=Crews of 'Buran': Unfulfilled Plans |language=ru |access-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115083953/http://buran.ru/htm/pilots.htm |archive-date=15 November 2023 |website=www.buran.ru }}</ref>

'''May 23 – 1989 Italian Group'''
:[[Franco Malerba]], [[Franco Rossitto]], [[Umberto Guidoni]], [[Cristiano Batalli Cosmovici]]

'''September 29 – ATLAS Payload Specialists (NASA)'''
:[[Charles R. Chappell]], [[Michael Lampton]], [[Byron K. Lichtenberg]]

'''November 25 – Project Juno (UK-Soviet Union)'''
:[[Helen Sharman]] (UK) and Timothy Mace (UK)
:Sharman became the first British-born person to go into space onboard [[Soyuz TM-12]] in May 1991.

==1990==
'''January 17 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 13|NASA Group 13]] – ''The Hairballs'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Kenneth Cockrell]], [[Eileen Collins]], [[William G. Gregory]], [[James Halsell]], [[Charles Precourt]], [[Richard Searfoss]], [[Terrence Wilcutt]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Daniel Bursch]], [[Leroy Chiao]], [[Michael R. Clifford]], [[Bernard Harris]], [[Susan Helms]], [[Thomas David Jones]], [[William S. McArthur|William McArthur]], [[James H. Newman|James Newman]], [[Ellen Ochoa]], [[Ronald Sega]], [[Nancy Currie]], [[Donald A. Thomas]], [[Janice Voss]], [[Carl E. Walz]], [[Peter Wisoff]], [[David Wolf (astronaut)|David Wolf]]

:Collins would go on to be the first female shuttle pilot, the first female shuttle commander, and then commander of the second "[[STS-114|Return to Flight]]" mission in 2005. The "Hairballs" nickname, according to Jones in his book ''Sky Walking'', came after the group, the 13th NASA astronaut class, put a black cat on its group patch.

'''February – CNES Group 3 (France)'''

:[[Léopold Eyharts]], [[Jean-Marc Gasparini]], [[Philippe Perrin]], [[Benoit Silve]]

: Group 3 was the last group of CNES astronauts chosen. In 1999, all remaining active CNES astronauts were transferred to the ESA Astronaut Corps.

'''May 11 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–11]] Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)'''

[[:ru:11-й набор космонавтов ЦПК ВВС (1990)]]

:[[Talgat Musabayev]], [[Vladimir Severin]], [[Salizhan Sharipov]], [[Sergei Vozovikov]], [[Sergei Zalyotin]]

'''October 8 – 1990 German Group'''

:[[Reinhold Ewald]], [[Klaus-Dietrich Flade|Klaus–Dietrich Flade]]

==1992==
'''March 3 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE-10]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:[[Aleksandr Lazutkin]], [[Sergei Treshchov]], [[Pavel Vinogradov]]

'''March 31 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 14|NASA Group 14]] – ''The Hogs'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Scott Horowitz]], [[Brent Jett]], [[Kevin Kregel]], [[Kent Rominger]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Daniel T. Barry]], [[Charles E. Brady Jr.|Charles Brady]], [[Catherine Coleman]], [[Michael Gernhardt]], [[John Grunsfeld]], [[Wendy Lawrence]], [[Jerry Linenger]], [[Richard Linnehan]], [[Michael Lopez-Alegria]], [[Scott Parazynski]], [[Winston E. Scott]], [[Steven Smith (astronaut)|Steven Smith]], [[Joseph R. Tanner|Joseph Tanner]], [[Andy Thomas]], [[Mary Weber]]

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Marc Garneau]] (Canada), [[Chris Hadfield]] (Canada), [[Maurizio Cheli]] (Italy), [[Jean-François Clervoy]] (France), [[Koichi Wakata]] (Japan)

:Beginning with this group, non-US astronauts representing their home country's space agencies were brought in and trained alongside their NASA counterparts as full-fledged mission specialists, eligible to be assigned to any shuttle mission.

'''April – 1992 NASDA Group (Japan)'''
:[[Koichi Wakata]]

'''June – CSA Group 2 (Canada)'''
:[[Dafydd Williams]], [[Julie Payette]], [[Chris Hadfield]] and [[Michael McKay (astronaut)|Michael McKay]]

:The second Canadian astronaut group were selected by CSA. McKay was selected as an alternate after Robert Stewart left the Canadian Space Agency program to accept a position at the [[University of Calgary]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lowey |first1=Mark |title=Calgary astronaut bows out |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |date=July 4, 1992 |page=B4 |id={{ProQuest|2263051201}}}}</ref> All the astronauts flew on the US Space Shuttle except Michael McKay, who resigned due to medical reasons.

'''May 15 – 1992 ESA Group (ESA)'''

:[[Maurizio Cheli]] (Italy), [[Jean-François Clervoy|Jean–François Clervoy]] (France), [[Pedro Duque]] (Spain), [[Christer Fuglesang]] (Sweden), [[Marianne Merchez]] (Belgium), [[Thomas Reiter]] (Germany)

==1994==
'''April 1 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|NPOE–11]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
: [[Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya]], [[Mikhail Tyurin]]

'''December 12 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 15|NASA Group 15]] – ''The Flying Escargot'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Scott Altman]], [[Jeffrey Ashby]], [[Michael J. Bloomfield|Michael Bloomfield]], [[Joe F. Edwards Jr.|Joe Edwards]], [[Dominic Gorie]], [[Rick Husband]], [[Steven Lindsey]], [[Pamela Melroy]], [[Susan L. Kilrain|Susan (Still) Kilrain]], [[Frederick Sturckow]].

:'''Mission''' '''specialists''': [[Michael P. Anderson|Michael Anderson]], [[Kalpana Chawla]], [[Robert Curbeam]], [[Kathryn Hire]], [[Janet L. Kavandi|Janet Kavandi]], [[Edward Lu]], [[Carlos Noriega]], [[James F. Reilly|James Reilly]], [[Stephen Robinson]].

:'''International mission specialists:''' [[Jean-Loup Chrétien|Jean–Loup Chrétien]] (France), [[Takao Doi]] (Japan), [[Michel Tognini]] (France), [[Dafydd Williams]] (Canada).

:Husband, Anderson and Chawla were crewmembers on the final [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'']] mission. Chrétien trained as a backup Spacelab crew member in the 1980s and flew on both US and Soviet/Russian spacecraft, along with being the first non-US or Soviet/Russian astronaut to perform a [[space walk]].

==1996==
'''February 9 – [[Russian Federal Space Agency|MKS]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE–12]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:MKS: [[Oleg Kotov]], [[Yuri Shargin]]
:RKKE: [[Konstantin Kozeyev]], [[Sergei Revin]]

'''March 26 – MKS supplemental cosmonaut group (Russia)'''
:[[Oleg Kononenko]]

'''May 1 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 16|NASA Group 16]] – ''The Sardines'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Duane G. Carey]], [[Stephen Frick]], [[Charles O. Hobaugh]], [[James M. Kelly (astronaut)|James M. Kelly]], [[Mark Kelly (astronaut)|Mark Kelly]], [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott Kelly]], [[Paul Lockhart]], [[Christopher Loria]], [[William Cameron McCool]], [[Mark L. Polansky]].

:'''Mission specialists''': [[David McDowell Brown]], [[Daniel C. Burbank]], [[Yvonne Cagle]], [[Fernando Caldeiro]], [[Charles Camarda]], [[Laurel Clark]], [[Michael Fincke]], [[Patrick G. Forrester]], [[John Herrington]], [[Joan Higginbotham]], [[Sandra Magnus]], [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Richard Mastracchio]], [[Lee Morin]], [[Lisa Nowak]], [[Donald Pettit]], [[John L. Phillips]], [[Paul W. Richards]], [[Piers Sellers]], [[Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper]], [[Daniel M. Tani]], [[Rex J. Walheim]], [[Peggy Whitson]], [[Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)|Jeffrey Williams]], [[Stephanie Wilson]].

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Pedro Duque]] (Spain), [[Christer Fuglesang]] (Sweden), [[Umberto Guidoni]] (Italy), [[Steve MacLean (astronaut)|Steve MacLean]] (Canada), [[Mamoru Mohri]] (Japan), [[Soichi Noguchi]] (Japan), [[Julie Payette]] (Canada), [[Philippe Perrin]] (France), [[Gerhard Thiele]] (Germany).

:Brown, Clark and McCool were crewmembers on the final [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'']] mission. Mark and Scott Kelly are twin brothers; James Kelly is not related. Loria resigned from his shuttle mission due to injury and never flew before retiring from the astronaut corps. Nowak, who flew on [[STS-121]], was arrested on February 5, 2007, after confronting a woman entangled in a [[love triangle]] with a fellow astronaut. She was dismissed by NASA on March 6, the first astronaut to be both grounded and dismissed (prior astronauts who were grounded due to non-medical issues usually resigned or retired).

'''June – NASDA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Soichi Noguchi]]

'''October – China Group 1996 (China)'''

:[[Li Qinglong]], [[Wu Jie]]

: Trained at [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]], joined other twelve pilots as Chinese Group 1 in 1998.

'''November – Shuttle-97 Group (Ukraine)'''

:[[Leonid Kadeniuk]], [[Yaroslav Pustovyi]]

==1997==
'''April (?) – Shuttle Group (Israel)'''<ref name="israeli-astronauts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_isral/as_isral_0.htm |title=Астронавты Израиля |trans-title=Astronauts of Israel |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127112322/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_isral/as_isral_0.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=www.astronaut.ru }}</ref>
:[[Yitzhak Mayo]], [[Ilan Ramon]]

:Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut to fly in space and also a Payload Specialist on the final mission of [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] ([[STS-107]]).

'''July 28 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK–12]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-13]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:TsPK: [[Dmitri Kondratyev]], [[Yury Lonchakov]], [[Sergei Moshchenko]], [[Oleg Moshkin]], [[Roman Romanenko]], [[Aleksandr Skvortsov (cosmonaut)|Aleksandr Skvortsov]], [[Maksim Surayev]], [[Konstantin Valkov]], [[Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov|Sergey Volkov]]
:RKKE: [[Oleg Skripochka]], [[Fyodor Yurchikhin]]

==1998==
'''January – Chinese Group 1 (China)'''

:[[Chen Quan]], [[Deng Qingming]], [[Fei Junlong]], [[Jing Haipeng]], [[Li Qinglong]], [[Liu Boming (astronaut)|Liu Boming]], [[Liu Wang]], [[Nie Haisheng]], [[Pan Zhanchun]], [[Wu Jie]], [[Yang Liwei]], [[Zhai Zhigang]], [[Zhang Xiaoguang]], [[Zhao Chuandong]]
::In October 2003, Yang Liwei became the first man to be sent into space by the [[space program of China]], and his mission, ''[[Shenzhou 5]]'', made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space.

::In 2014, Chen Quan, Li Qinglong, Pan Zhanchun, Wu Jie and Zhao Chuandong retired from the corps due to age without having flown a mission.

'''February 24 – [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-14]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:[[Mikhail Korniyenko]]

'''March 2 – OS "Mir" Stefanik Group (Slovakia)'''

:[[Ivan Bella]], [[Michal Fulier]]

'''June 4 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 17|NASA Group 17]] – ''The Penguins'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Lee Archambault]], [[Christopher Ferguson]], [[Kenneth Ham]], [[Gregory C. Johnson]], [[Gregory H. Johnson]], [[William Oefelein]], [[Alan G. Poindexter|Alan Poindexter]], [[George Zamka]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Clayton Anderson]], [[Tracy Caldwell]], [[Gregory Chamitoff]], [[Timothy Creamer]], [[Michael Foreman (astronaut)|Michael Foreman]], [[Michael E. Fossum]], [[Stanley G. Love|Stanley Love]], [[Leland D. Melvin|Leland Melvin]], [[Barbara Morgan]], [[John D. Olivas]], [[Nicholas Patrick]], [[Garrett Reisman]], [[Patricia Robertson]], [[Steven Swanson]], [[Douglas H. Wheelock|Douglas Wheelock]], [[Sunita Williams]], [[Neil Woodward]]

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Léopold Eyharts]] (France), [[Paolo Nespoli]] (Italy), [[Marcos Pontes]] (Brazil), [[Hans Schlegel]] (Germany), [[Robert Thirsk]] (Canada), [[Bjarni Tryggvason]] (Canada), [[Roberto Vittori]] (Italy)

::This group includes Barbara Morgan, who was the backup "Teacher-In-Space" for [[Christa McAuliffe]] of the ill-fated [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]] Disaster in 1986. While often referred to as an Educator Astronaut, Morgan was selected by NASA as a mission specialist before the [[Educator Astronaut Project]] was formed.<ref name="bio1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/morgan_barbara.pdf |title=Barbara Radding Morgan |date=July 2010 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120170036/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/morgan_barbara.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref>
::[[Patricia Robertson]] (née Hilliard) was killed in the crash of a private airplane before she was assigned to a Shuttle mission.
:: Oefelein was dismissed from NASA in 2007 due to his involvement in a love triangle with fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak.

'''October 7 – 1998 ESA Group (ESA)'''

:[[Frank De Winne]] (Belgium), [[Léopold Eyharts]] (France), [[André Kuipers]] (Netherlands), [[Paolo A. Nespoli|Paolo Nespoli]] (Italy), [[Hans Schlegel]] (Germany), [[Roberto Vittori]] (Italy)

==1999==
'''February – 1999 NASDA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Satoshi Furukawa]], [[Akihiko Hoshide]], [[Naoko Yamazaki|Naoko Sumino]]

'''1 November – 1999 ESA Group (Europe)'''

:[[Claudie André-Deshays]], [[Philippe Perrin]], [[Michel Tognini]]

:The three remaining CNES (France) astronauts transferred to the ESA's astronaut corps in 1999.

==2000==
'''July 26 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 18|NASA Group 18]] – ''The Bugs'' (USA)'''

:Pilots: [[Dominic A. Antonelli]], [[Eric A. Boe]], [[Kevin A. Ford]], [[Ronald J. Garan Jr.]], [[Douglas G. Hurley]], [[Terry W. Virts, Jr.|Terry W. Virts Jr.]], [[Barry E. Wilmore]]

:Mission specialists: [[Michael R. Barratt]], [[Robert L. Behnken]], [[Stephen G. Bowen]], [[B. Alvin Drew]], [[Andrew J. Feustel]], [[Michael T. Good]], [[Timothy L. Kopra]], [[K. Megan McArthur]], [[Karen L. Nyberg]], [[Nicole P. Stott]]

==2003==
'''May 23 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK-13]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-15]]/[[Institute of Medical and Biological Problems|IMBP-6]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''
:TsPK: [[Anatoli Ivanishin]], [[Aleksandr Samokutyayev]], [[Anton Shkaplerov]], [[Evgeny Tarelkin]], [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhukov|Sergei Zhukov]]
:RKKE: [[Oleg Artemyev]], [[Andrei Borisenko]], [[Mark Serov]]
:IMBP: ([[:ru:Отряд космонавтов ИМБП]]) [[Sergey Ryazansky]]

'''Kazakhstan – Group 1'''
:[[Aydyn Aimbetov]], [[Mukhtar Aymakhanov]]<ref name="ru-class-2003">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2003/start.htm |title=Набор 2003 года |trans-title=Class of 2003 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127112559/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2003/start.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref>

'''September 11 – [[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne|SpaceShipOne]] (Commercial Astronauts) (USA)'''<ref name="test1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/astrogrp/tessites.htm|title=Test Pilots|access-date=October 27, 2007|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|year=2007|author=Encyclopedia Astronautica |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203330/http://www.astronautix.com/astrogrp/tessites.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = September 30, 2007}}</ref>
:[[Brian Binnie]], [[Mike Melvill]], [[Doug Shane]], [[Peter Siebold]]<ref name="xp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagegallery/igviewer.php?imgid=1858&gid=154 |title=X Prize: The Competition is Heating Up |access-date=October 27, 2007 |publisher=Space.com |author=Space.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524044812/http://www.space.com/php/multimedia/imagegallery/igviewer.php?imgid=1858&gid=154 |archive-date=May 24, 2009 }}</ref>
:'''* 2003''' marked the first group of [[commercial astronaut]]s. Only Binnie and Melville reached space, during a SpaceShipOne flight. Siebold has also piloted [[SpaceShipTwo]], but no flights have yet reached space.

==2004==
'''May 6 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 19|NASA Group 19]] – ''The Peacocks'' (USA)'''

:'''Pilots''': [[Randolph Bresnik]], [[James Dutton (astronaut)|James Dutton]]

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Thomas Marshburn]], [[Christopher Cassidy]], [[R. Shane Kimbrough]], [[José M. Hernández]], [[Robert Satcher]], [[Shannon Walker]]

:'''Educator mission specialists''': [[Joseph M. Acaba]], [[Richard R. Arnold]], [[Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger|Dorothy Metcalf–Lindenburger]]

:'''International mission specialists''': [[Satoshi Furukawa]] (Japan), [[Akihiko Hoshide]] (Japan), [[Naoko Yamazaki]] (Japan)

:This group was the first to include [[Educator Astronaut Project|educator mission specialists]], and the last group to train for [[Space Shuttle]] flights.

==2006==
'''March 30 – [[Virgin Galactic]] Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref name="asiatt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news06/303-SpaceTravel.shtml |title=Virgin Atlantic Pilots offered chance to become Astronauts |date=30 March 2006 |publisher=Travel News Asia |access-date=27 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608081614/https://www.asiatraveltips.com/news06/303-SpaceTravel.shtml |archive-date=8 June 2023 }}</ref>

:[[Steve Johnson (astronaut pilot)|Steve Johnson]], [[Alistair Hoy]], [[David Mackay (pilot)|David MacKay]], [[Alex Tai]]

'''September 4 – [[Angkasawan program|Angkasawan Group]] ([[Malaysia]])'''<ref name="angkasawan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmail.com.my/Current_News/mm/Weekend/Hotnews/20071027111145/Article/index_html|title=Angkasawan: Space is only the beginning|access-date=October 27, 2007|publisher=The Malay Mail|year=2007|author=Sushma Veera|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028130926/http://www.mmail.com.my/Current_News/mm/Weekend/Hotnews/20071027111145/Article/index_html|archive-date=October 28, 2007}}</ref>

:[[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], [[Faiz Khaleed]], [[S. Vanajah|Siva Vanajah]], [[Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin]]
:In 2006, four Malaysians were chosen to train for a flight to the International Space Station through the [[Angkasawan program]]. Sheikh Muszaphar became the first Malaysian in space when he flew aboard [[Soyuz TMA-11]].

'''October 11 – [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center|TsPK-14]]/[[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKKE-16]] Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''

:TsPK: [[Aleksandr Misurkin]], [[Oleg Novitskiy]], [[Aleksey Ovchinin]], [[Maksim Ponomaryov]], [[Sergey Nikolayevich Ryzhikov|Sergey Ryzhikov]]
:RKKE: [[Yelena Serova]], [[Nikolai Tikhonov (cosmonaut)|Nikolai Tikhonov]]

'''December 25 – [[Korean Astronaut Program]] Group'''

:[[Yi So-yeon]], [[Ko San]]
:Ko San was chosen as the prime candidate over Yi So-yeon in September 2007. Yi So-yeon became prime candidate in March 2008 and made a trip to the ISS with the agency that year.

==2008==
'''July – [[Virgin Galactic]] Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref name="ru-virgin-galactic">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/suborb/as_virgn/as_virgn.htm |title=Virgin Galactic |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609011258/https://astronaut.ru/suborb/as_virgn/as_virgn.htm |archive-date=9 June 2023 |website=www.astronaut.ru }}</ref>

:[[Robert Bendall]], [[Rich Dancaster]], Brad Lambert

==2009==
'''February 25 – JAXA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Takuya Onishi]], [[Kimiya Yui]]

'''May 13 – CSA Group (Canada)'''

:[[Jeremy Hansen]], [[David Saint-Jacques]]

'''May 20 – ESA Group – ''The Shenanigans'' (ESA)'''<ref name="esa-next-generation">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/ESA_prepares_for_the_next_generation_of_human_spaceflight_and_exploration_by_recruiting_a_new_class_of_European_astronauts |title=ESA prepares for the next generation of human spaceflight and exploration by recruiting a new class of European astronauts |date=20 May 2009 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525091145/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/ESA_prepares_for_the_next_generation_of_human_spaceflight_and_exploration_by_recruiting_a_new_class_of_European_astronauts |archive-date=25 May 2023 }}</ref>

:[[Samantha Cristoforetti]] (Italy), [[Alexander Gerst]] (Germany), [[Andreas Mogensen]] (Denmark), [[Luca Parmitano]] (Italy), [[Timothy Peake]] (United Kingdom), [[Thomas Pesquet]] (France).
:8413 applications were received. Of those, 1430 (17%) were women. The most common first citizenship of the applicants was France (22.1%), Germany (21.4%), Italy (11.0%), the United Kingdom (9.8%), and Spain (9.4%).<ref name="esa-all-states">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/Applicants_from_all_ESA_Member_States_to_become_European_astronauts |title=Applicants from all ESA Member States to become European astronauts |date=23 June 2008 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123192933/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/Applicants_from_all_ESA_Member_States_to_become_European_astronauts |archive-date=23 November 2023 }}</ref>

'''June 29 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 20|NASA Group 20]] – ''Chumps''<ref name="cSchumps">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100809a.html |title=NASA's new astronaut class: call them the "Chumps" |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530011144/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100809a.html |archive-date=30 May 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref> (USA)'''

:'''Mission specialists''': [[Serena M. Auñón]], [[Jeanette J. Epps]], [[Jack D. Fischer]], [[Michael S. Hopkins]], [[Kjell N. Lindgren]], [[Kathleen Rubins|Kathleen (Kate) Rubins]], [[Scott D. Tingle]], [[Mark T. Vande Hei]], [[Gregory R. Wiseman|Gregory R. (Reid) Wiseman]]
:'''International mission specialists''': [[Jeremy Hansen]] (Canada), [[Norishige Kanai]] (Japan), [[Takuya Onishi]] (Japan), [[David Saint-Jacques]] (Canada), [[Kimiya Yui]] (Japan)
:NASA selected the nine members of Group 20 from over 3500 applicants.<ref name="newclass">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/ascans2009.html |title=NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration |date=29 June 2009 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=29 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801162824/http://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/ascans2009.html |archive-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref> The NASA candidates were announced in June; international astronauts were added later that year. This was the first group of astronauts chosen for the post-Space Shuttle era and not trained to fly the Shuttle. Fischer, Tingle, and Wiseman were selected as pilots, but there is currently no distinction between pilots and non-pilots: all are considered mission specialists.

'''September 8 – JAXA Group (Japan)'''

:[[Norishige Kanai]]

==2010==
'''March – Chinese Group 2 (China)'''<ref name="spacefacts-groups">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/english/groups.htm |title=Selection groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113605/http://www.spacefacts.de/english/groups.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=Spacefacts }}</ref>
:[[Cai Xuzhe]], [[Chen Dong (astronaut)|Chen Dong]], [[Liu Yang (astronaut)|Liu Yang]], [[Tang Hongbo]], [[Wang Yaping]], [[Ye Guangfu]], [[Zhang Lu (astronaut)|Zhang Lu]]

'''April 12 – [[#Association of Spaceflight Professionals|Association of Spaceflight Professionals]] – Group 1<ref name="Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps22">[https://books.google.com/books?id=o1JLxAHE68cC "Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps,"] accessed August 31, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/04/press-release-astronauts4hire-launches.html|title=Astronauts for Hire Launches|date=2013-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602090901/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/04/press-release-astronauts4hire-launches.html|archive-date=2013-06-02|url-status=usurped|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Citation|last=Neal|first=Valerie|chapter=Astronauts: Reinventing the Right Stuff|date=2017-06-27|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300206517|doi=10.12987/yale/9780300206517.003.0003|title=Spaceflight in the Shuttle Era and Beyond}}</ref>

: Jim Crowell, Bruce Davis, Kristine Ferrone, Amnon Govrin, Chad Healy, Ryan Kobrick, Joseph Palaia, Luís Saraiva, Brian Shiro, Laura Stiles, Veronica Ann Zabala-Aliberto

'''June 7 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 2 (Commercial Astronauts)'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/06/press-release-astronauts4hire-expands.html|title=Association of Spaceflight Professionals expands its team of Commercial Astronaut Candidates|newspaper=Odyssey Magazine|date=2011-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808031715/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2010/06/press-release-astronauts4hire-expands.html|archive-date=2011-08-08|url-status=usurped|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>

: Ben Corbin, José Miguel Hurtado, Jr, Jason Reimuller, Todd Romberger, [[Erik Seedhouse]], Alli Taylor

'''October 12 – TsPK-15/RKKE-17/RKKE-18 Cosmonaut Group''' '''(Russia)'''<ref name="astronote-classof2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2008/start.htm |title=Набор 2010 года |trans-title=Class of 2010 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123032633/http://astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2008/start.htm |archive-date=23 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmonaut Selection: RKKE-17 Selection |url=http://spacefacts.de/groups/english/ene17.htm |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=spacefacts.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmonaut Selection: TsPK / VVS-15, RKKE-18 |url=http://spacefacts.de/groups/english/vvs15.htm |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=spacefacts.de}}</ref>

:TsPK-15: Aleksey Khomenchuk (withdrawn), [[Denis Matveev]], [[Sergey Prokopyev (cosmonaut)|Sergey Prokopyev]]
:RKKE-17: [[Andrei Babkin]] (never flew), [[Sergey Kud-Sverchkov]]
:RKKE-18: [[Ivan Vagner]], Svyatoslav Morozov (withdrawn)

==2011==
'''January–February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos astronauts (Russia)'''<ref name="gctc-classes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=128 |title=Наборы в отряд космонавтов |trans-title=Selections for the Cosmonaut Squad |publisher=[[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010101712/https://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=128 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=www.gctc.ru }}</ref>
:[[Oleg Artemyev]], [[Andrei Babkin]], [[Ivan Vagner]], [[Andrei Borisenko]], [[Sergei Aleksandrovich Zhukov|Sergei Zhukov]], [[Oleg Kononenko]], [[Mikhail Kornienko]], [[Sergey Kud-Sverchkov]], [[Svyatoslav Morozov]], [[Sergei Revin]], [[Sergey Ryazansky]], [[Yelena Serova]], [[Nikolai Tikhonov (cosmonaut)|Nikolai Tikhonov]].

From 1 January 2011 at the Research Institute of the Y. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is a single detachment of the Russian Space Agency astronauts, which in 2015 consisted of 38 people. The next set of candidates was announced at the beginning of 2016,<ref name="tass-20150803">{{Cite news |url=https://tass.ru/info/2161502 |title=Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А. Гагарина. Досье |trans-title=Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. Dossier |date=3 August 2015 |publisher=[[TASS]] |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127114112/https://tass.ru/info/2161502 |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> then postponed until 2017.<ref name="astronote-classof2018">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2016/start.htm |title=Набор 2018 года |trans-title=Class of 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127114340/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2016/start.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref> In September 2016, the unit counted 31 astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/|title=Космическая энциклопедия ASTROnote|website=www.astronaut.ru}}</ref>

'''February 28 –''' '''Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group''' '''3'''<ref name="2-28-2011 Press Release2">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110312234312/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2011/02/press-release-astronauts4hire-announces_28.html Astronauts for Hire Announces Selection of New Flight Members – Feb 28, 2011]}}, accessed March 5, 2011.</ref>

: [[Christopher Altman]], Jon-Erik Dahlin, [[Melania Guerra]], Mindy Howard, Kris Lehnhardt, Abhishek Tripathi, Cosan Unuvar, Pavel Zagadailov, Luis Zea

'''October 26 – [[Virgin Galactic]] Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref name="forbes-20111027">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/10/27/virgin-galactic-selects-its-first-astronaut-pilot/ |title=Virgin Galactic Selects Its First Astronaut Pilot |last=Knapp |first=Alex |date=27 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185956/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/10/27/virgin-galactic-selects-its-first-astronaut-pilot/?sh=63eaf562c89e |archive-date=7 June 2023 |magazine=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>

:[[Keith Colmer]]

==2012==
'''February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos cosmonauts (Russia)'''
:[[Fyodor Yurchikhin]]

'''October 30 – 2012 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''<ref name="astronote-classof2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2012/start.htm |title=Набор 2012 года |trans-title=Class of 2012 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127114404/https://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/2012/start.htm |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia }}</ref>

:Finalists: [[Oleg Blinov]] (did not fly), [[Nikolay Chub]], [[Pyotr Dubrov]], [[Andrey Fedyaev]], [[Ignat Ignatov]], [[Anna Kikina]], [[Sergey Korsakov (cosmonaut)|Sergey Korsakov]], [[Dmitriy Petelin]]

==2013==
'''May 8 Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/news/item/virgin-galactic-adds-two-pilots-to-commercial-flight-team/ |title=News – VIRGIN GALACTIC ADDS TWO PILOTS TO COMMERCIAL FLIGHT TEAM &#124; Virgin Galactic |access-date=2013-05-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510215546/http://www.virgingalactic.com/news/item/virgin-galactic-adds-two-pilots-to-commercial-flight-team/ |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref>
:[[Frederick W. Sturckow]] (former NASA astronaut), [[Michael "Sooch" Masucci]]

'''June 3 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 4'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2013/06/press-release-astronauts-for-hire-adds.html|title=Association of Spaceflight Professionals Adds Six New Commercial Astronaut Candidates|date=2013-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610103457/http://www.astronauts4hire.org/2013/06/press-release-astronauts-for-hire-adds.html|archive-date=2013-06-10|url-status=usurped|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>

: David Ballinger, Jessica Cherry, Michael Gallagher, Jamie Guined, Tanya Markow-Estes, Aaron Persad

'''June 17 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 21|NASA Group 21]] – ''8-Balls'''''<ref name="collectspace-20130820">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082013a.html |title=NASA's new astronaut class, the "8 Balls", reports for training |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=20 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713075949/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082013a.html |archive-date=13 July 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref> ('''US)'''

:[[Josh A. Cassada]], [[Victor J. Glover]], [[Tyler N. Hague]], [[Christina M. Hammock]], [[Nicole Aunapu Mann]], [[Anne C. McClain]], [[Jessica U. Meir]], [[Andrew R. Morgan]]

==2014==
'''July 24 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''

: [[Todd Ericson]]<ref>[http://www.virgingalactic.com/press/virgin-galactic-announces-todd-ericson-space-pilot/ Virgin Galactic Announces Todd Ericson as Space Pilot<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

'''August 14 – Individual set into a United detachment of Roscosmos astronauts (Russia)'''

:[[Mukhtar Aimakhanov]]

==2015==
'''January 23 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)'''

: [[Mark Stucky]]<ref>[http://www.virgingalactic.com/press/virgin-galactic-appoints-mark-stucky-pilot/ Virgin Galactic Appoints Mark Stucky as Pilot – Virgin Galactic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

'''July – ESA Astronaut Corps'''

: [[Matthias Maurer]]

'''[[Copenhagen Suborbitals]] (Commercial Astronauts) (Denmark)'''

: Mads Stenfatt, Anna Olsen, Carsten Olsen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/user/copsub/3456128040/1364750458140627297_3456128040|title=Imgrum.org|website=www.imgrum.org}}</ref>

==2017==
'''June 7 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 22|NASA Group 22]] – ''The Turtles'' (USA)'''

:[[Kayla Barron]], [[Zena Cardman]], [[Raja Chari]], [[Matthew Dominick]], [[Robert Hines (astronaut)|Robert Hines]], [[Warren Hoburg]], [[Jonny Kim]], [[Robb Kulin]] (resigned), [[Jasmin Moghbeli]], [[Loral O'Hara]], [[Francisco Rubio (astronaut)|Francisco Rubio]], [[Jessica Watkins]].

:Kulin resigned from NASA in August 2018 before completing his training.<ref name="collectspace-20180827">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082718a-kulin-nasa-astronaut-candidate-resigns.html |title= NASA astronaut candidate resigns prior to qualifying for spaceflight |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161106/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082718a-kulin-nasa-astronaut-candidate-resigns.html |archive-date=21 December 2022 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

'''July 1 – 2017 CSA Group (Canada)'''

:[[Jennifer Sidey]], [[Joshua Kutryk]]

'''April 19 – 2017 Die Astronautin Selection (Germany)'''
:[[Insa Thiele-Eich]], [[Nicola Baumann]] (Baumann was later replaced by [[Suzanna Randall]])

==2018==
'''August 10 – 2018 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''<ref name="collectspace-20180813">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081318a-roscosmos-cosmonaut-candidates-brother.html |title= Russia's new cosmonauts include brother of ISS crew member |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=13 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094358/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081318a-roscosmos-cosmonaut-candidates-brother.html |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

: [[Konstantin Borisov]], [[Aleksandr Gorbunov]], [[Alexander Grebenkin]], [[Sergei Mikayev]], [[Kirill Peskov]], [[Oleg Platonov (cosmonaut)|Oleg Platonov]], Yevgeny Prokopyev (withdrawn), [[Alexey Zubritsky]]
* All but Yevgeny Prokopyev passed the state exam in December 2020 to be qualified for spaceflight assignments; Propkopyev did not qualify and was reassigned to basic space training.<ref name="collectspace-20210129">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012921a-roscosmos-2021-cosmonaut-selection.html |title=Roscosmos selects four new candidates to begin cosmonaut training |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=29 January 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607161908/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012921a-roscosmos-2021-cosmonaut-selection.html |archive-date=7 June 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

'''September 3 – Emirati Astronaut Group (United Arab Emirates)'''<ref name="gulfnews-20180903">{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/uae-names-2-astronauts-to-international-space-station-1.2274003 |title=UAE names 2 astronauts to International Space Station |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185956/https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/uae-names-2-astronauts-to-international-space-station-1.2274003 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Gulf News]] }}</ref>

: [[Hazza Al Mansouri]], [[Sultan Al Neyadi]]
* In 2018, Al Mansouri and Al Neyadi were announced as candidates to fly to the ISS on a Soyuz, as guest cosmonauts (Al Mansouri flew in 2019, with Al Neyadi as his backup). In 2020, the two were named to be assigned to Houston to train as full-fledged mission specialist astronauts and to join the cadre of International Partner Astronauts.<ref name="UAE2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/general/united-arab-emirates-astronauts-to-train-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-under-new-agreement/ |title=United Arab Emirates Astronauts to Train at NASA's Johnson Space Center Under New Agreement |last1=Potter |first1=Sean |date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=21 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127115520/https://www.nasa.gov/general/united-arab-emirates-astronauts-to-train-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-under-new-agreement/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> Al Neyadi later flew on [[SpaceX Crew-6]] in March 2023, being the first long duration Emirati Astronaut.

== 2019 ==
'''December – 1st Vyomanaut Group (India)'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pinto|first=Nolan|title=4 astronauts identified for Gaganyaan mission: Isro chief K Sivan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-4-astronauts-identified-isro-k-sivan-1633024-2020-01-01|newspaper=IndiaToday|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
: [[Prasanth Nair]], [[Ajit Krishnan]], [[Angad Pratap]], [[Shubhanshu Shukla]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=PM Modi reveals names of 4 Gaganyaan mission astronauts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/four-gaganyaan-astronauts-announced-9183379/ |accessdate=2024-02-27 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
* Nair, Krishnan, Pratap and Shukla are expected to fly on the first crewed [[Gaganyaan]] mission ([[Gaganyaan-4]]) in 2027. Shukla has also been named to the crew of [[Axiom Mission 4]], a [[NASA]] and [[ISRO]] collaborated, short-duration mission to the [[International Space Station]], scheduled to fly before Gaganyaan-4 in early 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=IAF video gives glimpses of Gaganyaan astronauts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-video-gives-glimpses-of-gaganyaan-astronauts/articleshow/104137769.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-09 |title=India, US to work together to protect space assets, cooperate for sending astronauts to ISS in 2024: Joint statement |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-us-to-work-together-to-protect-space-assets-cooperate-for-sending-astronauts-to-iss-in-2024-joint-statement/articleshow/103521854.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=India, US plan to send Indian astronaut to International Space Station in 2024 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/india-us-plan-to-send-indian-astronaut-to-international-space-station-in-2024-386788-2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==2020==
'''October 8 – Chinese Group 3 (China)'''<ref name="chinadaily-20201001">{{Cite news |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202010/01/WS5f75405fa31024ad0ba7cf78.html |title=18 picked for nation's 3rd generation of astronauts |last1=Lei |first1=Zhao |access-date=9 October 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102194755/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202010/01/WS5f75405fa31024ad0ba7cf78.html |archive-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[China Daily]] }}</ref>
* China announced the selection of 18 new astronauts (17 men, 1 woman), whose names were not revealed, in the following categories:
: 7 spacecraft pilots: [[Li Guangsu]], [[Song Lingdong]], [[Tang Shengjie]], [[Chen Zhongrui]]
: 7 flight engineers: [[Jiang Xinlin]], [[Li Cong (astronaut)|Li Cong]], [[Wang Haoze]], [[Zhu Yangzhu]], [[Wang Jie (taikonaut)|Wang Jie]]
: 4 mission payload specialists: [[Gui Haichao]]

==2021==
'''January 27 – 2021 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''<ref name="roscosmos-20210128">{{Cite web |url=http://en.roscosmos.ru/21883/ |title=Cosmonaut selection 2019: winners announced |date=28 January 2021 |publisher=[[Roscosmos]] |access-date=31 January 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123123446/http://en.roscosmos.ru/21883/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |website=Roscosmos }}</ref>

: [[Sergey Irtuganov]] (resigned), [[Alexander Kolyabin]], [[Sergey Teteryatnikov]], [[Harutyun Kiviryan]]

'''March 30 – [[Inspiration4]] (USA)'''

: [[Jared Isaacman]], [[Sian Proctor]], [[Hayley Arceneaux]], [[Chris Sembroski]]

: Privately funded by mission commander Isaacman, Inspiration 4 was the first all civilian [[orbital spaceflight]] mission and the first human orbital spaceflight not funded by a nation state. 2021's Inspiration4 also made the highest human orbit of the 21st century. Other mission accomplishments of note: Mission pilot Proctor became the first female [[commercial astronaut]] spaceship pilot and the first African American female spacecraft pilot, and medical officer Arceneaux became the first astronaut to fly with a prosthesis.<ref name="fai-20220726">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fai.org/news/meet-crew-aboard-first-ever-all-civilian-spaceflight#:~:text=The%20Inspiration4%20flight%20reached%20an,is%20located%20at%20408%20km. |title=Meet the Crew of the First Ever All-Civilian Spaceflight |date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] |access-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010042615/https://www.fai.org/news/meet-crew-aboard-first-ever-all-civilian-spaceflight#:~:text=The%20Inspiration4%20flight%20reached%20an,is%20located%20at%20408%20km. |archive-date=10 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="medium-20230818">{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/space-is-for-everybody/the-first-female-commercial-spaceship-pilot-is-also-a-poet-a6d1f1ed5998 |title=The First Female Commercial Spaceship Pilot is also a Poet |last=Mongo |first=M. |publisher=PR HORSE |access-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926081219/https://medium.com/space-is-for-everybody/the-first-female-commercial-spaceship-pilot-is-also-a-poet-a6d1f1ed5998 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |website=Medium }}</ref><ref name="nyt-20210329">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/science/spacex-hayley-arceneaux.html |url-access=subscription |title=She Beat Cancer at 10. Now She's Set to Be the Youngest American in Space. |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |work=The New York Times |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=19 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926081219/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/science/spacex-hayley-arceneaux.html |archive-date=26 September 2023 }}</ref>

'''April 10 – Emirati Astronaut Group 2 (United Arab Emirates)'''<ref name="UAE2021" /><ref name="collectspace-20210410">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041021a-uae-astronaut-selection-almatrooshi-almulla.html |title=UAE names two new astronauts, including first woman candidate |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407035334/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041021a-uae-astronaut-selection-almatrooshi-almulla.html |archive-date=7 April 2023 |website=collectSPACE }}</ref>

: [[Nora Al Matrooshi]], [[Mohammad Al Mulla]]
* The two UAE astronauts will begin training alongside the [[NASA Astronaut Group 23]] class after their selection

'''December 6 – [[NASA Astronaut Group 23|NASA Group 23]] – ''The Flies'' (USA)'''

: [[Nichole Ayers]], [[Marcos Berríos]], [[Christina Birch]], [[Deniz Burnham]], [[Luke Delaney (astronaut)|Luke Delaney]], [[Andre Douglas]], [[Jack Hathaway]], [[Anil Menon (astronaut)|Anil Menon]], [[Christopher Williams (astronaut)|Christopher Williams]], [[Jessica Wittner]].

==2022==
'''March 30 – [[Polaris program]] Group 1 (USA)'''<ref name=sn20231211>{{cite news |title=Polaris Dawn rescheduled for April |url=https://spacenews.com/polaris-dawn-rescheduled-for-april/ |last=Foust|first=Jeff |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 }}</ref>

: [[Jared Isaacman]], [[Scott Poteet]], [[Sarah Gillis]], [[Anna Menon]]

'''October 2 – Chinese Group 4 (China)'''<ref name="spacecom-20221004">{{Cite news |url=https://www.space.com/china-recruiting-fourth-batch-astronauts |title=China begins recruitment for 4th batch of astronauts |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061002/https://www.space.com/china-recruiting-fourth-batch-astronauts |archive-date=8 November 2023 |work=[[Space.com]] }}</ref>
* China announced the selection of 12-14 new astronauts, whose names were not revealed, in the following categories:
: 7-8 spacecraft pilots
: 5-6 flight engineers
: 2 mission payload specialists

'''November 23 – [[2022 ESA Astronaut Group]] – ''The Hoppers'''''<ref name="esa-20221123">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_presents_new_generation_of_astronauts |title=ESA presents new generation of astronauts |date=23 November 2022 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=3 January 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126165206/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_presents_new_generation_of_astronauts |archive-date=26 November 2023 }}</ref>
* Career: [[Sophie Adenot]] (France), [[Pablo Álvarez Fernández]] (Spain), [[Rosemary Coogan]] (UK), [[Raphaël Liégeois]] (Belgium), [[Marco Sieber]] (Switzerland)
* Project: [[Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski|Sławosz Uznański]] (Poland), [[Marcus Wandt]] (Sweden)
* "Astronaut with a disability" study: [[John McFall (athlete)|John McFall]] (UK)
* Reserve: [[Meganne Christian]] (UK), [[Anthea Comellini]] (Italy), [[Sara García Alonso]] (Spain), [[Andrea Patassa]] (Italy), [[Carmen Possnig]] (Austria), [[Arnaud Prost]] (France), [[Amelie Schoenenwald]] (Germany), [[Aleš Svoboda (astronaut)|Aleš Svoboda]] (Czech Republic) and [[Nicola Winter]] (Germany)

==2023==

'''February 12 – Saudi Astronaut Group 2 (Saudi Arabia)'''<ref name="Saudi2023">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1853025 |title=In Line with Vision 2030, the Kingdom Returns to Space by Sending a Male and Female Astronaut to the International Space Station |date=12 February 2023 |publisher=[[Saudi Press Agency]] |location=Riyadh |access-date=13 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602175610/https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1853025 |archive-date=2 June 2023 }}</ref>

: [[Rayyanah Barnawi]], [[Ali AlQarni]], [[Mariam Fardous]], Ali AlGhamdi
* Two of the Saudi astronauts will participate in [[Axiom Mission 2]].

'''March 8 – Australian Astronaut Group 1 (Australia)'''
:[[Katherine Bennell-Pegg]]

'''April – [[Turkish Space Agency|Turkish Astronaut (Group 1)]]'''<ref name="aa1">{{Cite news |title=Erdogan inaugure le TEKNOFEST et dévoile le nom du premier astronaute turc qui participera à une mission dans l'espace |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/turkiye/erdogan-inaugure-le-teknofest-et-d%C3%A9voile-le-nom-du-premier-astronaute-turc-qui-participera-%C3%A0-une-mission-dans-lespace/2884706 |access-date=2023-12-10 |newspaper=[[Anadolu News Agency]] }}</ref>
:[[Alper Gezeravcı]], [[Tuva Cihangir Atasever]]

'''April/July – 2023 JAXA Group (Japan)'''<ref>{{Cite press release |date=October 22, 2024 |title=米田あゆ・諏訪理の宇宙飛行士認定について |trans-title=Regarding the certification of Ayu Yoneda and Satoshi Suwa as astronauts |url=https://www.jaxa.jp/press/2024/10/20241022-1_j.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=JAXA |language=ja |trans-quote=The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been conducting basic astronaut candidate training for astronaut candidate Ayu Yoneda since April 2023, and astronaut candidate Makoto Suwa since July 2023. The two astronaut candidates have now completed all basic training items...}}</ref>
:[[Makoto Suwa]], [[Ayu Yoneda]]

'''June – Others'''<ref name="first-brazilian-scientist">{{Cite news |url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia/noticia/2023/07/01/1o-cientista-brasileiro-escalado-para-ir-ao-espaco-conduzira-estudo-que-pode-mudar-a-colonizacao-interplanetaria.ghtml |title=1º cientista brasileiro escalado para ir ao espaço conduzirá estudo que pode mudar a colonização interplanetária |trans-title=The first Brazilian scientist selected to go to space will conduct a study that could change interplanetary colonization |last=Peixoto |first=Roberto |date=1 July 2023 |language=pt-br |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002214740/https://g1.globo.com/ciencia/noticia/2023/07/01/1o-cientista-brasileiro-escalado-para-ir-ao-espaco-conduzira-estudo-que-pode-mudar-a-colonizacao-interplanetaria.ghtml |archive-date=2 October 2023 |work=G1 |accessdate=2 October 2023 }}</ref>
: [[Alysson Muotri]]

== 2024 ==
'''May 27 – HUNOR 1 (Hungary)'''
:[[Tibor Kapu]], [[Gyula Cserényi]]
* Kapu is scheduled to participate in [[Axiom Mission 4]] with Cserényi training as a reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Megvan, ki lesz a következő magyar űrhajós |url=https://24.hu/belfold/2024/05/27/kovetkezo-magyar-urhajos-dontes-kapu-tibor/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=24.hu |language=hu}}</ref>
'''August 26 – 2024 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmonaut Selection 2024 |url=http://spacefacts.de/groups/english/roscosmos_2024.htm |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=spacefacts.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт |trans-title=Active cosmonauts of the Roscosmos cosmonaut corps |url=https://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=154 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.gctc.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
:Anastasia Burchuladze, Elchin Vakhidov, Vladimir Vorozhko, Aleksandr Zherebtsov

== Commercial advances ==
The space market exceeds $330&nbsp;billion today. Current estimates show the number growing to nearly $3&nbsp;trillion over the next three decades. Human spaceflight is one of the sectors positioned for greatest growth. Commercial astronauts are expected to fill the gap in this transition.<ref name="cnbc-20171031">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/the-space-industry-will-be-worth-nearly-3-trillion-in-30-years-bank-of-america-predicts.html |title=The space industry will be worth nearly $3 trillion in 30 years, Bank of America predicts |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621201502/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/the-space-industry-will-be-worth-nearly-3-trillion-in-30-years-bank-of-america-predicts.html |archive-date=21 June 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] }}</ref>

'''Ansari X Prize'''

The first commercial astronauts were selected by contenders for the [[Ansari X PRIZE]], the first nongovernmental reusable crewed spacecraft, in 2004. Among them include [[Starchaser Industries]] directors Steve Bennett (United Kingdom) and [[Matt Shewbridge]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xezmyn|title=Tourists to space in the next five years – video Dailymotion|website=Dailymotion|date=28 September 2010 }}</ref> former NASA astronauts [[John Bennett Herrington]] ([[Pioneer Rocketplane]]), [[Richard Searfoss]] and pilot [[Dick Rutan]] ([[XCOR Aerospace]]); Canadian engineer [[Brian Feeney (engineer)|Brian Feeney]] ([[da Vinci Project]]); and veteran [[Wally Funk]] from [[Mercury 13]] ([[Interorbital Systems]]).

=== Boeing ===

Boeing hired former [[NASA]] astronaut [[Christopher Ferguson|Chris Ferguson]] to join the Space Exploration Team.<ref name="beoing-20111212">{{Cite press release |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-12-12-Boeing-Welcomes-Astronaut-Chris-Ferguson-to-Space-Exploration-Team |title=Boeing Welcomes Astronaut Chris Ferguson to Space Exploration Team |date=12 December 2011 |publisher=[[Boeing]] |location=Houston, Tx. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608183958/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-12-12-Boeing-Welcomes-Astronaut-Chris-Ferguson-to-Space-Exploration-Team |archive-date=8 June 2023 |website=MediaRoom }}</ref> Candidates for Boeing's astronaut corps include former NASA astronauts, commercial scientist astronauts and test pilots who have never flown in space.<ref name="nbc-20110804">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44021510 |title=Boeing chooses a rocket, looks for astronauts to fly on it |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607211125/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44021510 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/boeing-to-unveil-crew-spacesuits-for-cst-100-test-flight-this-summer/|title=Boeing To Unveil Crew, Spacesuits For CST-100 Test Flight This Summer|date=April 15, 2015|website=SpaceNews}}</ref>

=== SpaceX ===
[[SpaceX]] has employed former NASA astronauts, but did not select any SpaceX employees to fly its commercial vehicles to the International Space Station.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

SpaceX's former medical director at SpaceX, [[Anil Menon (astronaut candidate)|Anil Menon]], is now a NASA astronaut selected in 2021 as a member of [[NASA Astronaut Group 23]]. 

SpaceX employees [[Anna Menon]] (Lead Space Operations Engineer) and [[Sarah Gillis]] (Senior Space Operations Engineer), were selected to participate in the private [[Polaris Dawn]] mission as a part of [[Polaris Program]].

=== Association of Spaceflight Professionals ===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{POV section|date=November 2023}}{{Importance section|date=November 2023}}}}
The world's first commercial astronaut corps,{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} the Association of Spaceflight Professionals received funding{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} for a series of crewed spaceflight missions through the NASA Flight Opportunities Program{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} in March 2012.

Several million dollars have been allocated for detailed spectroscopic analysis of high-altitude noctilucent cloud formations on suborbital flights using rapidly reusable, task-and-deploy spaceplanes.<ref name="possum">{{Cite conference |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA33B1993R/abstract |title=PoSSUM: Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere  |last1=Reimuller |first1=J. D. |last2=Fritts |first2=D. C. |last3=Thomas |first3=G. E. |last4=Taylor |first4=M. J. |last5=Mitchell |first5=S. |last6=Lehmacher |first6=G. A. |last7=Watchorn |first7=S. R. |last8=Baumgarten |first8=G. |last9=Plane |first9=J. M. |date=December 2013 |publisher=Project PoSSUM |bibcode=2013AGUFMSA33B1993R |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127122133/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSA33B1993R |archive-date=27 November 2023  |conference=Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical union }}</ref><ref name="parabolicarc-20150224">{{Cite press release |url=https://parabolicarc.com/2015/02/24/54721/ |title=Project PoSSUM Graduates First Class of Scientist-Astronauts |work=Parabolic Arc |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Project PoSSUM |location=Daytona Beach, Fl. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111010804/https://parabolicarc.com/2015/02/24/54721/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |quote=The project evolved from the Noctilucent Cloud Imagery and Tomography experiment, selected by NASA's Flight Opportunities Program in March 2012 as experiment 46-S. PoSSUM is managed by Integrated Spaceflight Services under principal investigator Jason Reimuller, Vice President and COO, Association of Spaceflight Professionals. |editor-first=Doug |editor-last=Messier |via=Parabolic Arc }}</ref><ref>''[https://www.boulder.swri.edu/NSRC2013/Site2/PDF/Reimuller_abstract1.pdf The PoSSUM Campaign: Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere]''. Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado. [[Southwest Research Institute]]. "PoSSUM will optimize the opportunity created by the "PMC Imagery and Tomography Experiment", a high-latitude campaign selected by the NASA Flight Opportunities Program (Experiment 46-S) to study the small-scale dynamics of PMCs ([[Mesospheric clouds|polar mesospheric clouds]]). The PoSSUM Project will make full use of the 46-S opportunity by fully utilizing all available payload space and campaign deployment time to optimize technology maturation and science return while validating a repeatable, low-cost means to study seasonal trends of PMCs."</ref><ref>NASA. ''[https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/flightopportunities/about About NASA Flight Opportunities].'' nasa.gov. "The Flight Opportunities program within the NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) strategically invests in the growth of the commercial spaceflight market by providing flight opportunities to test space exploration and utilization technologies on commercially available suborbital flight platforms." NASA. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</ref><ref name=":93">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-commercial-lower-cost-suborbital-firms-to-test-space-technologies-2/ |title=NASA Selects Commercial, Lower Cost Suborbital Firms to Test Space Technologies |date=22 April 2015 |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=15-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127124438/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-commercial-lower-cost-suborbital-firms-to-test-space-technologies-2/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":103">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/flightopportunities/flightproviders/ |title=Commercial Suborbital Flight Providers |access-date= 2018-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901012359/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/flightopportunities/flightproviders |archive-date=1 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":310">[https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/newsreleases/15-25.html NASA Selects New Technologies for Flight Opportunities Program]. NASA (2017-12-18).</ref>{{Off topic paragraph}}

The organization's [[commercial astronaut]]s go through a selection process modeled after the [[NASA Astronaut Corps]],{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} which involves NASA astronauts.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} Some of its members serve as astronaut trainers themselves;{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} some have interviewed as finalists in national space agency astronaut candidate selection campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thespaceshow.com/guest/dr.-erik-seedhouse|title=Dr. Erik Seedhouse {{!}} The Space Show|website=www.thespaceshow.com|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2019|reason=No mention of Seedhouse's relation to ASP anywhere in source}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-alumni-make-shortlist-become-canada-s-next-astronauts|title=U of T alumni make shortlist to become Canada's next astronauts|website=University of Toronto News|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://news.uaf.edu/uaf-faculty-member-shortlisted-for-nasa-astronaut-class-of-2017/|title=UAF faculty member shortlisted for astronaut program|date=2016-09-06|work=UAF news and information|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2019|reason=No mention of Cherry's relation to ASP anywhere in source}} [[Yi So-yeon]], who completed an orbital mission to the International Space Station,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/international/english/lee_so-hyun.htm|title=Cosmonaut Biography: Yi Soyeon|last=Becker|first=Joachim|website=www.spacefacts.de|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> is a member of the organization.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

=== Virgin Galactic ===

[[Scaled Composites]] and [[Virgin Galactic]] astronauts include [[Michael Alsbury]] (killed in the [[2014 Virgin Galactic crash]]), [[Rob Bendall]] (Canada), [[Richard Branson]], [[Peter Kalogiannis]], [[Niki Lauda]] (Austria),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/28/space-cadet-niki-lauda-training-to-be-an-astronaut-with-virgin/|title=Space Cadet: Niki Lauda training to be an astronaut with Virgin Galactic?!|website=Autoblog|date=28 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Brian Maisler]], [[Clint Nichols (astronaut)|Clint Nichols]], [[Wes Persall]], [[Burt Rutan]], Peter Seiffert, [[Peter Siebold]], [[Mark Stucky]],<ref name="Sheetz">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/virgin-galactic-flight-could-send-first-astronauts-to-edge-of-space.html |title=Virgin Galactic flies its first astronauts to the edge of space, taking one step closer to space tourism |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713182126/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/virgin-galactic-flight-could-send-first-astronauts-to-edge-of-space.html |archive-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] }}</ref> and [[David Mackay (pilot)|Dave Mackay]].<ref name="Sheetz" />

=== Teachers in Space ===

The [[Teacher in Space Project#Private program|Teachers in Space]] program began in 2005. In 2012, the [[United States Rocket Academy]] announced that the program was expanding to include a broader range of participants, renaming the initiative Citizens in Space. For its first phase, Citizens in Space selected and trained ten citizen astronaut candidates to fly as payload operators, including four astronaut candidates already in training (Maureen Adams, Steve Heck, Michael Johnson, and Edward Wright).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nastarcenter.com/citizen-astronauts-complete-suborbital-scientist-course-training-evaluating-new-medical-technology-at-nastar-center|title=Citizen Astronauts Complete Suborbital Scientist Course Training, Evaluating New Medical Technology at NASTAR Center &#124; The NASTAR Center}}</ref> Informal educator and aerospace historian Gregory Kennedy was among those listed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizensinspace.org/2013/07/greg-kennedy-joins-citizen-astronaut-corps/|title=Greg Kennedy Joins Citizen Astronaut Corps|work=Citizens In Space |date=July 25, 2013}}</ref>

=== Copenhagen Suborbitals ===

[[Copenhagen Suborbitals]] (2008, Denmark) seeks to make Denmark the fourth nation to launch humans above the [[Kármán line]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Mars One ===

[[Mars One]] was a private initiative with claims to establish a permanent human colony on [[Mars]] by 2023. The project was led by Dutch entrepreneur [[Bas Lansdorp]], who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.

A Mars One astronaut selection announcement was made on April 19, 2013, and started its search on April 22, 2013. By August 2013, Mars One had more than 200,000 applicants from around the world.<ref>[https://applicants.mars-one.com/ Mars One Applicants]</ref> Round Two selection results were declared on December 30, 2013, wherein a total of 1058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.

Mars One received a variety of criticism relating to medical, technical and financial feasibility.<ref name="WIRED-20140212">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/opinion/2014/02/happens-body-mars/ |title=The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body |last=Fong |first=Kevin |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=12 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516154650/https://www.wired.com/2014/02/happens-body-mars/ |archive-date=16 May 2023 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] }}</ref> Unverified rumors claimed that Mars One was a scam designed to take as much money as possible from donors, including those participating as contestants.<ref name="techspot.com">[http://www.techspot.com/news/60071-mars-one-finalist-breaks-silence-claims-organization-total.html] 'Mars One' finalist breaks silence, claims organization is a total scam, 16 March 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/mars-one-astronaut-joseph-roche-space-missions|title=I'm on list to be a Mars One astronaut – but I won't see the red planet|last1=Roche|first1=Joseph|website=The Guardian|date=18 March 2015|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref>

In February 2019, it was reported that Mars One had declared [[bankruptcy]] in a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] court on January 15, 2019, and was permanently dissolved as a company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/02/11/mars-one-is-dead/|title=Mars One is dead|last=Cooper|first=Daniel|date=2019-02-11|publisher=Engadget}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a26286368/mars-one-is-dead/|title=Mars One Is Now Officially Dead. But It Always Was.|last=Moseman|first=Andrew|date=2019-02-11|publisher=Popular Mechanics}}</ref><ref name="bankruptcy">[https://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/mars-one-ventures-ag-in-administration Mars One Ventures AG in administration]</ref>

=== Inspiration Mars ===

[[Inspiration Mars Foundation]], an American nonprofit founded by [[Dennis Tito]], aimed to launch a human mission to flyby Mars in January 2018, or, as the 2018 date was missed, in 2021. Flight candidates included husband and wife travel duo [[Jane Poynter]] and [[Taber MacCallum]], who participated in the [[Biosphere 2]] experiment.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/02/inspiration-mars-foundation/|title=Private Plan to Send Humans to Mars in 2018 Might Not Be So Crazy|magazine=Wired|via=www.wired.com}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130712040436/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/millionaire-dennis-tito-plans-send-woman-man-mars-back-1C8577887 Millionaire Dennis Tito plans to send woman and man to Mars and back] Alan Boyle, Science Editor NBC News Feb. 27, 2013 at 12:58&nbsp;pm ET</ref>

=== Waypoint2Space ===

[[Waypoint 2 Space|Waypoint2Space]] was granted [[FAA]] safety approval for its training services in 2014. The company works in collaboration with [[NASA]] [[Johnson Space Center]] in Houston to provide spaceflight training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waypoint2space.com|title=Waypoint 2 Space|website=Waypoint 2 Space|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/01/29/waypoint-2-space-trains-passengers-for-commercial-launches/|title=Waypoint 2 Space Trains Passengers For Commercial Launches|last=Knapp|first=Alex|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nasawatch.com/archives/2014/01/waypoint2space.html|title=Waypoint2space: Closer Look at Website Claims About Operations at NASA JSC – NASA Watch|website=nasawatch.com|date=30 January 2014 |access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>

=== Truax Engineering ===

The first private firm that tried to build a suborbital space rocket, [[Robert Truax#Truax Engineering|Truax Engineering]], selected company employee, engineer and lifelong aviator [[Jeana Yeager]] as the first test pilot for its rocket. The project was halted in 1991 due to lack of funds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/university-of-nebraska-press/9780803216105/|title=Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight|last1=Paat-Dahlstrom|first1=Emeline|access-date=2018-04-30|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|last2=Dubbs|first2=Chris}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ansari X Prize]]
* [[Canadian Arrow]]
* [[Human spaceflight]]
* [[List of astronauts by name]]
* [[List of astronauts by nationality]]
* [[List of astronauts by first flight]]
* [[List of cosmonauts]]
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]
* [[Robert Truax]] X-3 Volksrocket

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{include-NASA}}
{{refend}}

{{Shenzhou program}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}
{{NASA Astronaut Groups}}
{{NASA space program}}
{{ESA Astronaut Groups}}
{{Chinese space program}}
{{Malaysian space program}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astronauts By Selection}}
[[Category:Lists of astronauts|Selection]]
[[Category:Lists by year]]